Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence proposes that there are nine distinct types of intelligence, each reflecting different ways of interacting with the world. Introduced in 1983 and expanded in subsequent years, Gardner's framework challenges the traditional notion of a single, generalized intelligence.
Gardner's interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence have sometimes been grouped under the broader concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI). EI, popularized by Daniel Goleman, involves understanding and managing emotions in oneself and others. While some consider EI to be a better predictor of success than traditional intelligence, it also faces scrutiny regarding its definition and measurement.
Gardner argues that everyone possesses all these intelligences to varying degrees, and individuals learn best when teaching methods align with their dominant intelligences. Despite its popularity in education, Gardner's theory has faced criticism from cognitive psychologists due to a lack of empirical evidence. However, it remains influential, particularly in educational settings, because it resonates with the democratic idea that everyone can excel in some way.
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