Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such as depression.

The transactional model of stress describes a two-stage cognitive appraisal process: primary and secondary appraisal.

Primary appraisal involves assessing whether a stressor poses a threat to well-being. For instance, a college student nearing graduation may appraise this transition as either a threat or a challenge. A threat appraisal occurs when individuals perceive potential harm or loss, leading to stress. In contrast, perceiving a situation as a challenge emphasizes potential growth, fostering resilience.

Secondary appraisal occurs when the primary appraisal identifies the stressor as a threat. A secondary appraisal follows, focusing on assessing coping resources and their perceived effectiveness. Threats are seen as less dire if individuals believe they possess the necessary coping skills, such as planning or seeking social support. Conversely, when situations are construed as catastrophic, coping behaviors may become passive or helpless.

The way stressors are cognitively appraised can vary greatly between individuals, influenced by factors like personality and past experiences. Stress also significantly impacts memory functions. For example, during emergency evacuations, time pressure can impair the processing of critical information about escape routes.

Emotional responses to stress can make individuals experience mood swings and unpredictable behavior, which may lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in relationships with family and friends. This instability can build tension and create a cycle of stress and emotional strain, increasing the risk of developing anxiety and depression over time.