Fast Enzymatic Processing of Proteins for MS Detection with a Flow-through Microreactor

Summary

A quick protocol for proteolytic digestion with an in-house built flow-through tryptic microreactor coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer is presented. The fabrication of the microreactor, the experimental setup and the data acquisition process are described.

Abstract

The vast majority of mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein analysis methods involve an enzymatic digestion step prior to detection, typically with trypsin. This step is necessary for the generation of small molecular weight peptides, generally with MW < 3,000-4,000 Da, that fall within the effective scan range of mass spectrometry instrumentation. Conventional protocols involve O/N enzymatic digestion at 37 ºC. Recent advances have led to the development of a variety of strategies, typically involving the use of a microreactor with immobilized enzymes or of a range of complementary physical processes that reduce the time necessary for proteolytic digestion to a few minutes (e.g., microwave or high-pressure). In this work, we describe a simple and cost-effective approach that can be implemented in any laboratory for achieving fast enzymatic digestion of a protein. The protein (or protein mixture) is adsorbed on C18-bonded reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) silica particles preloaded in a capillary column, and trypsin in aqueous buffer is infused over the particles for a short period of time. To enable on-line MS detection, the tryptic peptides are eluted with a solvent system with increased organic content directly in the MS ion source. This approach avoids the use of high-priced immobilized enzyme particles and does not necessitate any aid for completing the process. Protein digestion and complete sample analysis can be accomplished in less than ~3 min and ~30 min, respectively.

Introduction

The identification and characterization of purified proteins is frequently achieved by using MS techniques. The protein is digested with an enzyme and its peptides are further analyzed by MS by using a simple infusion experimental setup. Proteolytic digestion is necessary for generating small peptide fragments that fall in the useful mass range of most MS analyzers, and that can be easily fragmented through low energy collision induced dissociation to generate amino acid sequence information. For isolated proteins or simple protein mixtures, there is no further need for chromatographic separation of peptides prior to MS detection. A mixture of 25-50 peptides can be easily analyzed by infusing the sample with a syringe pump directly in the MS ion source.

The mass spectrometer can perform the analysis and confirm the sequence of a protein within a short time-frame. With modern data acquisition methods, this process can be accomplished within a few minutes or even seconds. The limiting factor in completing the entire process on a short time-scale is the proteolytic digestion step. Typically, this is performed over a few hours (or O/N), in solution, at 37 ºC, using substrate:enzyme ratios of (50-100):1. To reduce the enzymatic digestion time to minutes or seconds, immobilized enzyme microreactors, in the form of microfluidic reactors or commercially available cartridges, have been described.^1-6 Typically, the enzyme is immobilized by covalent, non-covalent/physical adsorption, complex formation or encapsulation,^3,6 the enhanced efficiency of the enzymatic process being enabled by the large surface-to-volume and enzyme-to-substrate ratios. Additional advantages of immobilized reactors include reduced autolysis and interference from the enzyme in MS analysis, improved enzyme stability and reusability. A variety of approaches, using glass or polymeric microfabricated devices have been described, using enzymes immobilized on magnetic beads by antibody-antigen interactions,^7,8 entrapped in gold nanoparticle networks,⁹ encapsulated in titania-alumina sol-gels¹⁰ and nanozeolites,¹¹ or captured through Ni-NTA or His-Tag complex formation.⁶ Alternatively, open-tubular capillaries with immobilized enzymes have been developed, as well.¹² Moreover, enhanced proteolytic cleavage has been demonstrated by using controlled microwave irradiation¹³ or pressure-assisted or pressure cycling technology (PCT) for reducing the reaction times to 30-120 min.¹⁴

Despite the multiple advantages of immobilized enzyme reactors, the costs of commercial cartridges is high, the availability of microfluidic devices for routine use is limited, and the use of microwave or PCT technologies results in need for additional instrumentation. The goal of this work was to develop a method that circumvents these disadvantages, and that can be easily implemented in every laboratory to empower researchers with a simple and effective approach for performing enzymatic cleavage of proteins in preparation for MS analysis within minutes. The approach relies on the use of hydrophobic, C18-particles which are pre-loaded in a capillary or microfluidic device, and the adsorption of the protein(s) of interest on these particles followed by enzymatic digestion during the infusion of the enzyme over the packed bed and captured protein(s). In this approach, the substrate is immobilized through non-covalent interactions, and the enzyme is infused over the immobilized protein. The proteolytic digestion efficiency is increased by the large particle surface areas that expose the protein for enzymatic processing, reduced distances and diffusion times to and from the surface of particles, improved mass transfer, no covalent attachment that may affect the activity of the enzyme, ability to quickly evaluate combinations of different enzymes, disposability, and multiplexing if the process is executed in a microfluidic format. This approach is demonstrated with the use of a mixture of standard proteins and trypsin-the most commonly used enzyme for proteolytic digestion prior to ESI-MS detection. The mass spectrometer used for detection in this study was a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) instrument.

Protocol

1. Preparation of the Capillary Microreactor

1. Cut the 100 µm internal diameter (ID) x 360 µm outer diameter (OD) capillary to a length of 7-8 cm, and the 20 µm ID x 90 µm OD capillary to 3-5 cm with the glass capillary cleaver; verify under the microscope that both capillary ends have a clean, straight cut, without any protruding burrs.
2. Insert the 20 µm ID x 90 µm OD capillary into one end of the 100 µm ID x 360 µm OD capillary, for a length of ~6 mm; in case of need, observe this operation under a microscope.
3. Apply a small droplet of glue E6000 around the junction of the 90 µm OD/100 µm ID capillaries with the end of a Q-tip, and let the glue cure O/N at RT.
4. Cut the inserted 20 µm ID x 90 µm OD capillary to a length of ~10-15 mm; this will be the electrospray ionization emitter.
5. Pre-cut the 1/32" OD PEEK, 1/16" OD PEEK and 1/16" OD PTFE tubing in pieces of 4-5 cm in length; these will be the sleeves used in capillary unions for providing a leak-free connection.
6. Connect the opposite end of the 100 µm ID x 360 µm OD capillary to a PEEK union; use a 1/32" PEEK sleeve for providing a leak-free connection.
7. Insert/tighten a piece of ~5 cm long 1/16" PTFE tubing into the opposite end of the union.
8. Weigh ~4 mg of C18 (5 µm) particles in a pre-cleaned/dried 2 ml glass vial; add 0.5 ml isopropanol, close the vial and disperse the slurry in the ultrasonicator bath.
9. Withdraw with a 250 µl syringe approximately 200 µl slurry, insert the syringe needle in the 1/16" PTFE tubing of the PEEK union, and dispense slowly the slurry into the 100 µm ID x 360 µm OD capillary; observe under the microscope as the capillary fills with particles until a length of 2-3 mm packing is achieved; this will be the microreactor (Figure 1). The 20 µm ID capillary retains the particles in the microreactor through a Keystone effect.¹⁵
10. Rinse the microreactor with ~50 µl solution of H₂O/CH₃CN 50:50 v/v, and then with ~50 µl solution of H₂O/CH₃CN 98:2 v/v.

2. Preparation of Sample Solutions

Note: Operations that involve handling of organic solvents and acids and solution preparation are to be performed in a fume hood. Wear goggles, gloves and protective clothing.

1. Rinse with CH₃OH and dry a few glass vials (4 ml) and polypropylene tubes (15 ml).
2. Prepare 10 ml of a solution of H₂O/CH₃CN (98:2 v/v) in a 15 ml polypropylene tube by mixing 9.8 ml H₂O with 200 µl CH₃CN; mix by sonication.
3. Prepare 10 ml of a solution of H₂O/CH₃CN (50:50 v/v) in a 15 ml polypropylene tube by mixing 5 ml H₂O with 5 ml CH₃CN; mix by sonication.
4. Prepare 4 ml of an acidified aqueous solution (TFA 0.01% v/v) by adding 4 µl TFA(10%) to 4 ml H₂O/CH₃CN (98:2 v/v) in a 4 ml glass vial; mix by sonication.
5. Prepare 4 ml of an acidified organic solution (TFA 0.01% v/v) by adding 4 µl TFA(10%) to 4 ml H₂O/CH₃CN (50:50 v/v) in a 4 ml glass vial; mix by sonication.
6. Weigh 16 mg NH₄HCO₃ with an analytical microbalance in a 4 ml glass vial; add 4 ml of the H₂O/CH₃CN (98:2 v/v) solution and disperse by sonication; this results in a 50 mM solution of NH₄HCO₃ (pH~7.8) in aqueous buffer.
7. Weigh 5 mg of a standard protein (e.g., bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin α/β, cytochrome C, carbonic anhydrase, α-2-HS-glycoprotein, etc.) with an analytical microbalance in a 4 ml glass vial; add 4 ml DI water and disperse by sonication; this typically results in a high µM-level concentration solution.
8. Prepare 1 ml protein solution (1-2 µM) by diluting the high µM-level concentration solution with an appropriate volume of NH₄HCO₃ (50 mM) aqueous buffer; mix by sonication.
9. Prepare the trypsin solution (5 µM) by dissolving 20 µg sequencing-grade trypsin in 170 µl NH₄HCO₃ (50 mM) aqueous buffer; disperse by sonication.

3. Experimental Setup 

Note: The LTQ-MS system is fitted with a modified ESI source that includes a home-built XYZ-stage which enables interfacing of the mass spectrometer to various sample input approaches.

1. Disconnect the capillary microreactor from the PEEK union and connect to the PEEK Tee.
2. Insert a ~2 cm long Pt wire in the side-arm of the PEEK Tee; use a 1/32" PEEK sleeve for providing a leak-free connection and for insulating the Pt wire.
3. Connect a 50 µm ID x 360 µm OD (~0.5 m long) sample transfer capillary to the opposite end of the PEEK Tee; use a 1/32" PEEK sleeve for providing a leak-free connection.
4. Secure the PEEK Tee on the XYZ-stage and position the ESI emitter ~2 mm away from the mass spectrometer inlet capillary.
5. Connect the Pt wire to the ESI power supply source of the mass spectrometer.
6. Connect the opposite end of the sample transfer capillary to the stainless steel union; use a 1/16" PEEK sleeve for providing a leak-free connection.
7. Connect a 4-5 cm long 1/16" PTFE tubing to the opposite end of the stainless steel union and insert the 250 µl syringe needle in the PTFE tubing; turn on the pump and set the flow rate at the desired value (e.g., 2 µl/min).
8. Input tandem MS data acquisition parameters into the software package that controls the MS instrument and save as a method file to ready the setup for performing the analysis; for the LTQ-MS system, use the following data dependent analysis parameters: dynamic exclusion enabled for 180 sec with exclusion mass width ±1.5 m/z; one MS scan followed by one zoom and MS² scans on the top 5 most intense peaks, zoom scan width ±5 m/z; collision induced dissociation (CID) parameters set at isolation width 3 m/z, normalized collision energy 35%, activation Q 0.25, and activation time 30 msec.

4. Microfluidic Setup 

1. Prepare a microfluidic device from glass or polymeric substrates;^16-18 the layout of the device is provided in Figure 2A, consisting of a microreactor (1) (0.13 mm width x 2 mm length x 50 µm deep) connected to an inlet (2), outlet (3) and a side port (4); the interconnecting channels for fluidic manipulations are ~110 µm wide and ~50 µm deep; a multichannel structure (5), consisting of ~1.5-2 µm deep x 10 μm wide x 100 μm long microchannels placed 25 µm apart, will act as a filter for retaining the particles in the microreactor.
2. Enable fluid-delivery connections to the chip by gluing specialized connectors to the inlet ports, or by devising a polymeric stand that accommodates fittings for fluid delivery (Figure 2B).¹⁶
3. Prepare a slurry of C18 particles (5 µm) as described in step 1.8; deliver the slurry to the microreactor with a syringe by using 1/16" PTFE tubing connected to the chip side port (4); seal the port after particle loading with epoxy glue and cure for 1 hr in an oven at 90 ºC.¹⁶
4. Insert a capillary (20 µm ID x 90 µm OD x 10 mm length) in the outlet port, seal with E6000 glue, and let cure O/N; this will become the ESI emitter (6).
5. Connect a 50 µm ID x 360 µm OD (~0.5 m long) sample transfer capillary to the chip inlet port (2); connect the opposite end of the capillary to a 250 µl syringe and the syringe pump, as described in 3.6-3.7.
6. Place a light-weight PEEK Tee connector on the sample transfer line just prior to the inlet port (2) and insert a Pt wire on the side-arm of the Tee, as described in 3.2; this will be the ESI electrode.
7. Secure the microfluidic device on the XYZ stage with the ESI emitter positioned ~2 mm away from the mass spectrometer inlet capillary; prepare the MS for analysis as described in 3.8.

5. Sample Loading, Proteolytic Digestion and Elution for MS Analysis

Note: All solution/sample transfer steps are performed with the aid of a syringe pump and should allow for a few additional minutes to complete, to compensate for the dead-volumes associated with the transfer lines to and from the microreactor; the necessary time will depend on the flow rates involved.

1. Rinse the microreactor and prepare it for analysis by infusing an aqueous solution of NH₄HCO₃ (50 mM) in H₂O/CH₃CN (98:2 v/v) at 2 µl/min for 5 min; use a 250 µl syringe.
2. Load the protein sample (1 µM) on the microreactor by infusing the sample solution at 2 µl/min for 5 min; use a 250 µl syringe.
3. Infuse the trypsin solution (5 µM) over the adsorbed protein on the microreactor at 2 µl/min for 1-3 min.
4. Quench the proteolytic digestion process by rinsing the microreactor with an acidified aqueous solution of TFA (0.01% v/v) in H₂O/CH₃CN (98:2 v/v) at 2 µl/min for 5 min; use a 250 µl syringe.
5. Start eluting the protein digest from the microreactor by infusing an acidified organic solution of TFA (0.01% v/v) in H₂O/CH₃CN (50:50 v/v) at 300 nl/min.
6. Turn on the MS data acquisition process and the ESI voltage (~2,000 V); acquire MS data using the data acquisition parameters provided in step 3.8; observe the elution of the tryptic peptides.

6. Data Processing

1. Process the tandem MS data with a search engine compatible with the raw MS data format.
   1. Process the LTQ-MS raw files using an organism specific minimally redundant protein database; upload the raw data in the search engine, set the parent and fragment ion mass tolerances to 2 and 1 Da, respectively, and use only fully tryptic fragments with up to two missed cleavages for the search; do not allow for posttranslational modifications; set the high and medium-confidence false discovery rates (FDR) to 1% and 3%, respectively, and do not allow for posttranslational modifications.
2. Filter the data to select only high-confidence peptide matches to the proteins in the database; evaluate the protein and peptide-level results.

Results

A representative result of a proteolytic digestion process performed simultaneously on a mixture of proteins, with the above-described microreactors (Figures 1 or 2), is provided in Table 1. The table comprises the unique peptide sequences that identify a particular protein, the cross correlation score (Xcorr) (i.e., a score that characterizes the quality of the experimental-to-theoretical match for the corresponding tandem mass spectrum), the nu...

Discussion

The microreactor described in this work provides an easy-to-implement experimental setup for performing enzymatic digestion of proteins to enable MS analysis and identification in less than 30 min. The distinct advantages of this system, in comparison to conventional approaches, include simplicity, speed, low reagent consumption and low costs. In particular, there is no need for expensive immobilized trypsin beads and cartridges. The preparation of the capillary microreactor is straightforward (Figure 1A...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ion trap ESI-MS	Thermo Electron	LTQ	The LTQ mass spectrometer is used for acquiring tandem MS data
XYZ stage	Newport	Multiple parts	The home-built XYZ stage is used to adapt the commercial LTQ nano-ESI source to receive input from various sample delivery systems
Stereo microscope	Edmund optics	G81-278	The microscope is used to observe the microreactor packing process
Analytical balance/Metler	VWR	46600-204	The balance is used to weigh the protein samples
Ultrasonic bath/Branson	VWR	33995-540	The sonic bath is used for mixing/homogenizing the samples and dispersing the C18 particle slurry
Syringe pump 22	Harvard Apparatus	552222	The micropump is used for loading, rinsing and eluting the sample and the enzyme on and from the packed capillary microreactor
Milli-Q ultrapure water system	EMD Millipore	ZD5311595	The MilliQ water system is used to prepare purified DI water
Pipettor/Eppendorf (1,000 µl)	VWR	53513-410	The pipettor is used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Pipettor/Eppendorf (100 µl)	VWR	53513-406	The pipettor is used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Pipettor/Eppendorf (10 µl)	VWR	53513-402	The pipettor is used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Fused silica capillary (100 µm ID x 360 µm OD)	Polymicro Technologies	TSP100375	This capillary is used for the fabrication of the microreactor
Fused silica capillary (20 µm ID x 100 µm OD)	Polymicro Technologies	TSP020090	This capillary is used for the fabrication of the ESI emitter
Fused silica capillary (50 µm ID x 360 µm OD)	Polymicro Technologies	TSP050375	This capillary is used to transfer the samples and the eluent from the syringe pump to the capillary microreactor
Glass capillary cleaver	Supelco	23740-U	This is a tool for cutting fused silica capillaries at the desired length
Glue	Eclectic Products	E6000 Craft	This glue is used for securing the ESI emitter into the capillary microreactor or the microfluidic chip
Epoxy glue	Epo-Tek	353NDT	This glue is used to seal the microfluidic inlet hole through which the C18 particles are loaded
Reversed phase C18 particles (5 µm)	Agilent Technologies	Zorbax 300SB-C18	These are C18 particles on which the proteins are adsorbed; the particles were extracted from a 4 mm x 20 cm C18 LC column from Agilent
Syringe/glass (250 µl)	Hamilton	81130-1725RN	The glass syringes are used to load the C18 particle slurry in the capillary microreactor and to deliver the sample and eluents to the microreactor
Internal reducing PEEK Union (1/16” to 1/32”)	Valco	ZRU1.5FPK	This union is used to connect the 250 µl syringe to the microreactor for loading the 5 µm particle slurry
Stainless steel union (1/16”)	Valco	ZU1XC	The stainless steel union is used to connect the glass syringe needle to the infusion capillary
Microvolume PEEK Tee connector (1/32”)	Valco	MT.5XCPK	The Peek tee is used to connect the sample transfer capillary to the capillary microreactor; on its side arm, it enables the insertion of the Pt wire
Tee connector (light weight)	Valco	C-NTXFPK	This Tee connector is used to apply ESI voltage to the microfluidic chip through the sample transfer line
Pt wire (0.404 mm)	VWR	66260-126	The Pt wire provides electrical connection for ESI generation and is connected to the mass spectrometer ESI power supply
PTFE tubing (1/16” OD)	Valco	TTF115-10FT	The Teflon tubing is used to enable an air-tight connection between the syringe needle and the stainless steel union
PEEK tubing (0.015” ID x 1/16” OD)	Upchurch Scientific	1565	The Peek tubing is used as a sleeve to enable an air-tight connection between the stainless steel union and the 50 µm ID transfer capillary
PEEK tubing (0.015” ID x 1/32” OD)	Valco	TPK.515-25	The Peek tubing is used as a sleeve to enable a leak-free connection between the fused silica capillaries and the Peek Tee
Clean-cut polymer tubing cutter	Valco	JR-797	This cutter is used to pre-cut the 1/16” and 1/32’ Peek polymer tubing that is used as sleeve for leak-free connections in pieces of ~4-5 cm in length
Amber vial (2 ml)	Agilent	HP-5183-2069	The vials are used to prepare sample solutions and the C18 particle slurry
Amber vial (4 ml)	VWR	66011-948	The vials are used to prepare sample solutions
Polypropylene tube (15 ml)	Fisher	12-565-286D	The vials are used to prepare buffer solutions
Cylinder (100 ml)	VWR	24710-463	The cylinder is used to measure volumes of solvent
Cylinder (10 ml)	VWR	24710-441	The cylinder is used to measure volumes of solvent
Pipette tips (1,000 µl)	VWR	83007-386	The pipette tips are used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Pipette tips (100 µl)	VWR	53503-781	The pipette tips are used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Pipette tips (10 µl)	VWR	53511-681	The pipette tips are used to measure small volumes of sample solutions
Glass substrates	Nanofilm	B270 white crown, 3” x 3”	These are glass substrates for microchip fabrication
Male nut fitting (1/16”)	Upchurch	P203X	This fitting is used for connecting transfer capillaries to the microfluidic chip
Nanoport assembly	Upchurch	N-122H	This fitting is used for connecting transfer capillaries to the microfluidic chip
Protein standards	Sigma	Multiple #
Acetonitrile, HPLC grade	Fisher	A955
Methanol, HPLC grade	Fisher	A452
Isopropanol, HPLC grade	Sigma	650447
Trifluoroacetic acid	Sigma	302031
Ammonium bicarbonate	Aldrich	A6141
Trypsin, sequencing grade	Promega	V5111