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Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation
In This Article
Summary
A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.
Introduction
Automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) is a prospective analytical tool for characterizing emotional responses to beverages and foods. Emotional analysis can add an extra dimension to existing sensory science methodologies, food evaluation practices, and hedonic scale ratings typically used both in research and industry settings. Emotional analysis could provide an additional metric that reveals a more accurate response to foods and beverages. Hedonic scoring may include participant bias due to failure to record reactions1.
AFEA research has been used in many research applications including computer gaming, user behavior, ed....
Protocol
Ethics Statement: This study was pre-approved by Virginia Tech Institutional Review Board (IRB) (IRB 14-229) prior to starting the project.
Caution: Human subject research requires informed consent prior to participation. In addition to IRB approval, consent for use of still or video images is also required prior to releasing any images for print, video, or graphic imaging. Additionally, food allergens are disclosed prior to testing. Participants are asked prior to panel start if they have any intolerance, allergies or other concerns........
Representative Results
The method proposes a standard protocol for AFEA data collection. If suggested protocol steps are followed, unusable emotional data output (Figure 1) resulting from poor data collection (Figure 2: A; Left Picture) may be limited. Time series analysis cannot be utilized if log files (.txt) predominantly contain "FIT_FAILED" and "FIND_FAILED" as this is bad data (Figure 1). Furthermore, the method includes a protocol for dir.......
Discussion
AFEA application in literature related to food and beverage is very limited1-11. The application to food is new, creating an opportunity for establishing methodology and data interpretation. Arnade (2013)7 found high individual variability among individual emotional response to chocolate milk and white milk using area under the curve analysis and analysis of variance. However, even with participant variability, participants generated a happy response longer while sad and disgusted had shorter time r.......
Acknowledgements
This project was funded, in part, by ConAgra Foods (Omaha, NE, USA), the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Virginia Tech Water INTERface Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program.
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 2% Reduced Fat Milk | Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH or DZA Brands, LLC, Salisbury, NC | na | for solutions |
| Drinking Water | Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH | na | for solutions |
| Imitation Clear Vanilla Flavor | Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH | na | for solutions |
| Iodized Salt | Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH | na | for solutions |
| FaceReader 6 | Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands | na | For Facial Analysis |
| Sensory Information Management System (SIMS) 2000 | Sensory Computer Systems, Berkeley Heights, NJ | Version 6 | For Sensory Data Capture |
| Rhapsody | Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc., Conyers, GA | For Environment Illumination | |
| R Version | R Core Team 2015 | 3.1.1 | For Statistical Analysis |
| Microsoft Office | Microsoft | na | For Statistical Analysis |
| JMP | Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC | na | For Statistical Analysis |
| Media Recorder 2.5 | Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands | na | For capturing participants sensory evaluation |
| Axis M1054 Camera | Axis Communications, Lund, Sweden | na | |
| Beverage | na | Beverage or soft food for evaluation |
References
- De Wijk, R. A., Kooijman, V., Verhoeven, R. H. G., Holthuysen, N. T. E., De Graaf, C. Autonomic nervous system responses on and facial expressions to the sight, smell, and taste of liked and disliked foods. Food Qual Prefer. 26 (2), 196-203 (2012).
- De Wijk, R. A., He, W., Mensink, M. G. J., Verhoeven, R. H. G., De Graaf, C.
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