Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

Summary

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Abstract

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Introduction

The number of patients suffering from mood disorders, including anxiety-disorder and depression, is increasing. Although the development of these disorders involves both genetic and environmental factors, the detailed pathogenic mechanisms are not yet fully understood¹. Therefore, research needs to focus on uncovering the underlying mechanisms of mood disorders, as well as the development of effective drugs that have fewer side effects.

Behavioral tests for laboratory animals are useful for investigating brain higher function, including emotion. As animal behavior is highly variable, experimental outcomes often differ between laboratories, even if an identical inbred strain was used². Thus, researchers also need to understand the basic features of the experimental devices they adopt in order to provide reliable, precise outcomes in the laboratory.

The elevated plus maze test was originally established to examine emotional reactivity in rodents^3,4. The entire apparatus is usually located 500 mm above the floor, and consists of two open and two closed arms that make a plus shape. Measurements of arm exploration (including duration and frequency of entries on each arm), distance traveled, and specified behaviors such as stretched-attending posture of subjected animals are recorded during observational periods. By these measures, animal anxiety is estimated as an experimental outcome.

The elevated plus maze test is used throughout the world, but not all laboratories use the same apparatus design^5,6, and these differences may affect the experimental outcomes. For example, differences include the presence or absence of ledges along the open arms and/or the use of transparent or opaque walls for closed arms^5,6. The ledges along open arms and the use of transparent walls for closed arms were developed to prevent animals falling off the apparatus⁷, and to facilitate behavioral observations inside the closed arms, respectively^8,9. Although there have been some studies that examined how individual arm structure differences may affect the ability to detect animal anxiety^1,2,5,10,11, the combined effects of open (with/without short ledge) and closed (transparent/opaque walls) arm features on animal behavior has not yet been investigated.

In a recent report, we discussed the effect of these combinations of arm designs on anxiety-like behavior in rats¹². In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we will introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report. We believe this report will provide useful information for those who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Protocol

All experimental procedures described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Meiji University (IACUC 14-0002(1)). Animals used in the representative results were prepared as follows: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from a laboratory animal company and housed in groups of 4 animals per standard rat cage (W200 × D410 × H250 mm) for at least one week before the start of the behavioral experiment. The animal housing room was maintained at standard ambient conditions for light (12:12 light/dark schedule with lights on at 10:00 h), room temperature (25.0 ± 0.5 °C), humidity (55 ± 10%), and ventilation (10 times/h), and animals had ad libitum access to food (Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and water. The animals were kept in a standard rat cage (W410 x D250 x H200 mm, Toyoriko Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan) with paper bedding (alpha-dri, LSG Corporatin, Tokyo, Japan).

1. Elevated Plus Maze Test

1. Set up the elevated plus maze apparatus in a customized container (W1,500 × D1,500 × H2,000 mm) (Figure 1A) with a plus-shaped metal framework 500 mm above the floor to support the run way arms (Figure 1B), lighting in the container ceiling to illuminate the surface of the maze to the required light intensity (Figure 1C), and a digital video camera in the center ceiling to enable live video monitoring of the behavioral tests (Figure 1C).
2. Fix the arms (L500 x W100 mm) on the plus-shaped framework, and then fix the square central platform (W100 x D100 mm) at the center of the four arms (Figure 1D - F).
   NOTE: In our laboratory, we have two types of open arms (L500 x W100 mm) and two types of closed arms (L500 x W100 x H450 mm) (Figure 1D). The closed arms have either transparent or opaque walls (Figure 1D), and the open arms are designed with or without a short ledge (H5 mm, Figure 1E). The square central platform (W100 × D100 mm) is placed at center of the four arms (Figure 1D - F). Thus, the following four combinations of arms can be prepared according to experimental purpose: open arms with ledges + closed arms with transparent walls (Ledges/Transparent), open arms with ledges + closed arms with opaque walls (Ledges/Opaque), open arms without ledges + closed arms with transparent walls (No-Ledges/Transparent), and open arms without ledges + closed arms with opaque walls (No-Ledges/Opaque). The surface of the arm runway is black, to enable better animal tracing by the automated behavior analysis software, as described in Section 2, Behavioral Analysis.
3. Adjust lighting intensity on the surface of the distal end part of each arm and central platform to approximately 100 Lux.
4. Before each test, clean the entire apparatus with 70% ethanol solution and wipe with distilled water.
5. Click the "record button" on the hard disk recorder to start the digital video camera that will record the rat's behavior for the video imaging analysis described in Section 2, Behavioral Analysis.
6. Place an animal on the central platform facing an open arm and allow free exploration on the apparatus for 5 min.
7. Click the "stop button" on the hard disk recorder to finish the recording.
8. Count the number of feces and urinations after returning the tested animal to the animal housing room.
9. Repeat from step 1.4 until the end of the experiment.
   NOTE: A dry test run is always carried out before starting each experiment to check that all the experimental settings are correctly set up before any experimental animals are exposed to the experimental conditions. Otherwise, some animals, especially the first animal may experience different environmental conditions (e.g., noises possibly induced by the experimenter during manipulation and/or animal cues possibly left by the previously tested animal).
   NOTE: The experimenters are near the container when an animal is being tested. Thus, even though the experimenters are not visible the rat may still be able to sense them via smell and/or sound.

2. Behavioral Analysis

Note: Behavioral analysis is performed by manual observation and automated analysis software.

1. Manual observation
   1. After the animal is placed on the ledge, observe the following: number of entries (an entry onto an arm is defined as any instance when all 4 paws are on the arm), time spent on each arm, and number of stretched-attending postures facing an open arm, while backing off the central platform towards a closed arm.
   2. Measure duration and frequency of the behaviors defined above by stopwatch and count for 5 min, starting from when the doors of the container are closed.
2. Automated analysis
   1. Using the available software program, record the following: distance traveled, time spent in different positions on open arms (proximal, middle, and distal segments from the central platform), and a minute-by-minute analysis of the time spent on open and closed arms.
   2. Click the "start button" of the automated analysis software at the same time as the manual observation begins (the recording will stop automatically if recording duration is set).
      NOTE: The behavioral analysis software used in this study tracks the animal via its contrast with the background field; the animal, which is assigned a fixed size, is identified as the brighter object and the locomotion of its center point can thus be used for animal tracking.

Results

In the previous study, we compared the combined effects of open arm ledges and transparency of closed arm walls on the exploratory behaviors on the maze¹². Rats significantly spent much less time on open arms without ledges than on open arms with ledges (F[1, 60] = 13.49, P = 0.0005) (Figure 2A). Similar results were also found for the number of entries into open arms (F[1, 60] = 11.17, P < 0.0014)

Discussion

As the number of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, including anxiety-disorder, increases, it is important to develop cutting-edge studies to improve understanding of the basic mechanism of anxiety. To achieve this, it is also important to optimize the experimental procedures. Therefore, to improve the application of the elevated plus maze test, we have demonstrated the effect of arm features on experimental outcomes using rats.

The elevated plus maze was originally established to ...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Customized container (W1500 × D1500 × H2000 mm)	NA	NA	Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano
Lighting	NA	NA	Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano
Elevated plus maze apparatus	NA	NA	Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano
Digital video camera	Watec	WAT-250D2	Any suitable video camera can be attached to a hard disk recorder for recording tracking profiles.
Hard disk recorder	TOSHIBA	RD-R200	Any suitable hard disk recorder can be attached to the digital video camera.
Sprague-Dawley rats	Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.	NA	Any suitable rats can be used for your study
Standard rat cage	Toyoriko	TP-105	Any suitable rat cage be used for your study
Instrument to measure light intensity	AS ONE	1-5818-02	Any suitable instrument to measure light intensity
EthoVision XT version 8.0	Noldus	NA	Any suitable software to measure animal behavior
Diazepam	Taiyo Pharmaceutical Industry	1124402A2061	Any suitable drug can be used for your study
Tween 80	Wako Pure Chemical Industries	9005-65-6	Any suitable drug can be used for your study