A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Summary

Described here is a method for analyzing bacterial gene expression in animal tissues at a cellular level. This method provides a resource for studying the phenotypic diversity occurring within a bacterial population in response to the tissue environment during an infection.

Abstract

Bacterial virulence genes are often regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple factors that respond to different environmental signals. Some factors act directly on virulence genes; others control pathogenesis by adjusting the expression of downstream regulators or the accumulation of signals that affect regulator activity. While regulation has been studied extensively during in vitro growth, relatively little is known about how gene expression is adjusted during infection. Such information is important when a particular gene product is a candidate for therapeutic intervention. Transcriptional approaches like quantitative, real-time RT-PCR and RNA-Seq are powerful ways to examine gene expression on a global level but suffer from many technical challenges including low abundance of bacterial RNA compared to host RNA, and sample degradation by RNases. Evaluating regulation using fluorescent reporters is relatively easy and can be multiplexed with fluorescent proteins with unique spectral properties. The method allows for single-cell, spatiotemporal analysis of gene expression in tissues that exhibit complex three-dimensional architecture and physiochemical gradients that affect bacterial regulatory networks. Such information is lost when data are averaged over the bulk population. Herein, we describe a method for quantifying gene expression in bacterial pathogens in situ. The method is based on simple tissue processing and direct observation of fluorescence from reporter proteins. We demonstrate the utility of this system by examining the expression of Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (nuc), whose gene product is required for immune evasion and full virulence ex vivo and in vivo. We show that nuc-gfp is strongly expressed in renal abscesses and reveal heterogeneous gene expression due in part to apparent spatial regulation of nuc promoter activity in abscesses fully engaged with the immune response. The method can be applied to any bacterium with a manipulatable genetic system and any infection model, providing valuable information for preclinical studies and drug development.

Introduction

Bacteria respond to changing physiological conditions and alterations in the nutritional state of their environment by differentially expressing genes required for adaptation and survival. For instance, opportunistic pathogens colonize body surfaces at relatively low densities, and are often harmless. However, once the bacterium has penetrated physical and chemical barriers, it must contend with host immune cell counter-defenses and restricted nutrient availability¹. As an example, Staphylococcus aureus colonizes approximately one third of the population asymptomatically but is also the cause of devastating skin and soft tissue infecti....

Protocol

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Georgetown University.

1. Generation of the Fluorescent Reporter Strain

1. Digest the genome integrative pRB4 vector sequentially with EcoRI and SmaI restriction enzymes. Following the manufacturer's protocol, set up an overnight digestion with SmaI using 1 µg of pRB4 at 25 °C, and then proceed with the second digestion for 1h at 37 °C by adding EcoRI to the reaction mixture. Inactivate the enzymes by incubating at 65 °C for 20 min.
2. PCR amplify the regulatory region of interest from genomic D....

Results

We developed a plasmid derived from pMAD³² that can deliver any reporter fusion construct into the chromosome by double crossover homologous recombination (Figure 1). This construct allows for quantitative analysis of any regulatory region that supports the production of GFP protein and fluorescent signal above background. The plasmid confers ampicillin resistance (Ap^r) for maintenance and propagation in E. coli and.......

Discussion

Bacterial infectious diseases are an increasing health problem worldwide due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants⁴⁶. Because adaptation to host environments is essential for growth and survival during infection, strategies targeting gene expression programs that increase pathogen fitness may prove useful therapeutically. One such program is the set of genes controlled by the SaeR/S two component system (TCS), shown previously to play an essential role in immune evasion

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5% sheep blood	Hardy Diagnostics (Santa Maria, CA)	A10
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal)	ThermoScientific	R0402
Ampicillin	Fisher Scientific	BP1760-25
C57Bl/6 Mice	Charles River	NA
Chloramphenicol	Sigma-Aldrich	C-0378
confocal laser scanning microscope	Zeiss	NA
cryostat microtome	Thermo Scientific	NA
Culture, Cap	VWR International	2005-02512
D+2:25NA Oligo	Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa)	NA
DNA Ligase	New England Biolabs	M0202S
Erythromycin	Sigma-Aldrich	E5389
Flow Analyzer	Becton Dickinson	NA
glass beads	Sigma	Z273627
Miniprep, plasmid	Promega	A1220
orbital shaking water bath	New Brunswick Innova	NA
PCR purification	QIagen	28106
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS)	Cellgrow	46-013-CM
Plate reader	Tecan	NA
Precellys 24 homogenizer	Bertin Laboratories	NA
pUC57-Kan	GenScript (Piscataway, NJ)	NA
Q5 Taq DNA Polymerase	New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA)	M0491S
Restriction Enzymes	New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA)	R0150S (PvuI), R3136S (BamHI), R0144S (BglII), R3131S (NheI), R0101S (EcoRI), R0141S (SmaI).
Reverse transcriptase	New England BioLabs	E6300L
Sanger Sequencing	Genewiz (Germantown, MD)	NA
Sub Xero clear tissue freezing medium	Mercedes Medical	MER5000
Superfrost Plus microscope slides	Fisher Scientific	12-550-15
superloop	GE Lifesciences	18111382
Syringe, Filter	VWR International	28145-481
Syto 40	Thermo Fisher Scientific	S11351	Membrane permeant nucleic acid stain
Tetracycline	Sigma-Aldrich	T7660
Tryptic Soy Broth	VWR	90000-376
UV-visible spectrophotometer	Beckman Coulter-DU350	NA
Vectashield Antifade Mounting medium with DAPI	Vector Laboratories	H-1500