A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content. Sign in or start your free trial.
Here, we present a protocol to force flowering in mandarin trees under phytotron conditions. Water stress, high illuminance and a simulated spring photoperiod allowed viable flowers to be obtained in a short period of time. This methodology allows researchers to have several flowering periods in 1 year.
Phytotron has been widely used to assess the effect of numerous parameters on the development of many species. However, less information is available on how to achieve fast profuse flowering in young fruit trees with this plant growth chamber. This study aimed to outline the design and performance of a fast clear methodology to force flowering in young mandarin trees (cv. Nova and cv. Clemenules) and to analyze the influence of induction intensity on inflorescence type. The combination of a short water stress period with simulated spring conditions (day 13 h, 22 °C, night 11 h, 12 °C) in the phytotron allowed flowers to be obtained only after 68-72 days from the time the experiment began. Low-temperature requirements were adequately replaced with water stress. Floral response was proportional to water stress (measured as the number of fallen leaves): the greater the induction, the larger the quantity of flowers. Floral induction intensity also influenced inflorescence type and dates for flowering. Details on artificial lighting (lumens), photoperiod, temperatures, plant size and age, induction strategy and days for each stage are provided. Obtaining flowers from fruit trees at any time, and also several times a year, can have many advantages for researchers. With the methodology proposed herein, three, or even four, flowering periods can be forced each year, and researchers should be able to decide when, and they will know, the duration of the entire process. The methodology can be useful for: flower production and in vitro pollen germination assays; experiments with pests that affect early fruit development stages; studies on fruit physiological alterations. All this can help plant breeders to shorten times to obtain male and female gametes to perform forced-crosses.
Phytotron has been widely used to assess the effect of numerous parameters on the development of many herbaceous and bulb plants. Species such as rice1, lily2, strawberry3 and many others4 have been evaluated under phytotron conditions. Chamber experiments on forest trees have also been carried out to evaluate ozone sensitivity on juvenile beech5,6, and to assess the influence of temperatures on frost hardening in seedlings of Scots pine and Norway spruce7. Less information is available about how to obtain fast profuse flowering in young fruit trees via growth chambers.
The flowering of citrus trees, and its relationship with many endogenous and exogenous factors, have long since been broadly studied. Temperatures8, water availability9, carbohydrates10, auxin and gibberellin contents11,12, abscisic acid13, and many other factors that affect citrus reproductive systems have been studied. Temperature and photoperiod effects on flower initiation have been studied in sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck)14,15. In these experiments, long inductive conditions (5 weeks at 15/8 °C) were used and the temperature during shoot development influenced inflorescence type14. During citrus flowering, the term "inflorescence" has been applied to all types of flower-bearing growth that arise from axillary buds, as used by Reece16.
Having a clear precise methodology to force flowering over a short time period and at other times other than spring can provide many advantages for researchers. Save tropical areas, the flowering of fruit trees occurs only once a year, which limits the number of experiments that can be done.
Flowers obtained by forced methods can be used for a wide variety of experiments to: obtain viable pollen for in vitro growth and germination experiments in any month17; run experiments with pests that affect early fruit development stages, even before petal fall, such as Pezothrips kellyanus Bagnall18, or Prays citri Millière19; study the effect of temperatures, chemical treatments, natural predators or just insects rearing; assess the influence of numerous factors on the physiological alterations that disturb early fruit development stages, such as "creasing" in sweet orange20,21; help plant breeders to shorten times to obtain male and female gametes to perform forced-crosses.
This paper aims to outline the design and performance of a fast clear methodology to force flowering in young mandarin trees (cv. Nova and cv. Clemenules) and to analyze the influence of induction intensity on inflorescence type. To achieve this main objective, details on artificial lighting (lumens), photoperiod, temperatures, plant size and age, induction strategy, days for induction, days for sprouting, days for flowering, and the total amount of flowers per variety are provided. Water stress induction intensity was also recorded and related with inflorescence type, dates and amounts of flowers.
1. Growth chamber characteristics and regulation requirements
2. Plant material
3. First irrigation
4. Springtime conditions in the phytotron
5. Placing trees inside the phytotron
6. Floral induction
7. Flower harvesting if necessary for other experiments
8. Other management tasks
The experiment was carried out in the plant growth chamber located at the Valencia Polytechnic University's Gandía Campus (municipality of Gandía) in the province of Valencia, Spain (39° 28′ 53.95″ N, 0° 20′ 37.71″ W), in autumn and winter (2017 Oct. 26 - 2018 Feb. 5) (Table 1). Six mandarin trees cv. 'Clemenules' (a bud mutation of Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka) and six mandarin trees cv. 'Nova'...
It was possible to force the flowering of young citrus trees (only 2 years old) quickly and at any time with profuse flower production (around 216 flowers per tree). In previous studies14,15, flower initiation was induced by low temperatures and the process lasted around 120 days. The combination of a short water stress period with spring conditions in the phytotron allowed this time to be significantly reduced, with mandarin trees (cv. Nova) flourishing after 68...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The authors thank José Javier Zaragozá Dolz for providing technical assistance and helping in the management tasks. This research was partially supported by the Asociación Club de Variedades Vegetales Protegidas as part of a project undertaken with the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV 20170673).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Data-logger | Testo | Testo 177-H1 | Testo 177-H1, humidity/temperature logger, 4 channels, with internal sensors and additional external temp |
Data-logger sotfwae | Testo | Software Comsoft Basic Testo 5 | Basic software for the programming and reading of the data loggers Testo |
Electronic controller differential | Eliwell | IC 915 (LX) (cod. 9IS23071) | Electronic controller with 2 set points and differential set point adjustment |
Electronic controller dual | Eliwell | IC 915 NTC-PTC | Electronic controllers with dual output |
Growth chamber - phytotron | Rochina | Chamber measuring 1.85 x 1.85 x 2.5 m (L x W x H) with a total volume of 8.56 m3. With temperature (day/night), photoperiod (day/night), light intensity and minimum relative humidity control. | |
Light kit | Cosmos Grow/Bloom Light | Light kit with reflector, electric ballast sodium/halide and high-pressure sodium (HPS) 600W lamp | |
Luxmeter | Delta OHM | HD 9221 | HD 9221 Luxmeter to measure the light intensity |
Plant material | Beniplant S.L (AVASA) | Mandarin trees from registered nurseries with a virus-free certification | |
Substrate | Plant Vibel | Standard substrate based on quality 50% white peat and 50% coconut fiber |
Request permission to reuse the text or figures of this JoVE article
Request PermissionThis article has been published
Video Coming Soon
Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved