Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation

Summary

The protocol presents a complete workflow for soft material nanoindentation experiments, including hydrogels and cells. First, the experimental steps to acquire force spectroscopy data are detailed; then, the analysis of such data is detailed through a newly developed open-source Python software, which is free to download from GitHub.

Abstract

Nanoindentation refers to a class of experimental techniques where a micrometric force probe is used to quantify the local mechanical properties of soft biomaterials and cells. This approach has gained a central role in the fields of mechanobiology, biomaterials design and tissue engineering, to obtain a proper mechanical characterization of soft materials with a resolution comparable to the size of single cells (μm). The most popular strategy to acquire such experimental data is to employ an atomic force microscope (AFM); while this instrument offers an unprecedented resolution in force (down to pN) and space (sub-nm), its usability is often limited by its complexity that prevents routine measurements of integral indicators of mechanical properties, such as Young's Modulus (E). A new generation of nanoindenters, such as those based on optical fiber sensing technology, has recently gained popularity for its ease of integration while allowing to apply sub-nN forces with µm spatial resolution, therefore being suitable to probe local mechanical properties of hydrogels and cells.

In this protocol, a step-by-step guide detailing the experimental procedure to acquire nanoindentation data on hydrogels and cells using a commercially available ferrule-top optical fiber sensing nanoindenter is presented. Whereas some steps are specific to the instrument used herein, the proposed protocol can be taken as a guide for other nanoindentation devices, granted some steps are adapted according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Further, a new open-source Python software equipped with a user-friendly graphical user interface for the analysis of nanoindentation data is presented, which allows for screening of incorrectly acquired curves, data filtering, computation of the contact point through different numerical procedures, the conventional computation of E, as well as a more advanced analysis particularly suited for single-cell nanoindentation data.

Introduction

The fundamental role of mechanics in biology is nowadays established^1,2. From whole tissues to single cells, mechanical properties can inform about the pathophysiological state of the biomaterial under investigation^3,4. For example, breast tissue affected by cancer is stiffer than healthy tissue, a concept that is the basis of the popular palpation test⁵. Notably, it has been recently shown that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is underlined by changes....

Protocol

1. Preparation of substrates/cells for nanoindentation measurements

1. Follow the steps given in the Supplementary Protocol for preparation of PAAm hydrogels/cells for nanoindentation experiments. The procedure is summarized in Figure 2.
   NOTE: PAAm hydrogels have been chosen as they are the most common hydrogels used within the field of mechanobiology. However, the protocol is equally applicable to any type of hydrogel²⁵

Discussion

This protocol shows how to robustly acquire force spectroscopy nanoindentation data using a commercially available ferrule-top nanoindenter on both hydrogels and single cells. In addition, instructions for the use of an open-source software programmed in Python comprising a precise workflow for the analysis of nanoindentation data are provided.

Critical steps in the protocol
The following steps have been identified to be of particular importance when following this proto.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
12 mm coverslips	VWR	631-1577P
35 mm cell treated culture dishes	Greiner CELLSTAR	627160
Acrylamide	Sigma-Aldrich	A4058
Acrylsilane	Alfa Aesar	L16400
Ammonium Persulfate	Merk	7727-54-0
Bisacrylamide	Merk	110-26-9
Chiaro nanoindenter	Optics 11 Life		no catologue number
Ethanol			general
Fetal bovine serum	Gibco	16140071
High glucose DMEM	Gibco	11995065
Isopropanol			general
Kimwipe	Kimberly Clark	21905-026
Microscope glass slides	VWR	631-1550P
MilliQ system	Merk Millipore	ZR0Q008WW
OP1550 Interferometer	Optics11 Life		no catalogue number
Optics 11 Life probe (k = 0.02-0.005 N/m, R = 3-3.5 um)	Optics 11 Life		no catologue number
Optics 11 Life probe (k = 0.46-0.5 N/m, R = 50-55 um)	Optics 11 Life		no catologue number
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Gibco	15140122
RainX rain repellent	RainX	26012
Standard petri dishes (90 mm)	Thermo Scientific	101RTIRR
Tetramethylethylenediamine	Sigma-Aldrich	110-18-9
Vaccum dessicator	Thermo Scientific	531-0250
Software
Data acquisition software (v 3.4.1)	Optics 11 Life
GitHub Desktop (Optional)	Microsoft
Python 3	Python Software Foundation
Visual Studio Code (Optional)	Microsoft