JoVE Logo
Faculty Resource Center
Authors
Librarians
High Schools
About

Sign In

Summary

Abstract

Introduction

Protocol

Representative Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Materials

References

Bioengineering

Bioorthogonale chemische beeldvorming van celmetabolisme gereguleerd door aromatische aminozuren

Published: May 12th, 2023

DOI:

10.3791/65121

1Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego
* These authors contributed equally

We presenteren een protocol om metabole activiteiten in cellen gereguleerd door aminozuren direct te visualiseren met behulp van deuteriumoxide (zwaar water D2O) gesondeerde gestimuleerde Raman-verstrooiing (DO-SRS) microscopie, die is geïntegreerd met twee-foton excitatie fluorescentiemicroscopie (2PEF).

Essentiële aromatische aminozuren (AAAs) zijn bouwstenen voor het synthetiseren van nieuwe biomassa's in cellen en het ondersteunen van normale biologische functies. Een overvloedig aanbod van AAAs is bijvoorbeeld belangrijk voor kankercellen om hun snelle groei en deling te behouden. Hiermee is er een stijgende vraag naar een zeer specifieke, niet-invasieve beeldvormingsbenadering met minimale monstervoorbereiding om direct te visualiseren hoe cellen AAAs gebruiken voor hun metabolisme in situ. Hier ontwikkelen we een optisch beeldvormingsplatform dat deuteriumoxide (D2O) sonderen combineert met gestimuleerde Raman-verstrooiing (DO-SRS) en DO-SRS integreert met twee-foton excitatiefluorescentie (2PEF) in een enkele microscoop om de metabole activiteiten van HeLa-cellen onder AAA-regulatie direct te visualiseren. Gezamenlijk biedt het DO-SRS-platform een hoge ruimtelijke resolutie en specificiteit van nieuw gesynthetiseerde eiwitten en lipiden in enkele HeLa-celeenheden. Bovendien kan de 2PEF-modaliteit autofluorescentiesignalen van nicotinamide, adeninedinucleotide (NADH) en flavine op een labelvrije manier detecteren. Het hier beschreven beeldvormingssysteem is compatibel met zowel in vitro als in vivo modellen, wat flexibel is voor verschillende experimenten. De algemene workflow van dit protocol omvat celkweek, kweekmediavoorbereiding, celsynchronisatie, celfixatie en monsterbeeldvorming met DO-SRS- en 2PEF-modaliteiten.

Omdat ze essentiële aromatische aminozuren (AAAs) zijn, kunnen fenylalanine (Phe) en tryptofaan (Tryp) door het menselijk lichaam worden geabsorbeerd om nieuwe moleculen te synthetiseren voor het ondersteunen van normale biologische functies1. Phe is nodig voor de synthese van eiwitten, melanine en tyrosine, terwijl Tryp nodig is voor de synthese van melatonine, serotonine en niacine 2,3. Overmatige consumptie van deze AAAs kan echter het zoogdierdoel van de rapamycine (mTOR) -route upreguleren, AMP-geactiveerd eiwitkinase remmen en interfereren met het mitochondriale metabolisme, waard....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

1. Mediavoorbereiding

  1. Bereid 10 ml controle en overtollige AAAs in Dulbecco's gemodificeerde Eagle medium (DMEM) met 50% D2O.
    1. Meet en meng voor de controlemedia 10 mg DMEM-poeder met 4,7 ml dubbel gedestilleerd water (ddH2O) in een conische buis van 15 ml. Het DMEM poeder bevat alle aminozuren in standaard concentraties. Draai de buis grondig om en keer deze om om ervoor te zorgen dat de oplossing goed wordt gemengd. Voeg 4,7 ml D2O, 0,5 ml foetaal runder.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

De toevoeging van overtollige AAAs in 15x concentraties aan de 50% D2O-bevattende celkweekmedia produceerde verschillende C-D Raman-banden van nieuw gesynthetiseerde lipiden en eiwitten in HeLa-cellen (figuur 2B). Eerdere experimenten werden uitgevoerd met verschillende concentratieniveaus, zoals 2x en 5x, en hoewel de gegevens niet worden gepresenteerd, produceerde de 15x-concentratie de meest verschillende C-D Raman-banden van nieuw gesynthetiseerde lipiden en eiwitten. Specifie.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

DO-SRS en 2PEF beeldvorming zijn toegepast om metabole dynamica te onderzoeken in verschillende ex vivo modellen, waaronder Drosophila en menselijke weefsels 21,22,23,24,26,27,33. De beeldvormingsmodaliteit die in deze studie wordt gebruikt, integreert DO-SRS en 2PEF-microscopie, di.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

We bedanken Dr. Yajuan Li en Anthony Fung voor hun technische ondersteuning en het Fraley-lab voor de cellijn. We erkennen de start-upfondsen van UCSD, NIH U54CA132378, NIH 5R01NS111039, NIH R21NS125395, NIHU54DK134301, NIHU54 HL165443 en Hellman Fellow Award.

....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
10 mL Serological Pipettes Avantor (by VWR)75816-100https://us.vwr.com/store/product?keyword=75816-100
15 mL Conical Centrifuge TubeVWR89039-664https://mms.mckesson.com/product/1001859/VWR-International-89039-664
16% Formaldehyde, Methanol-freeThermoFisher Scientific28906https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/28906
24-well plateFisherbrandFB0112929https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/24-well-tc-multidish-100-cs/FB012929#?keyword=FB012929
25 mm Syringe Filter, 2 μm PESFoxx Life Sciences381-2216-OEMhttps://www.foxxlifesciences.com/collections/pes-syringe-filters/products/381-2216-oem?variant=16274336003
460 nm Filter CubeOlympusOCT-ET460/50M32
AC Adapters of the Power Supply for LD OBIS 6 Laser RemoteOlympusSupply power to the laser
Band-pass FilterKR ElectronicsKR27248 MHz
BNC 50 Ohm Terminator Mini CircuitsSTRM-50
BNC CableThorlabs2249-CCoaxial Cable, BNC Male/Male
Broadband Dielectric MirrorThorlabsBB1-E03750 - 1100 nm
Centrifuge
CondenserOlympus
Cover GlassCorning2850-25https://ecatalog.corning.com/life-sciences/b2b/NL/en/Glassware/Cover-Glass/Corning%C2%AE-Square-%231%C2%BD-Cover-Glass/p/2850-25
DC power supplyTopWard6302D
Dichroic MountThorlabsKM100CL
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Cell Culture Reagentmpbio 196055https://www.mpbio.com/0219605525-dimethyl-sulfoxide-cf
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle’s Medium without Methionine, Threonine, and Sodium PyruvateMilliporeSigma38210000https://www.usbio.net/media/D9800-22/dulbeccorsquos-mem-dmem-wsodium-bicarbonate-wo-methionine-threonine-sodium-pyruvate-powder
With Sodium Bicarbonate and without Methionine, Threonine, and Sodium Pyruvate 
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s MediumCorningMT10027CVhttps://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/dmem-dulbecco-s-modified-eagle-s-medium-4/MT10027CV#:~:text=Dulbecco's%20Modified%20Eagle's%20Medium%20
FIJI ImageJImageJVersion 1.53t 24 August 2022https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads
Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide)Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.7732-18-5https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-4-1L
Hela CellsATCCCCL-2https://www.atcc.org/products/ccl-2
HemocymeterMilliporeSigmaZ359629-1EAhttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/z359629?gclid=Cj0KCQiA37KbBhDgARIsAI
zce15A5FIy0WS7I6ec2KVk
QPXVMEqlAnYis_bKB6P6lr
SIZ-wAXOyAELIaAhhEEAL
w_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds
High O.D. Bandpass FilterChroma TechnologyET890/220mFilter the Stokes beam and transmit the pump beam
HyClone Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)Cytiva SH300880340https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/hyclone-fetal-bovine-serum-u-s-standard-4/SH300880340
HyClone Trypsin 0.25% (1x) SolutionCytivaSH30042.02https://www.cytivalifesciences.com/en/us/shop/cell-culture-and-fermentation/reagents-and-supplements/cell-disassociation-reagents/hyclone-trypsin-protease-p-00445
Integrated SRS Laser SystemApplied Physics & Electronics, Inc.picoEMERALDpicoEMERALD provides an output pulse at 1031 nm with 6-ps pulse width and 80-MHz repetition rate, which serves as the Stokes beam.  The frequency doubled beam at 532 nm is used to synchronously seed a picosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) to produce a mode-locked pulse train with five~6 ps pulse width (the idler beam of the OPO is blocked with an,interferometric filter). The output wavelength of the OPO is tunable from 720–950 nm, which serves as the pump beam. The intensity of the 1031 nm Stokes beam is modulated sinusoidally by a built-in EOM at 8 MHz with a modulation depth of more than 90%. The pump beam is spatially overlapped with the Stokes beam by using a dichroic mirror inside picoEMERALD. The temporal overlap between pump and Stokes pulses are achieved with a built-in delay stage and optimized by the SRS signal of pure D2O at the microscope.
Inverted Laser-scanning MicroscopeOlympusFV1200MPE
IX3-CBH Control boxOlympusControl the laser-scanning microscope
Kinematic Mirror MountThorlabsPOLARIS-K1-2AH2 Low-Profile Hex Adjusters
L-PhenalynineSigmaP5482-25Ghttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/p5482
L-TryptophanSigmaT8941-25Ghttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/t8941
LabSpec 6Horiba XploRAN/Ahttps://www.horiba.com/gbr/scientific/products/detail/action/show/Product/labspec-6-spectroscopy-suite-software-1843/
Lock-In AmplifierZurich InstrumentsN/Ahttps://www.zhinst.com/americas/en/products/shfli-lock-in-amplifier
Long-pass Dichroic Beam SplitterSemrockDi02-R980-25x36980 nm laser BrightLine single-edge laser-flat dichroic beamsplitter
MATLABMathWorksVersion: R2022bhttps://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/latest_features.html
Microscope SlidesFisherbrand12-550-003https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-selectfrost-microscope-slides-9/12550003#?keyword=12-550-003
Microscopy Imaging SoftwareOlympusFluoView
MPLN 100x, OlympusOlympusMPLAPONhttps://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/mplapon/#!cms[focus]=cmsContent11364
MPLN 50x, OlympusOlympusMPLAPON https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/mplapon/#!cms[focus]=cmsContent11363
NA Oil CondenserOlympus 6-U130https://www.hitechinstruments.com/Product-Details/olympus-achromatic-aplanatic-high-na-condneser
Nail PolishWet n WildB01EO2G5O4https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01EO2G5O4/ref=cm_sw_r_api_i_E609VVDWW
HHQP38FXXDC_0
OriginOriginLabOrigin 2022b (9.95)https://www.originlab.com/index.aspx?go=PRODUCTS/Origin
ParafilmFisher ScientificS37440https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/parafilm-m-wrapping-film-3/p-2379782
PBS 1x (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline)Thermofischer - Gibco14040117https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/14040117?SID=srch-hj-14040117
Penicillin/StreptomycinThermofischer - Gibco15140122https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/15140122
Periscope AssemblyThorlabsRS99Includes the top and bottom units, Ø1" post, and clamping fork.
picoEmerald SystemA.P.EN/Ahttps://www.ape-berlin.de/en/cars-srs/
Shielded Box with BNC ConnectorsPomona Electronics2902Aluminum Box with Cover, BNC Female/Female
Si Photodiode DetectorHome BuiltN/ADYI series
Silicon Wafer
SpacersGrace Bio-Labs654008https://gracebio.com/product/secureseal-imaging-spacers-654008/
Spontaneous Raman spectroscopyHoriba XploRAN/Ahttps://www.horiba.com/int/products/detail/action/show/Product/xploratm-plus-1528/
Stimulated Raman Scattering MicroscopyHome BuiltN/A
Touch  Panel ControllerOlympusControl the X-Y direction of the laser-scanning microscope
Trypan Blue 0.4% (0.85% NaCl) Lonza17-942Ehttps://bioscience.lonza.com/lonza_bs/US/en/Culture-Media-and-Reagents/p/000000000000181876/Trypan-Blue%2C-0-4%25-Solution"
TweezersKaverme - AmazonB07RNVXXV1https://www.amazon.com/Precision-Anti-Static-Electronics-Laboratory-Jewelry-Making/dp/B07RNVXXV1"
Two Photon Excitation Fluorescence MicroscopyHome BuiltN/A
Weighing Paper VWR12578-165https://us.vwr.com/store/product/4597617/vwr-weighing-paper
Zurich LabOneQ SoftwareZurich InstrumentsControl the Zurich lock-in amplifier

  1. Wu, G. Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino Acids. 45 (3), 407-411 (2013).
  2. Wei, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, C., Yu, W., Yi, P. Metabolism of amino acids in cancer. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 603837 (2020).
  3. Parthasarathy, A., et al. A three-ring circus: Metabolism of the three proteogenic aromatic amino acids and their role in the health of plants and animals. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 5, 29 (2018).
  4. Wang, H., et al. l-tryptophan activates mammalian target of rapamycin and enhances expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. The Journal of Nutrition. 145 (6), 1156-1162 (2015).
  5. Saxton, R. A., Sabatini, D. M. mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease. Cell. 168 (6), 960-976 (2017).
  6. Mossmann, D., Park, S., Hall, M. N. mTOR signalling and cellular metabolism are mutual determinants in cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer. 18 (12), 744-757 (2018).
  7. Kimura, T., Watanabe, Y. Tryptophan protects hepatocytes against reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death via multiple pathways including Nrf2-dependent gene induction. Amino Acids. 48 (5), 1263-1274 (2016).
  8. Ma, Q., et al. Dietary supplementation with aromatic amino acids decreased triglycerides and alleviated hepatic steatosis by stimulating bile acid synthesis in mice. Food and Function. 12 (1), 267-277 (2021).
  9. Cheng, C., et al. Treatment implications of natural compounds targeting lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and cancer. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 15 (8), 1654-1663 (2019).
  10. Lubes, G., Goodarzi, M. GC-MS based metabolomics used for the identification of cancer volatile organic compounds as biomarkers. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 147, 313-322 (2018).
  11. Di Gialleonardo, V., Wilson, D. M., Keshari, K. R. The potential of metabolic imaging. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1), 28-39 (2016).
  12. Bowman, A. P., et al. Evaluation of lipid coverage and high spatial resolution MALDI-imaging capabilities of oversampling combined with laser post-ionisation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 412 (10), 2277-2289 (2020).
  13. Murphy, R. C., Hankin, J. A., Barkley, R. M. Imaging of lipid species by MALDI mass spectrometry. Journal of Lipid Research. 50, 317-322 (2009).
  14. Pirman, D. A., et al. Changes in cancer cell metabolism revealed by direct sample analysis with MALDI mass spectrometry. PLoS One. 8 (4), e61379 (2013).
  15. Li, Z., et al. Single-cell lipidomics with high structural specificity by mass spectrometry. Nature Communications. 12 (1), 2869 (2021).
  16. Miyagi, M., Kasumov, T. Monitoring the synthesis of biomolecules using mass spectrometry. Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 374 (2079), 20150378 (2016).
  17. Wang, T., Shogomori, H., Hara, M., Yamada, T., Kobayashi, T. Nanomechanical recognition of sphingomyelin-rich membrane domains by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry. 51 (1), 74-82 (2012).
  18. Fung, A. A., Shi, L. Mammalian cell and tissue imaging using Raman and coherent Raman microscopy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine. 12 (6), e1501 (2020).
  19. Shi, L., Fung, A. A., Zhou, A. Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 11 (3), 1078-1101 (2021).
  20. Yamakoshi, H., et al. Imaging of EdU, an alkyne-tagged cell proliferation probe, by Raman microscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (16), 6102-6105 (2011).
  21. Shi, L., et al. Optical imaging of metabolic dynamics in animals. Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2995 (2018).
  22. Bagheri, P., Hoang, K., Fung, A. A., Hussain, S., Shi, L. Visualizing cancer cell metabolic dynamics regulated with aromatic amino acids using DO-SRS and 2PEF microscopy. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 8, 779702 (2021).
  23. Li, Y., et al. Direct imaging of lipid metabolic changes in drosophila ovary during aging using DO-SRS microscopy. Frontiers in Aging. 2, 819903 (2022).
  24. Li, Y., Zhang, W., Fung, A. A., Shi, L. DO-SRS imaging of metabolic dynamics in aging Drosophila. Analyst. 146 (24), 7510-7519 (2021).
  25. Zhang, L., et al. Spectral tracing of deuterium for imaging glucose metabolism. Nature Biomedical Engineering. 3 (5), 402-413 (2019).
  26. Fung, A. A., et al. Imaging sub-cellular methionine and insulin interplay in triple negative breast cancer lipid droplet metabolism. Frontiers in Oncology. 12, 858017 (2022).
  27. Li, Y., Zhang, W., Fung, A. A., Shi, L. DO-SRS imaging of diet regulated metabolic activities in Drosophila during aging processes. Aging Cell. 21 (4), e13586 (2022).
  28. Shi, L., Wei, M., Min, W. Highly-multiplexed tissue imaging with raman dyes. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (182), e63547 (2022).
  29. Rysman, E., et al. De novo lipogenesis protects cancer cells from free radicals and chemotherapeutics by promoting membrane lipid saturation. Cancer Research. 70 (20), 8117-8126 (2010).
  30. Lisec, J., Jaeger, C., Rashid, R., Munir, R., Zaidi, N. Cancer cell lipid class homeostasis is altered under nutrient-deprivation but stable under hypoxia. BMC Cancer. 19 (1), 501 (2019).
  31. Thiam, A. R., Dugail, I. Lipid droplet-membrane contact sites - from protein binding to function. Journal of Cell Science. 132 (12), (2019).
  32. Schott, M. B., et al. Lipid droplet size directs lipolysis and lipophagy catabolism in hepatocytes. The Journal of Cell Biology. 218 (10), 3320-3335 (2019).
  33. Hoang, K., et al. Subcellular resolution DO-SRS and 2PEF imaging of metabolic dynamics regulated by L-methionine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Optical Biopsy XXI: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis. SPIE. 1237303, 6-13 (2023).
  34. Jang, H., et al. Super-resolution stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with A-PoD. bioRxiv. , (2022).
  35. Li, Y., et al. Optical metabolic imaging uncovers sex- and diet-dependent lipid changes in aging drosophila brain. bioRxiv. , (2022).
  36. Zhang, W., et al. Multi-molecular hyperspectral PRM-SRS imaging. bioRxiv. , (2022).
  37. Wei, M., et al. Volumetric chemical imaging by clearing-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (14), 6608-6617 (2019).
  38. Chang, T., et al. Non-invasive monitoring of cell metabolism and lipid production in 3D engineered human adipose tissues using label-free multiphoton microscopy. Biomaterials. 34 (34), 8607-8616 (2013).
  39. Leica TCS SP8 CARS CARS Microscope - Label Free Imaging. Leica Microsystems Available from: https://www.leica-microsystems.com/products/confocal-microscopes/p/leica-tcs-sp8-cars/downloads/ (2023)

This article has been published

Video Coming Soon

JoVE Logo

Privacy

Terms of Use

Policies

Contact Us

Recommend to library

JoVE NEWSLETTERS

Research

Education

Authors

Librarians

ABOUT JoVE

Copyright © 2024 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved