Vertical Immobilization Method for Time-Lapse Microscopy Analysis in Filamentous Cyanobacteria

Summary

We present a simple and accessible method for filamentous cyanobacterial visualization in the XY plane. A low-melting point agarose matrix was used, allowing the acquisition of images of proteins involved in the division, in a vertical orientation. Therefore, this methodology can be applied to any filamentous organism and different kinds of proteins.

Abstract

A main event in bacterial cell division is the septation process, where the protein FtsZ is the key element. FtsZ polymerizes forming a ring-like structure (Z-ring) in the middle of the cell that serves as a scaffold for other division proteins. Super-resolution microscopy in bacterial models Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis showed that the Z-ring is discontinuous, while live cell imaging studies demonstrated that FtsZ moves along the ring by a mechanism known as treadmilling. To study the dynamics of FtsZ in vivo, a special cell placement in a vertical position is necessary for imaging the complete structure of the ring in the XY plane. In the case of FtsZ imaging in multicellular cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena sp. PCC7120, maintaining the filaments in a vertical position is challenging because of the size of the cells and the filaments' length. In this article, we describe a method that allows the vertical immobilization of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 filaments using low melting point agarose and syringes, to record the Z-ring in a mutant that expresses a FtsZ-sfGFP fusion protein. This method is a rapid and inexpensive way to register protein dynamics at the division site using confocal microscopy.

Introduction

Bacterial cell division is the process in which a mother cell generates two daughter cells, in most cases by the mechanism known as binary fission. One of the earliest events in the septation process is the localization of FtsZ in the middle of the cell¹. This protein, which is structurally homologous to tubulin², is conserved and widely distributed in most bacteria, and its polymerization generates a contractile structure known as the Z-ring³. This ring serves as a scaffold for other division proteins and together they form a molecular machinery called a divisome. Several studies have shown that ....

Protocol

1. Considerations and selection of the cellular model

NOTE: Cyanobacteria have a strong autofluorescence due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments. This signal is in the red part of the spectrum, therefore, the fluorescent proteins suitable for imaging in cyanobacteria are the ones that far from the red emission. For example, GFP, YFP, Venus, Turquoise and BFP.

1. Select a divisome component present in the target filamentous cyanobacterial strain. For the experiments, it is necessary to construct a filamentous cyanobacterial mutant that expresses the selected divisome component fused to a fluorescent protein. ....

Results

Visualization of the Z-ring in Anabaena sp. using the vertical immobilization method
To study the dynamics of Z-ring components in bacteria, it is necessary to acquire images in vertically oriented cells. In this position, it is possible to visualize the Z-ring and the main proteins of the divisome to monitor protein dynamics by time-lapse microscopy. The classic sample preparation for bacteria does not work for filamentous cyanobacteria. In the case of Anabaena sp., the filaments.......

Discussion

The study of the dynamics of divisome proteins is without doubt a challenge. Particularly, in filamentous cyanobacteria, one the challenges is the visualization the Z-ring in the horizontal plane, for which the cells must be vertically oriented. The method we described here allows the positioning of the Z-ring in the XY plane to perform the different analyzes. This is the first simple method for filamentous cyanobacteria that allows the complete visualization of the Z-ring.

Although this prot.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 ml syringe	Qingdao Agna Medical Technology Co., Ltd.	-	The disposable medical plastic syringe with 1 ml needle generally used to pump liquid or injection liquid, in this experiment it is used to suck the sample and make it polymerize.
Attofluor Cell Chamber	ThermoFischer Scientific	A7816	The Attofluor Cell Camera is a durable and practical coverslip holder designed for viewing live cell samples in upright or inverted microscopes.
Axygen MaxyGene II Thermal Cycler with 96 well block	CORNING	THERM-1001	The new MaxyGene II Thermal Cycler increased speed and advanced features, providing the premium performance you have come to expect from Axygen brand products. Unique flexible programming. Rapid run times. Improved workflow over traditional gradient cyclers. Ramping rates up to 5°C/sec. Adjustable heated lid accommodates strips, tubes and microplates.
Fisherbrand Cover Glasses: Circles	ThermoFischer Scientific	12-546-2P	Made of finest optical borosilicate glass, with uniform thickness and size. Circular shape. Corrosion-resistant.
Low Melting Point agarose	Promega	V3841	Agarose, Low Melting Point, Analytical Grade, is ideal for applications that require recovery of intact DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis.
LSM 880 microscope from Zeiss Airyscan	Zeiss	-	The Zeiss Airyscan LSM 880 microscope is a laser scanning focal microscope that can acquire images under the resolution limit (lateral resolution ~ 120nm and axial resolution ~ 350nm). The detectors are highly sensitive making it possible to acquire super-resolution images at high speed.
Microcentrífuga Fresco 17	ThermoFischer Scientific	75002402	Speed up routine sample preparation processes up to 17,000 × g with our standard microcentrifuge, available with refrigeration. These microcentrifuges offer productivity, versatility, safety and convenience in an easy-to-use, compact design laboratory instrument.
Nikon Timelapse Microscope	Nikon	-	The Nikon C2 laser scanning confocal microscope is an ideal microscope for long-term timelapse, because thanks to its incubation chamber it is possible to keep samples in optimal conditions for more than 8 hours.
Thin razor blades Schick Super Chromium	Farmazon	SKU: 401146	The thin razor blades is used to cut the agarose matrix, allowing us to obtain the disks with the sample while maintaining the integrity of the matrix.