Department of Biomedical Engineering
Professor Efimov is the Director of Cardiovascular Engineering Laboratory, an NIH-funded cardiovascular research and engineering laboratory, which focusses on the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular disease and on development of novel therapies for heart diseases with emphasis on heart rhythm disorders. Professor Efimov served as an inaugural chairman of Biomedical Engineering Department at the George Washington University from January 2015 to December 2019. In 2008, Dr. Efimov founded Cardialen to develop low energy implantable electrotherapy of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Cardialen has raised $28M in venture funding and is conducting clinical trials.
Dr. Efimov earned his M.Sc. and PhD from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1986 and 1992, respectively, and completed his postdoctoral training at the University of Pittsburgh (1992-1994). He served on the faculty of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (1994-2000) and Case Western Reserve University (2000-2004) in Cleveland, OH, and Washington University in St. Louis, MO (2004-2015), prior to joining the George Washington University in 2015 as the founding chairman of its new BME Department.
Dr. Efimov is Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the American Institute for Medical & Biological Engineering, the Heart Rhythm Society, the American Heart Association, etc. He has received numerous awards including: RASA George Gamow Prize, Astor Visiting Fellowship at University of Oxford, Washington University Chancellor’s Hartwell Prize for Innovative Research, The Doris J.W. Escher Lectureship at Montefiore Medical Center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Walter Lillehei Lectureship at University of Minnesota, Richard B. and Lynne V. Cheney Lectureship at the George Washington University, etc. Dr. Efimov held visiting or adjunct professorships at the University of Bordeaux, France; University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; and his alma mater Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia.
He has served as Associate Editor of the American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology and IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering. He has served on editorial boards of Scientific Reports, Circulation Research, Heart Rhythm Journal, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, and other premier cardiovascular and biomedical engineering professional journals. He has served as a chartered member of National Institutes of Health Electrical Signaling, Transporters and Arrhythmia (ESTA) Study Section and NHLBI Systems Biology Collaborations review group. He served on numerous expert panels of the World Bank, Canadian Academies, British Heart Foundation, Russian Ministry of Science and Education, the Royal Society of New Zeeland, Swiss National Science Foundation, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and other international funds and organizations.
Mechanisms of make and break excitation revisited: paradoxical break excitation during diastolic stimulation.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Feb, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11788404
The pinwheel experiment re-revisited.
Journal of theoretical biology Jan, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11812169
Imaging of the atrioventricular node using optical coherence tomography.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Jan, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11843494
Enhanced transmural fiber rotation and connexin 43 heterogeneity are associated with an increased upper limit of vulnerability in a transgenic rabbit model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Circulation research Nov, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17885214
Phase I and phase II of short-term mechanical restitution in perfused rat left ventricles.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Apr, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11893566
Mechanical alternans and restitution in failing SHHF rat left ventricles.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Apr, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11893567
Mechanisms of shock-induced arrhythmogenesis during acute global ischemia.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jun, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 12003822
Virtual electrodes in virtual reality of defibrillation.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Jul, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 12139291
Anode-break excitation during end-diastolic stimulation is explained by half-cell double layer discharge.
IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering Oct, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 12374349
Cx43 and dual-pathway electrophysiology of the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular nodal reentry.
Circulation research Mar, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12600895
Optical mapping technique applied to biventricular pacing: potential mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias occurrence.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE Jan, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12687812
Nonlinear effects in subthreshold virtual electrode polarization.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jun, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12742834
Fibrillation or neurillation: back to the future in our concepts of sudden cardiac death?
Circulation research May, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12775654
Shock-induced arrhythmogenesis is enhanced by 2,3-butanedione monoxime compared with cytochalasin D.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jan, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 12958029
Site of origin and molecular substrate of atrioventricular junctional rhythm in the rabbit heart.
Circulation research Nov, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 14563715
Diastolic shocking experience: do virtual electrodes exist only during systole?
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Nov, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 14678139
Virtual electrode theory explains pacing threshold increase caused by cardiac tissue damage.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jun, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 14726298
Effects of lidocaine on shock-induced vulnerability.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Oct, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 14760929
Optical imaging of the heart.
Circulation research Jul, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15242982
Structure-function relationship in the AV junction.
The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology Oct, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15368340
Dynamics of virtual electrode-induced scroll-wave reentry in a 3D bidomain model.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Oct, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15371264
Functional imaging of the embryonic pacemaking and cardiac conduction system over the past 150 years: technologies to overcome the challenges.
The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology Oct, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15372434
The Gurvich waveform has lower defibrillation threshold than the rectilinear waveform and the truncated exponential waveform in the rabbit heart.
Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology Feb, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15791288
Mechanisms of superiority of ascending ramp waveforms: new insights into mechanisms of shock-induced vulnerability and defibrillation.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Aug, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15792989
Optical coherence tomography imaging of the purkinje network.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology May, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15877631
Mechanisms of enhanced shock-induced arrhythmogenesis in the rabbit heart with healed myocardial infarction.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15879480
Differences between left and right ventricular chamber geometry affect cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks.
Circulation research Jul, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15976315
Chessboard of atrial fibrillation: reentry or focus? Single or multiple source(s)? Neurogenic or myogenic?
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16100254
Electroporation of the heart.
Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16102512
Hibernator Citellus undulatus maintains safe cardiac conduction and is protected against tachyarrhythmias during extreme hypothermia: possible role of Cx43 and Cx45 up-regulation.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16171752
Optical mapping of the atrioventricular junction.
Journal of electrocardiology Oct, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16226086
Fluorescence imaging for real-time monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound cardiac ablation.
Annals of biomedical engineering Oct, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16240084
Three-dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart.
The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology Jan, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16287158
Tornado in a dish: revealing the mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in engineered cardiac tissues.
Cardiovascular research Feb, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16325163
Precordial thump and commotio cordis: the yin and yang of mechanoelectric feedback in the heart.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Feb, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16443534
Mechanisms of unpinning and termination of ventricular tachycardia.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jul, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16501014
Postganglionic nerve stimulation induces temporal inhibition of excitability in rabbit sinoatrial node.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Aug, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16565321
Gene printer: laser-scanning targeted transfection of cultured cardiac neonatal rat cells.
Cell communication & adhesion Jul-Aug, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16916749
Present understanding of shock polarity for internal defibrillation: the obvious and non-obvious clinical implications.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE Aug, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16923006
Localization of Na+ channel isoforms at the atrioventricular junction and atrioventricular node in the rat.
Circulation Sep, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16966585
Connections, connections, connexins: towards systems biology paradigm of cardiac arrhythmia.
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Dec, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17030039
Direct measurements of membrane time constant during defibrillation strength shocks.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Apr, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17399638
Effects of sterile pericarditis on connexins 40 and 43 in the atria: correlation with abnormal conduction and atrial arrhythmias.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Aug, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17434983
Application of blebbistatin as an excitation-contraction uncoupler for electrophysiologic study of rat and rabbit hearts.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society May, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17467631
Atrioventricular conduction with and without AV nodal delay: two pathways to the bundle of His in the rabbit heart.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Aug, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17496219
Innovation in optical imaging: looking inside the heart.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Jul, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17599679
Cloning, sequence analysis and phylogeny of connexin43 isolated from American black bear heart.
DNA sequence : the journal of DNA sequencing and mapping Oct, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17654014
Optical coherence tomography as a tool for measuring morphogenetic deformation of the looping heart.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17721979
Three-dimensional panoramic imaging of cardiac arrhythmias in rabbit heart.
Journal of biomedical optics Jul-Aug, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17867823
Autonomic control and innervation of the atrioventricular junctional pacemaker.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Oct, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17905339
Finite element modeling of electric field effects of TASER devices on nerve and muscle.
Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17946454
The role of photon scattering in optical signal distortion during arrhythmia and defibrillation.
Biophysical journal Nov, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17978166
Connexin 43 expression delineates two discrete pathways in the human atrioventricular junction.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Feb, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18085635
Computer three-dimensional reconstruction of the atrioventricular node.
Circulation research Apr, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18309098
Images in cardiovascular medicine. Optical mapping of the human atrioventricular junction.
Circulation Mar, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18347223
Atria are more susceptible to electroporation than ventricles: implications for atrial stunning, shock-induced arrhythmia and defibrillation failure.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Apr, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18362029
Effect of electroporation on cardiac electrophysiology.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) , 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18370220
Spatial distribution and extent of electroporation by strong internal shock in intact structurally normal and chronically infarcted rabbit hearts.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Oct, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18479336
Quantification of cardiac fiber orientation using optical coherence tomography.
Journal of biomedical optics May-Jun, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18601522
Nature versus nurture in cardiac conduction: toward integrative paradigm of cardiac tissue engineering.
Circulation research Jul, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18635826
Quantitative panoramic imaging of epicardial electrical activity.
Annals of biomedical engineering Oct, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18654852
Membrane time constant during internal defibrillation strength shocks in intact heart: effects of Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Jan, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 18775052
Electrophysiological mechanisms of antiarrhythmic protection during hypothermia in winter hibernating versus nonhibernating mammals.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Nov, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18984537
Panoramic imaging reveals basic mechanisms of induction and termination of ventricular tachycardia in rabbit heart with chronic infarction: implications for low-voltage cardioversion.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Jan, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 18996057
Bimodal biophotonic imaging of the structure-function relationship in cardiac tissue.
Journal of biomedical optics Sep-Oct, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 19021392
Chronaxie of defibrillation: a pathway toward further optimization of defibrillation waveform?
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Mar, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19175836
Structural and functional evidence for discrete exit pathways that connect the canine sinoatrial node and atria.
Circulation research Apr, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19246679
Resolution of established cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and prevention of systolic dysfunction in a transgenic rabbit model of human cardiomyopathy through thiol-sensitive mechanisms.
Circulation Mar, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19255346
Naum Lazarevich Gurvich (1905-1981) and his contribution to the history of defibrillation.
Cardiology journal , 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19387971
Multiple monophasic shocks improve electrotherapy of ventricular tachycardia in a rabbit model of chronic infarction.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Jul, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19560090
Transient local injury current in right ventricular electrogram after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock predicts heart failure progression.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Aug, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19695461
Differential K(ATP) channel pharmacology in intact mouse heart.
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Jan, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 19744493
Cardioversion: past, present, and future.
Circulation Oct, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19841308
Virtual histology of the human heart using optical coherence tomography.
Journal of biomedical optics Sep-Oct, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19895104
Enhanced susceptibility to alternans in a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction.
Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19964643
Molecular remodeling of ion channels, exchangers and pumps in atrial and ventricular myocytes in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Channels (Austin, Tex.) Mar-Apr, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20090424
Transmural dispersion of repolarization in failing and nonfailing human ventricle.
Circulation research Mar, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20093630
Mapping cardiac pacemaker circuits: methodological puzzles of the sinoatrial node optical mapping.
Circulation research Feb, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20133911
Anatomy and electrophysiology of the human AV node.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE Jun, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20180918
小鼠窦房结功能解剖: 锚 B 杂合性小鼠的高分辨率光学映射。
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Aug, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20525877
Mechanisms of fibrillation: neurogenic or myogenic? Reentrant or focal? Multiple or single? Still puzzling after 160 years of inquiry.
Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Nov, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20550608
Complex interactions between the sinoatrial node and atrium during reentrant arrhythmias in the canine heart.
Circulation Aug, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20697021
Optical mapping of the isolated coronary-perfused human sinus node.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Oct, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20946995
Termination of sustained atrial flutter and fibrillation using low-voltage multiple-shock therapy.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society Jan, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 20969974
Structured light imaging of epicardial mechanics.
Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2010 | Pubmed ID: 21095816
Multiscale imaging of the human heart: Building the foundation for human systems physiology and translational medicine.
Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2010 | Pubmed ID: 21095821
Transmural heterogeneity and remodeling of ventricular excitation-contraction coupling in human heart failure.
Circulation May, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21502574
Effects of KATP channel openers diazoxide and pinacidil in coronary-perfused atria and ventricles from failing and non-failing human hearts.
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Aug, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21586291
Anatomic localization and autonomic modulation of atrioventricular junctional rhythm in failing human hearts.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Aug, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21646375
Role of Pyk2 in cardiac arrhythmogenesis.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Sep, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21666110
Long-term culture of HL-1 cardiomyocytes in modular poly(ethylene glycol) microsphere-based scaffolds crosslinked in the phase-separated state.
Acta biomaterialia Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 21920469
Spatiotemporal control of heart rate in a rabbit heart.
Journal of electrocardiology Nov-Dec, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21937057
Low-energy multistage atrial defibrillation therapy terminates atrial fibrillation with less energy than a single shock.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Dec, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21980076
The role of dynamic instability and wavelength in arrhythmia maintenance as revealed by panoramic imaging with blebbistatin vs. 2,3-butanedione monoxime.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22037192
Longitudinal Study of Cardiac Remodelling in Rabbits Following Infarction.
The Canadian journal of cardiology Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22265993
Three Potential Mechanisms for Failure of HIFU Ablation in Cardiac Tissue.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Feb, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22322367
Quantification of the transmural dynamics of atrial fibrillation by simultaneous endocardial and epicardial optical mapping in an acute sheep model.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Apr, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25713215
Dual Vm/Ca imaging of premature ventricular contractions: bridging the gap of anatomical scales.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Jun, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26082526
Transmural APD gradient synchronizes repolarization in the human left ventricular wall.
Cardiovascular research Oct, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26209251
Diet-induced obesity promotes altered remodeling and exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy following pressure overload.
Physiological reports Aug, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26290533
A technical review of optical mapping of intracellular calcium within myocardial tissue.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 06, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27016580
Mitochondrial structure and function are not different between nonfailing donor and end-stage failing human hearts.
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 08, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27075244
Technical advances in studying cardiac electrophysiology - Role of rabbit models.
Progress in biophysics and molecular biology 07, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27210306
Optical Mapping of Cardiac Electromechanics.
Biophysical journal 07, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27463128
Letter by Ng and Efimov Regarding Article, "Electrophysiological Effects of Selective Atrial Coronary Artery Occlusion in Humans".
Circulation 11, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27799265
Transient Notch Activation Induces Long-Term Gene Expression Changes Leading to Sick Sinus Syndrome in Mice.
Circulation research Aug, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28674041
Pathways to clinical CLARITY: volumetric analysis of irregular, soft, and heterogeneous tissues in development and disease.
Scientific reports 07, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28724969
Capacitively Coupled Arrays of Multiplexed Flexible Silicon Transistors for Long-Term Cardiac Electrophysiology.
Nature biomedical engineering , 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28804678
Computational assessment of the functional role of sinoatrial node exit pathways in the human heart.
PloS one , 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28873427
β-adrenergic stimulation augments transmural dispersion of repolarization via modulation of delayed rectifier currents I and I in the human ventricle.
Scientific reports Nov, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29162896
Ventricular Fibrillation: Rotors or Foci? Both!
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 12, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29247034
At the Atrioventricular Crossroads: Dual Pathway Electrophysiology in the Atrioventricular Node and its Underlying Heterogeneities.
Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review Dec, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29326832
RHYTHM: An Open Source Imaging Toolkit for Cardiac Panoramic Optical Mapping.
Scientific reports 02, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29440763
Left Septal Slow Pathway Ablation for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 03, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29540373
Cardiac connexin genotyping for identification of the circuit of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia.
Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology Feb, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 29860485
Multiparametric slice culture platform for the investigation of human cardiac tissue physiology.
Progress in biophysics and molecular biology 07, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 29960680
Irreversible electroporation: Proceed with caution.
Heart rhythm 12, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30063994
Open-Source Multiparametric Optocardiography.
Scientific reports 01, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 30679527
Integrative Functional Annotation of 52 Genetic Loci Influencing Myocardial Mass Identifies Candidate Regulatory Variants and Target Genes.
Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine 02, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 30681347
Sudden Heart Rate Reduction Upon Optogenetic Release of Acetylcholine From Cardiac Parasympathetic Neurons in Perfused Hearts.
Frontiers in physiology , 2019 | Pubmed ID: 30745877
Heart Rhythm Society-40th anniversary: A history of success.
Heart rhythm 05, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31036246
Optocardiography: A Review of its Past, Present and Future.
Current opinion in biomedical engineering Mar, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31803858
Wireless, battery-free, fully implantable multimodal and multisite pacemakers for applications in small animal models.
Nature communications 12, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31848334
Genetic algorithm-based personalized models of human cardiac action potential.
PloS one , 2020 | Pubmed ID: 32392258
JoVE Hakkında
Telif Hakkı © 2020 MyJove Corporation. Tüm hakları saklıdır