We would like to thank the Fertilab Andrology clinic, especially Jos&#233; Mar&#237;a Montes and Andrea Torrents, for allowing us access to donors. Funding: A.C. is supported by grants from Universidad de la Rep&#250;blica (CSIC_2018, Espacio Interdisciplinario_2021). Additional funding was obtained from the Programa de Desarrollo de Ciencias B&#225;sicas (PEDECIBA, Uruguay). P.I. and R.S. are supported by Universidad de la Rep&#250;blica (I+D, CSIC 2014; I+D, CSIC 2016, Iniciaci&#243;n a la Investigaci&#243;n, CSIC 2019 and FMV_1_2017_1_136490 ANII- Uruguay). P.I. is supported by POS_FMV_2018_1_1007814 and CAP-UDELAR 2020. The figures were illustrated using Biorender.com.

The experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la Rep&#250;blica, Montevideo, Uruguay.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65493/65493fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Workflow for high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in intact and permeabilized human sperm. The protocol was divided into four different step...

Determining Respiration in Human Sperm Cells by High-Resolution Respirometry

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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+sperm+metabolism:+Oxygen+and+sugar,+friend+and+foe.">Mammalian sperm metabolism: Oxygen and sugar, friend and foe.</a> The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 52 (5-6), 427-437 (2008).</li><li>Tourmente, M., Sansegundo, E., Rial, E., Roldan, E. R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacitation+promotes+a+shift+in+energy+metabolism+in+murine+sperm.">Capacitation promotes a shift in energy metabolism in murine sperm.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10, 950979 (2022).</li><li>Gnaiger, E., Dykens, J. A., Will, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+12+-+Polarographic+oxygen+sensors,+the+oxygraph,+and+high-resolution+respirometry+to+assess+mitochondrial+function.">Chapter 12 - Polarographic oxygen sensors, the oxygraph, and high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function.</a> Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. , 325-352 (2008).</li><li>Brand, M. D., Nicholls, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+cells.">Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells.</a> Biochemical Journal. 435 (2), 297-312 (2011).</li><li>Awadhpersad, R., Jackson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+respirometry+to+assess+bioenergetics+in+cells+and+tissues+using+chamber-+and+plate-based+respirometers.">High-resolution respirometry to assess bioenergetics in cells and tissues using chamber- and plate-based respirometers.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (176), e63000 (2021).</li><li>Chance, B., Williams, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+rapid+assay+of+oxidative+phosphorylation.">A simple and rapid assay of oxidative phosphorylation.</a> Nature. 175 (4469), 1120-1121 (1955).</li><li>Li, Z., Graham, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+mitochondrial+oxygen+consumption+using+a+Clark+electrode.">Measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using a Clark electrode.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 837, 63-72 (2012).</li><li>Stendardi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+mitochondrial+respiratory+efficiency+during+in+vitro+capacitation+of+human+spermatozoa.">Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory efficiency during in vitro capacitation of human spermatozoa.</a> International Journal of Andrology. 34 (3), 247-255 (2011).</li><li>Ferramosca, A., Focarelli, R., Piomboni, P., Coppola, L., Zara, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+uptake+by+mitochondria+in+demembranated+human+spermatozoa:+A+reliable+tool+for+the+evaluation+of+sperm+respiratory+efficiency.">Oxygen uptake by mitochondria in demembranated human spermatozoa: A reliable tool for the evaluation of sperm respiratory efficiency.</a> International Journal of Andrology. 31 (3), 337-345 (2008).</li><li>Ferramosca, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+human+sperm+mitochondrial+respiration+efficiency+by+plant+polyphenols.">Modulation of human sperm mitochondrial respiration efficiency by plant polyphenols.</a> Antioxidants. 10 (2), 217 (2021).</li><li>Gnaiger, E., Steinlechner-Maran, R., M&#233;ndez, G., Eberl, T., Margreiter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+mitochondrial+and+cellular+respiration+by+oxygen.">Control of mitochondrial and cellular respiration by oxygen.</a> Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 27 (6), 583-596 (1995).</li><li>. O2k Quality Control 1: Polarographic oxygen sensors and accuracy of calibration Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bioblst.at/images/archive/7/77/20210819114548%21MiPNet06.03_POS-Calibration-SOP.pdf">https://www.bioblst.at/images/archive/7/77/20210819114548%21MiPNet06.03_POS-Calibration-SOP.pdf</a> (2020)</li><li>WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. World Health Organization Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787</a> (2010)</li><li>. O2k-protocols SOP: O2k quality control 1 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bioblast.at/images/9/9c/MiPNet06.03_POS-Calibration-SOP_DatLab8.pdf">https://www.bioblast.at/images/9/9c/MiPNet06.03_POS-Calibration-SOP_DatLab8.pdf</a> (2021)</li><li>Gnaiger, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mitochondrial Pathways and Respiratory Control. , (2012).</li><li>Steinlechner-Maran, R., Eberl, T., Kunc, M., Margreiter, R., Gnaiger, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+dependence+of+respiration+in+coupled+and+uncoupled+endothelial+cells.">Oxygen dependence of respiration in coupled and uncoupled endothelial cells.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 271, C2053-C2061 (1996).</li><li>Holt, W. V., Van Look, K. J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concepts+in+sperm+heterogeneity,+sperm+selection+and+sperm+competition+as+biological+foundations+for+laboratory+tests+of+semen+quality.">Concepts in sperm heterogeneity, sperm selection and sperm competition as biological foundations for laboratory tests of semen quality.</a> Reproduction. 127 (5), 527-535 (2004).</li><li>Sousa, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Not+all+sperm+are+equal:+Functional+mitochondria+characterize+a+subpopulation+of+human+sperm+with+better+fertilization+potential.">Not all sperm are equal: Functional mitochondria characterize a subpopulation of human sperm with better fertilization potential.</a> PloS One. 6 (3), e18112 (2011).</li><li>Moscatelli, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell-based+evaluation+of+sperm+progressive+motility+via+fluorescent+assessment+of+mitochondria+membrane+potential.">Single-cell-based evaluation of sperm progressive motility via fluorescent assessment of mitochondria membrane potential.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 17931 (2017).</li><li>Ferreira, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+mitochondrial+activity+upon+CatSper+channel+activation+is+required+for+mouse+sperm+capacitation.">Increased mitochondrial activity upon CatSper channel activation is required for mouse sperm capacitation.</a> Redox Biology. 48, 102176 (2021).</li><li>Irigoyen, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+metabolism+determines+the+functional+status+of+human+sperm+and+correlates+with+semen+parameters.">Mitochondrial metabolism determines the functional status of human sperm and correlates with semen parameters.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10, 926684 (2022).</li></ol>

HRR critically depends on several steps: (a) the equipment maintenance, (b) accurate calibration of the oxygen sensors, (c) the uncoupler titration26, and finally, (d) the adequate use of indices representing the mitochondrial function. The equipment maintenance is crucial. It is recommended to replace the membranes of the polarographic oxygen sensor regularly and to correct the instrumental background. Extensive washing after the collection of spermatozoa from the chambers is essential to obtain ...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/65493">High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa</a>. The Protocol and Representative Result&#160;sections were&#160;updated.
Step 2.4.12 of the Protocol was updated from:
Finally, inject 1 &#181;L of 5 mM antimycin A (2.5 &#181;M final concentration). This is a complex II inhibitor to discriminate between the mitochondrial and residual oxygen consumption (non-mitochondrial respiration). For the analysis of complex I, add 1 &#181;L of 1 mM rotenone (0.5 &#181;M final concentration), an inhibitor of this complex, instead of AA. Measure the oxygen consumption until the signal decreases and stabilizes.
to:
Finally, inject 1 &#181;L of 5 mM antimycin A (2.5 &#181;M final concentration). This is a complex III inhibitor to discriminate between the mitochondrial and residual oxygen consumption (non-mitochondrial respiration). For the analysis of complex I, add 1 &#181;L of 1 mM rotenone (0.5 &#181;M final concentration), an inhibitor of this complex, instead of AA. Measure the oxygen consumption until the signal decreases and stabilizes.
Figure 3 in the Representative Results section was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65493/65493fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Determination of the optimal concentration of digitonin for the permeabilization of human sperm cells. The respiration rates were measured at 37 &#176;C in MRM medium with glutamate, malate, and adenosine diphosphate. (A) Representative respiratory trace. The blue line is the O2 concentration, and the red line represents the O2 flow per volume correlated. (B) Mitochondria respiration rate means &#177; standard error, n = 4. The red arrow represents the optimal concentration. Abbreviation: dig = digitonin. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65493/65493fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65493/65493fig3v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Determination of the optimal concentration of digitonin for the permeabilization of human sperm cells. The respiration rates were measured at 37 &#176;C in MRM medium with glutamate, malate, and adenosine diphosphate. (A) Representative respiratory trace. The blue line is the O2 concentration, and the red line represents the O2 flow per volume correlated. (B) Mitochondria respiration rate means &#177; standard error, n = 4. The red arrow represents the optimal concentration. Abbreviation: dig = digitonin. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65493/65493fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/65493">High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa</a>. The Protocol and Representative Result&#160;sections were&#160;updated.

Erratum: High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

Male infertility is estimated to account for 40%-50% of all cases of infertility in couples1. Conventional semen analysis plays a crucial part in determining male fertility; however, approximately 15% of infertile men have normal sperm parameters2. In addition, routine semen analysis provides limited information about sperm function and does not reflect subtle sperm defects3.
Sperm mitochondria have a special structure, as they are arranged as a helical sheath around the flagella. The mitochondrial sheath contains a variable number of mitochondria connected by intermitochondrial linkers and anchored to the cytoskeleton by ordered protein arrangements on the outer mitochondrial membrane4,5. This structure makes it particularly difficult to isolate sperm mitochondria. Therefore, most studies of sperm mitochondrial function use in situ analyses or demembranated sperm6.
Sperm mitochondrial structure and function have been consistently linked to male infertility7,8,9,10,11, suggesting that analysis of the structure and function of these organelles may be a good candidate for inclusion in sperm analysis.
Mitochondria play an important role in cellular energy metabolism, particularly by using oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In spermatozoa, in particular, the source of ATP (glycolysis vs. OXPHOS) is disputed, and much of the data remains controversial and depends on different experimental approaches4,12,13. Measurements of respiration by oximetry offer significant insights into the mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial integrity, and energy metabolism of the cell14,15,16. Traditionally, this technique has been performed using the Clark oxygen electrode-an instrument that has been used to measure mitochondrial respiration for more than 50 years17,18. In addition, sperm mitochondrial oxygen consumption has been analyzed using the classic Clark oxygen electrode19,20,21. High-resolution respirometry (HRR) using oxygraphs (Oroboros) provides higher sensitivity than using classical respirometry devices22. The oxygraphs are composed of two chambers with injection ports, and each chamber has a polarographic oxygen sensor. With this technique, it is possible to analyze tissue slides, cells, and isolated mitochondrial suspensions. The specimen is continuously stirred in the chamber, and during the experiment, the oxygen consumption is measured, and the oxygen rates are calculated using specific software. The chambers show reduced oxygen leakage, which is an advantage over the conventional oxygen electrode devices14,23.
As with other cells, in the case of spermatozoa, the sensitivity of HRR equipment is higher than for conventional respirometry, meaning that HRR equipment can be used for the analysis of a limited number of intact or permeabilized sperm cells. There are two main strategies for assessing sperm mitochondrial function by HRR: (a) measuring the oxygen consumption in intact cells, which involves reproducing the respiratory function in a medium containing substrates such as glucose, or (b) measuring the oxygen consumption in permeabilized cells using one of the OXPHOS complexes, with the addition of specific substrates to monitor each function separately.
In the present study, we describe the use of HRR to determine mitochondrial respiration in human sperm cells.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid free- Bovine serum albumine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine 5&#39;-diphosphate monopotassium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animycin A from streptomyces sp.</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carbonyl cyanide-P- trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DatLab sofware version 4,2</td>
			<td>Oroboros Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitonin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L malic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microliter Syringes</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>87900 or 80400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Basler</td>
			<td>acA780-75gc</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Eclipse E200 with phase contrast 10X Ph+</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monopotassium phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>75351</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygraph-2 K</td>
			<td>Oroboros Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power O2k-Respirometer</td>
			<td>Oroboros Intruments</td>
			<td>10033-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium lactate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L7022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sperm class analyzer 6.3.0.59 Evolution-SCA Research</td>
			<td>Microptic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sperm Counting Chamber DRM-600</td>
			<td>Millennium Sciences CELL-VU</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Succinate disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W327700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in human spermatozoa

Semen quality is often studied by routine semen analysis, which is descriptive and often inconclusive. Male infertility is associated with altered sperm mitochondrial activity, so the measurement of sperm mitochondrial function is an indicator of sperm quality. High-resolution respirometry is a method of measuring the oxygen consumption of cells or tissues in a closed-chamber system. This technique can be implemented to measure respiration in human sperm and provides information about the quality and integrity of the sperm mitochondria. High-resolution respirometry allows the cells to move freely, which is an a priori advantage in the case of sperm. This technique can be applied with intact or permeabilized spermatozoa and allows for the study of intact sperm mitochondrial function and the activity of individual respiratory chain complexes. The high-resolution oxygraph instrument uses sensors to measure the oxygen concentration coupled with sensitive software to calculate the oxygen consumption. The data are used to calculate respiratory indices based on the oxygen consumption ratios. Consequently, the indices are the proportions of two oxygen consumption rates and are internally normalized to the cell number or protein mass. The respiratory indices are an indicator of sperm mitochondrial function and dysfunction.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function 

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

Our work is focused on male infertility, specifically on sperm mitochondria. Sperm cells lose most of their cytoplast and organelles during the spermatogenesis, but they do retain mitochondria. Besides their main role in ATP production, mitochondria participate in the production of reactive oxygen species, calcium storage, and apoptosis.The role of sperm mitochondria is not completely understood. Understanding mitochondrion function in sperm is key to enlighten a sperm energy metabolism and male infertility. We have demonstrate that human sperm mitochondrial function correlate to spermiogram parameters.Our group show that mitochondria are the main source of superoxide in normal and pathological conditions. Moreover, we have been able to establish metabolic cutoff values using high-resolution respirometry that can differentiate between males with abnormal and normal spermiogram. Spermiogram is the gold standard laboratory study to analyze male infertility.It provides a lot of information, but doesn't reflect septal sperm defects. Although many studies have been proposed, at present, the measurement of mitochondrial function is not included the study. High-resolution respirometry has a higher sensitivity than conventional Clark electrodes.With this experimental approach, we can analyze each step of mitochondrial activity. We determine ATP production, respiratory reserve capacity and compliance status. Moreover, it allows us to study experiment suspension without affecting the movement and function.

Determination of the optimal concentration of digitonin in sperm cells 
In this protocol, we present the use of HRR to monitor real-time changes in OXPHOS in human sperm cells. Since the method can be used to analyze intact or digitonin-permeabilized sperm, we first present the standardization of digitonin concentration required to permeabilize sperm cells (Figure 3).
Digitonin is used for chemical permeabilization, which allows substrates to...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing Male Infertility Research by Unraveling Sperm Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function at JoVE.com

The analysis of sperm mitochondrial function by high-resolution respirometry permits the measurement of the oxygen consumption of freely moving spermatozoa in a closed-chamber system. The technique can be applied to measure respiration in human spermatozoa, which provides information on sperm mitochondrial characteristics and integrity.

Semen quality is often studied by routine semen analysis, which is descriptive and often inconclusive. Male infertility is associated with altered sperm ...

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