We are extremely grateful to all members of the Mao and Hu Lab, past and present, for the interesting discussions and great contributions to the project. We are thankful to the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health for the great support. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20351 to Jianhua Mao, 82200784 to Lidan Hu), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No. LQ22C070004 to Lidan Hu).

1. hiPSCs maintenance
<ol>
	<li>Thawing of hiPSC
	<ol>
		<li>Take out the cells from the liquid nitrogen and quickly thaw cells in a 37 &#176;C water bath. Transfer the thawing cells to a 15 mL tube prepared with 3 mL of iPSC maintenance medium (Table of Materials). Gently mix the medium.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant, and gently resuspend the cells in 1 mL of iPSC maintenance medium with 10 &#181;M Y-27632 (pipette the cells up and down 2-...

Characterizing Surface Antigens and Proliferation Ability in hiPSC-Driving MSCs

<ol>
	<li>Weng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem/stromal+cell+senescence:+Hallmarks,+mechanisms,+and+combating+strategies.">Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell senescence: Hallmarks, mechanisms, and combating strategies.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 11 (4), 356-371 (2022).</li><li>Soliman, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+stromal+cells:+One+name,+multiple+identities.">Multipotent stromal cells: One name, multiple identities.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 28 (10), 1690-1707 (2021).</li><li>Friedenstein, A. J., Chailakhyan, R. K., Gerasimov, U. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow+osteogenic+stem+cells:+in+vitro+cultivation+and+transplantation+in+diffusion+chambers.">Bone marrow osteogenic stem cells: in vitro cultivation and transplantation in diffusion chambers.</a> Cell and Tissue Kinetics. 20 (3), 263-272 (1987).</li><li>Friedenstein, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precursors+for+fibroblasts+in+different+populations+of+hematopoietic+cells+as+detected+by+the+in+vitro+colony+assay+method.">Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method.</a> Experimental Hematology. 2 (2), 83-92 (1974).</li><li>Friedenstein, A. J., Gorskaja, J. F., Kulagina, N. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+precursors+in+normal+and+irradiated+mouse+hematopoietic+organs.">Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs.</a> Experimental Hematology. 4 (5), 267-274 (1976).</li><li>El Agha, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+fibrotic+disease.">Mesenchymal stem cells in fibrotic disease.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 21 (2), 166-177 (2017).</li><li>Mushahary, D., Spittler, A., Kasper, C., Weber, V., Charwat, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+cultivation,+and+characterization+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Isolation, cultivation, and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Cytometry A. 93 (1), 19-31 (2018).</li><li>Ullah, M., Liu, D. D., Thakor, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stromal+cell+homing:+Mechanisms+and+strategies+for+improvement.">Mesenchymal stromal cell homing: Mechanisms and strategies for improvement.</a> iScience. 15, 421-438 (2019).</li><li>Regmi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+viability+and+function+of+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+spheroids+is+mediated+via+autophagy+induction.">Enhanced viability and function of mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids is mediated via autophagy induction.</a> Autophagy. 17 (10), 2991-3010 (2021).</li><li>Hoang, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell-based+therapy+for+human+diseases.">Stem cell-based therapy for human diseases.</a> Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 7 (1), 272 (2022).</li><li>Jiang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+Mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+human+pluripotent+cells,+an+unlimited+and+quality-controllable+source+for+therapeutic+applications.">Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent cells, an unlimited and quality-controllable source for therapeutic applications.</a> Stem Cells. 37 (5), 572-581 (2019).</li><li>Soontararak, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+(MSC)+derived+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+(iPSC)+equivalent+to+adipose-derived+MSC+in+promoting+intestinal+healing+and+microbiome+normalization+in+mouse+inflammatory+bowel+disease+model.">Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) equivalent to adipose-derived MSC in promoting intestinal healing and microbiome normalization in mouse inflammatory bowel disease model.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 7 (6), 456-467 (2018).</li><li>Di Baldassarre, A., Cimetta, E., Bollini, S., Gaggi, G., Ghinassi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human-induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+technology+and+cardiomyocyte+generation:+Progress+and+clinical+applications.">Human-induced pluripotent stem cell technology and cardiomyocyte generation: Progress and clinical applications.</a> Cells. 7 (6), 48 (2018).</li><li>Shi, Y., Inoue, H., Wu, J. 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S., Seufert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells+in+the+treatment+of+diabetes+mellitus+-+Focus+on+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Stem cells in the treatment of diabetes mellitus - Focus on mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Metabolism. 90, 1-15 (2019).</li><li>Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+derivation+of+functional+mesenchymal+stem+cells+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">One-step derivation of functional mesenchymal stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Bio-Protocol. 8 (22), e3080 (2018).</li><li>Hua, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-intensity+pulsed+ultrasound+promotes+osteogenic+potential+of+iPSC-derived+MSCs+but+fails+to+simplify+the+iPSC-EB-MSC+differentiation+process.">Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes osteogenic potential of iPSC-derived MSCs but fails to simplify the iPSC-EB-MSC differentiation process.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 10, 841778 (2022).</li><li>Dupuis, V., Oltra, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+produce+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells:+Mesenchymal+stem+cells+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Methods to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Mesenchymal stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> World Journal of Stem Cells. 13 (8), 1094-1111 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+stem+cells.+A+Werner+syndrome+stem+cell+model+unveils+heterochromatin+alterations+as+a+driver+of+human+aging.">Aging stem cells. A Werner syndrome stem cell model unveils heterochromatin alterations as a driver of human aging.</a> Science. 348 (6239), 1160-1163 (2015).</li><li>Liu, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+Fanconi+anemia+pathogenesis+and+therapeutics+using+integration-free+patient-derived+iPSCs.">Modelling Fanconi anemia pathogenesis and therapeutics using integration-free patient-derived iPSCs.</a> Nature Communications. 5, 4330 (2014).</li><li>Kubben, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repression+of+the+antioxidant+NRF2+pathway+in+premature+aging.">Repression of the antioxidant NRF2 pathway in premature aging.</a> Cell. 165 (6), 1361-1374 (2016).</li><li>Duan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTEN+deficiency+reprogrammes+human+neural+stem+cells+towards+a+glioblastoma+stem+cell-like+phenotype.">PTEN deficiency reprogrammes human neural stem cells towards a glioblastoma stem cell-like phenotype.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 10068 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+released+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells-derived+MSCs+facilitate+cutaneous+wound+healing+by+promoting+collagen+synthesis+and+angiogenesis.">Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis.</a> Journal of Translational Medicine. 13, 49 (2015).</li><li>Hu, G. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+secreted+by+human-induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+attenuate+limb+ischemia+by+promoting+angiogenesis+in+mice.">Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis in mice.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 6 (1), 10 (2015).</li><li>Kang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+retain+adequate+osteogenicity+and+chondrogenicity+but+less+adipogenicity.">Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells retain adequate osteogenicity and chondrogenicity but less adipogenicity.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 6 (1), 144 (2015).</li><li>Wang, L. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+results+in+downregulation+of+c-Myc+and+DNA+replication+pathways+with+immunomodulation+toward+CD4+and+CD8+cells.">Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells results in downregulation of c-Myc and DNA replication pathways with immunomodulation toward CD4 and CD8 cells.</a> Stem Cells. 36 (6), 903-914 (2018).</li><li>Dominici, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+criteria+for+defining+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells.+The+International+Society+for+Cellular+Therapy+position+statement.">Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.</a> Cytotherapy. 8 (4), 315-317 (2006).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+mesenchymal+stem-like+cells+for+producing+extracellular+vesicles.">Generation of mesenchymal stem-like cells for producing extracellular vesicles.</a> World Journal of Stem Cells. 11 (5), 270-280 (2019).</li></ol>

In this protocol, two representative methods of differentiating hiPSCs into MSCs were examined20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,30. Both methods were capable of derivating MSCs from hiPSCs. The ...

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are mesoderm-derived adult pluripotent stem cells1. MSCs are present in almost all connective tissues2. Since MSCs were first discovered in the 1970s and successfully isolated from bone marrow in 1987 by Friedenstein et al.3,4,5, a variety of human somatic (including fetal and adult) tissues have been used for isolating MSCs such as bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, adipose tissue, and hematopoietic-supporting stroma1,2,6,7. MSCs demonstrate high proliferative capabilities and plasticity to differentiate into many somatic cell lineages and could migrate to injured and inflamed tissues2,8,9. These properties make MSCs a potential candidate for regenerative medicine10. However, somatic tissue-derived MSCs (st-MSCs) are restricted by limited donation, limited cell proliferative capacity, quality variations, and biosafety concern for possible transmission of pathogens, if any, from the donors11,12.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are derived from adult cells reprogramming with transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc), which have similar functions as embryonic stem cells13,14. They can self-renew and possess the potential of differentiating into any type of somatic cells, including MSCs. Compared with st-MSCs, iPSC-MSCs has the advantage of unlimited supply, lower cost, higher purity, convenience in quality control, easy for scale production and gene modification15,16,17.
Due to these advantages of iPSC-MSCs, a variety of methods driving MSC from iPSC have been reported. These differentiation methods have been centered around two culture methodologies: (1) the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and (2) the use of monolayer cultures11,18,19,20. Herein, a representative approach for each of the two methodologies was characterized. Furthermore, comparisons between two representative approaches based on time, cost, proliferative ability, expression of MSC biomarkers, and differentiation capability in vitro were also accessed.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin red staining kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>C0148S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human-CD105 (PE)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>323206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human-CD34 (FITC)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>343503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human-CD45 (APC)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>304011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human-CD73( APC)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>344006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-human-CD90 (FITC)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>328108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>A8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP-6</td>
			<td>Novoprotein</td>
			<td>C012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide level shaker</td>
			<td>Crystal</td>
			<td>CO-06UC6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compensation Beads</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>424601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CryoStor CS10</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technology</td>
			<td>07959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>ST1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12&#160; medium</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G4610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>HAKATA</td>
			<td>HS-FBS-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>Stemcell</td>
			<td>78003.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2500-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human IgG1 isotype control APC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>403505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human IgG1 isotype control FITC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>403507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human IgG1 isotype control PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>403503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human TGF-&#946;1</td>
			<td>Stemcell</td>
			<td>78067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human TruStain FcX&#160;</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>422301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBMX</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>ST1398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>SI9020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>P3376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPSC maintenance medium</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technology</td>
			<td>85850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITS Media Supplement</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>C0341-10mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel, growth factor reduced</td>
			<td>BD Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oli Red O staining kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime&#160;Biotechnology</td>
			<td>C0158S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proline</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF&#946;3</td>
			<td>Novoprotein</td>
			<td>CJ44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidine blue staining kit</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G2543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme(1x)&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12604013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-Low Attachment 6 Well Plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Versene</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15040-66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Stemcell</td>
			<td>72304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-glycerophosphate</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparison of two representative methods for differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mesenchymal stromal cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are restricted by limited donation, quality variations, and biosafety, the past 10 years have seen a great rise in efforts to generate MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Past and recent efforts in the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs have been centered around two culture methodologies: (1) the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and (2) the use of monolayer culture. This protocol describes these two representative methods in deriving MSC from hiPSCs. Each method presents its advantages and disadvantages, including time, cost, cell proliferation ability, the expression of MSC markers, and their capability of differentiation in vitro. This protocol demonstrates that both methods can derive mature and functional MSCs from hiPSCs. The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation, while the EB method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research 

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

The scope of our study is a mechanism, and a therapeutic strategy research of genetic disease. Our research is based on multilevel disease models, such as cell lines, iPSCs, organoids, and mice. iPSCs have a distinct advantage over other models.iPSCs from patients, and any subsequent derived cells and organoids share the same genome with the patients, which provides a bank of patient cells and models for many disease. Also, with the methods of established iPSCs from patients are quite mature. Many challenges remain in the direction of differentiating of iPSCs into specific cells and organoids, with a deepening understanding of development mechanisms in current development will occur in the field.

Following the protocol (Figure 1A), hiPSCs were differentiated into MSCs via the EB formation and monolayer culture methods. During differentiation, the cells showed different representative morphologies (Figure 1B,C).
As shown in Figure 1B, the hiPSCs colonies display typical compact morphology before differentiation with a clear border composed of tightly packed cells. Uniform spherical...

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This protocol describes and compares two representative methods for differentiating hiPSCs into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation. The embryoid bodies (EBs) method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are ...

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