We thank Nurul Aisha Zainal Abidin and Laura Moldovan for additional donor recruitment, blood collection, and phlebotomy support. We thank Tomas Anderson and Arian Nasser for organizing the equipment and reagents. This research was funded by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project (DP200101970-L.A.J.); the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Ideas Grant (APP2003904-L.A.J.); NHMRC Equipment Grant-L.A.J.; NSW Cardiovascular Capacity Building Program (Early-Mid Career Researcher Grant-L.A.J.); NSW CVRN-VCCRI Research Innovation Grant; Office of Global and Research Engagement (Sydney-Glasgow Partnership Collaboration Award-L.A.J.); L.A.J. is a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellow Level 2 (105863), and a Snow Medical Research Foundation Fellow (2022SF176).

This protocol follows the guidelines of and has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney. Informed consent was obtained from the donors for this study.
1. Human RBC isolation
NOTE: Step 1.1 should be performed by a trained phlebotomist using a protocol that has been approved by the Institutional Review Board.
<ol>
	<li>Withdraw 5 mL of blood from the median cubital vein using a 19 G butterfly needle.</li>
	<...

Single-Cell Mechanobiology Using Fluorescence Micropipette Aspiration

<ol>
	<li>Gonz&#225;lez-Berm&#250;dez, B., Guinea, G. V., Plaza, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+micropipette+aspiration:+applications+in+cell+biomechanics,+models,+and+extended+studies.">Advances in micropipette aspiration: applications in cell biomechanics, models, and extended studies.</a> Biophysical Journal. 116 (4), 587-594 (2019).</li><li>Mierke, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physics of Cancer, Volume 3 (Second Edition): Experimental biophysical techniques in cancer research. , (2021).</li><li>Chen, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+the+F-BAR+protein+CIP4+reduces+platelet+production+by+impairing+membrane-cytoskeleton+remodeling.">Loss of the F-BAR protein CIP4 reduces platelet production by impairing membrane-cytoskeleton remodeling.</a> Blood. 122 (10), 1695-1706 (2013).</li><li>Shin, J. -. W., Swift, J., Spinler, K. R., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin-II+inhibition+and+soft+2D+matrix+maximize+multinucleation+and+cellular+projections+typical+of+platelet-producing+megakaryocytes.">Myosin-II inhibition and soft 2D matrix maximize multinucleation and cellular projections typical of platelet-producing megakaryocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (28), 11458-11463 (2011).</li><li>Liapis, H., Foster, K., Miner, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+cell+traverse+through+thin+glomerular+basement+membrane.">Red cell traverse through thin glomerular basement membrane.</a> Kidney International. 61 (2), 762-763 (2002).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence-coupled+micropipette+aspiration+assay+to+examine+calcium+mobilization+caused+by+red+blood+cell+mechanosensing.">Fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration assay to examine calcium mobilization caused by red blood cell mechanosensing.</a> European Biophysics Journal. 51 (2), 135-146 (2022).</li><li>Danielczok, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+blood+cell+passage+of+small+capillaries+is+associated+with+transient+Ca2+-mediated+adaptations.">Red blood cell passage of small capillaries is associated with transient Ca2+-mediated adaptations.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 8, 979 (2017).</li><li>Diez-Silva, M., Dao, M., Han, J., Lim, C. -. T., Suresh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shape+and+biomechanical+characteristics+of+human+red+blood+cells+in+health+and+disease.">Shape and biomechanical characteristics of human red blood cells in health and disease.</a> MRS Bulletin. 35 (5), 382-388 (2010).</li><li>Ma&#238;tre, J. -. L., Niwayama, R., Turlier, H., N&#233;d&#233;lec, F., Hiiragi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsatile+cell-autonomous+contractility+drives+compaction+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Pulsatile cell-autonomous contractility drives compaction in the mouse embryo.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 17 (7), 849-855 (2015).</li><li>Ju, L., Chen, Y., Xue, L., Du, X., Zhu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperative+unfolding+of+distinctive+mechanoreceptor+domains+transduces+force+into+signals.">Cooperative unfolding of distinctive mechanoreceptor domains transduces force into signals.</a> eLife. 5, e15447 (2016).</li><li>Bogdanova, A., Makhro, A., Wang, J., Lipp, P., Kaestner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+in+red+blood+cells-a+perilous+balance.">Calcium in red blood cells-a perilous balance.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (5), 9848-9872 (2013).</li><li>. Pipette Cookbook 2018 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sutter.com/PDFs/cookbook.pdf">https://www.sutter.com/PDFs/cookbook.pdf</a> (2018)</li><li>Cahalan, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo1+links+mechanical+forces+to+red+blood+cell+volume.">Piezo1 links mechanical forces to red blood cell volume.</a> eLife. 4, e07370 (2015).</li><li>Sforna, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo1+controls+cell+volume+and+migration+by+modulating+swelling-activated+chloride+current+through+Ca2++influx.">Piezo1 controls cell volume and migration by modulating swelling-activated chloride current through Ca2+ influx.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 237 (3), 1857-1870 (2022).</li><li>High speed pressure clamp. ALA Scientific Instruments Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://alascience.com/products/hspc-2sb/">https://alascience.com/products/hspc-2sb/</a> (2023)</li><li>. Teledyne Imaging Prime 95BTM Scientific CMOS Camera Datasheet Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.photometrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Prime-95B-Datasheet-07172020.pdf">https://www.photometrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Prime-95B-Datasheet-07172020.pdf</a> (2020)</li><li>Lee, L. M., Lee, J. W., Chase, D., Gebrezgiabhier, D., Liu, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+advanced+microfluidic+micropipette+aspiration+device+for+single+cell+mechanics+studies.">Development of an advanced microfluidic micropipette aspiration device for single cell mechanics studies.</a> Biomicrofluidics. 10 (5), 054105 (2016).</li><li>Weaver, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+high-throughput+single-cell+microtechnologies.">Advances in high-throughput single-cell microtechnologies.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 25, 114-123 (2014).</li><li>Zhou, E. H., Lim, C. T., Quek, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finite+element+simulation+of+the+micropipette+aspiration+of+a+living+cell+undergoing+large+viscoelastic+deformation.">Finite element simulation of the micropipette aspiration of a living cell undergoing large viscoelastic deformation.</a> Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. 12 (6), 501-512 (2005).</li><li>Oh, M. -. J., Kuhr, F., Byfield, F., Levitan, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropipette+aspiration+of+substrate-attached+cells+to+estimate+cell+stiffness.">Micropipette aspiration of substrate-attached cells to estimate cell stiffness.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (67), e3886 (2012).</li><li>Rand, R. P., Burton, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+the+red+cell+membrane.">Mechanical properties of the red cell membrane.</a> Biophysical journal. 4 (4), 303-316 (1964).</li><li>Hogan, B., Babataheri, A., Hwang, Y., Barakat, A. I., Husson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+cell+adhesion+by+using+micropipette+aspiration.">Characterizing cell adhesion by using micropipette aspiration.</a> Biophysical Journal. 109 (2), 209-219 (2015).</li><li>Henriksen, J. R., Ipsen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+membrane+elasticity+by+micro-pipette+aspiration.">Measurement of membrane elasticity by micro-pipette aspiration.</a> The European Physical Journal E. 14 (2), 149-167 (2004).</li><li>Hochmuth, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropipette+aspiration+of+living+cells.">Micropipette aspiration of living cells.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 33 (1), 15-22 (2000).</li><li>Pu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropipette+aspiration+of+single+cells+for+both+mechanical+and+electrical+characterization.">Micropipette aspiration of single cells for both mechanical and electrical characterization.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 66 (11), 3185-3191 (2019).</li><li>Guevorkian, K., Ma&#238;tre, J. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+10+-+Micropipette+aspiration:+A+unique+tool+for+exploring+cell+and+tissue+mechanics+in+vivo.">Chapter 10 - Micropipette aspiration: A unique tool for exploring cell and tissue mechanics in vivo.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. , 187-201 (2017).</li><li>Biro, M., Ma&#238;tre, J. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+14+-+Dual+pipette+aspiration:+A+unique+tool+for+studying+intercellular+adhesion.">Chapter 14 - Dual pipette aspiration: A unique tool for studying intercellular adhesion.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 125, 255-267 (2015).</li></ol>

Micropipette aspiration assays embody a refined methodology, deploying substantial pressure modulation, exact spatial orchestration, and reliable temporal discernment to probe the profound intricacies of cellular biomechanics. This study places particular emphasis on the application of fMPA as a crucial tool for unveiling the nuanced mechanosensitive responses showcased by RBCs under varying stimuli. The concurrent use of brightfield and fluorescence signals enabled a multifaceted exploration of cellular phenomena, advan...

The unfolding discoveries in the world of cellular behaviors have accentuated the role of mechanical stimuli, such as tension, fluid shear stress, compression, and substrate stiffness, in dictating dynamic cellular activities such as adhesion, migration, and differentiation. These mechanobiological aspects are of paramount importance in elucidating how cells interact with and respond to their physiological environments, impacting various biological processes1,2.
Over the past decade, micropipette-based aspiration assays have stood out as a versatile tool in studying diverse cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. This technique offers valuable insights into the intrinsic mechanical properties of living cells at the single-cell level, including cellular elastic modulus, stiffness, and cortical&#160;tension. These assays enable the measurement of various mechanical parameters, such as cell membrane&#160;tension, pressure exerted on the cell membrane, and cortical tension (summarized in Table 1). Studying the aspirational forces has enriched our understanding of how they influence cellular functions and processes, particularly in the realm of membrane dynamics, including fragmentation, elongation, and budding3,4.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical Parameter</td>
			<td>Description</td>
			<td>Seminal Approaches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Stiffness</td>
			<td>Measurement of a cell&#39;s mechanical rigidity and elasticity.</td>
			<td>Aspiration of the cell membrane and analysis of deformation response to the negative pressure20,21.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion Strength</td>
			<td>Evaluation of how strongly cells adhere to surfaces.</td>
			<td>Application of controlled suction to detach adhered cells from a substrate2,22.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Membrane Tension</td>
			<td>Assessment of the tension or stress within cell membranes.</td>
			<td>Measurement of the membrane deformation in response to applied pressure23,24.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viscoelastic Properties</td>
			<td>Characterization of a cell&#39;s combined viscous and elastic behavior.</td>
			<td>Analysis of the time-dependent deformation response to aspiration23,25.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deformability</td>
			<td>Determination of how easily a cell can change shape.</td>
			<td>Evaluation of the extent of deformation under controlled suction20,24.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surface Tension</td>
			<td>Measurement of the tension at the cell&#39;s surface.</td>
			<td>Assessment of the pressure required to form a micropipette membrane protrusion26.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-Material Interaction</td>
			<td>Study of interactions between cells and materials or substrates.</td>
			<td>Aspiration of cells in contact with different materials and observation of interactions2,24.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-Cell Interaction</td>
			<td>Examination of interactions between neighboring cells.</td>
			<td>Aspiration of a group of cells and analysis of their intercellular forces27.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Mechanical parameters characterized by the micropipette aspiration assay.
The micropipette-based aspiration technique has been widely used to study red blood cells (RBCs), assessing the deformability and various mechanical characteristics of RBCs, which is essential in understanding their function in the circulatory system. RBCs exhibit remarkable adaptability, preserving their mechanical versatility against deformation when navigating through the intricate capillary network and inter-endothelial clefts5,6. During this journey, RBCs must traverse through passages as narrow as 0.5-1.0 &#181;m, subjecting themselves to a multitude of mechanical forces, including tension and compression7,8,9. They also have high sensitivity to the shear stress generated by blood flow during circulation10. These processes promote the activation of regulatory mechanisms involving calcium influx, a crucial signaling event with well-established roles in cellular responses to mechanical stimuli11,12. The complex mechanisms governing the calcium-mediated mechanosensing remain compelling subjects of ongoing investigation.
In this context, the fMPA stands as an effective approach to reveal the extent of calcium mobilization under precisely controlled mechanical forces, allowing for the simultaneous application of mechanical modulation (using the micropipette aspiration system) and visualization of calcium intensity (using fluorescent indicators). It particularly mimics the physiological scenario when the RBC travels through narrowing blood vessels. It is worth noting that the fMPA system we developed can generate pressure with a resolution of 1 mmHg. The implemented high-speed camera can achieve a temporal resolution of 100 ms and a spatial resolution at the submicron-meter level. These configurations ensure the precise application of mechanical forces to live cells and simultaneously capture the resulting cellular signaling. Moreover, due to the integrative engineered nature of this setup, the micropipette aspiration assay can be readily adapted to complement other equipment or techniques, enabling further exploration of the intricacies of cell mechanics. This versatility stands as an additional advantage of this approach.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;Manager</td>
			<td>Micro-Manager</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 2.0.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>210320D</td>
			<td>Cooperate with the Microfil&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L Pipette&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf&#160;</td>
			<td>3123000055</td>
			<td>Red clood cell preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 x 40 mm Cover Slips</td>
			<td>Knittel Glass&#160;</td>
			<td>MS0014</td>
			<td>Cell chamber assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>220617E</td>
			<td>Connect to the water tower</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5425</td>
			<td>Eppendorf&#160;</td>
			<td>5405000280</td>
			<td>Red clood cell preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clexane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1235820</td>
			<td>To prevent clotting of the collected blood. 10,000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAQami</td>
			<td>Diligent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence light source</td>
			<td>CoolLED</td>
			<td>pE-300</td>
			<td>Micropipette aspiration hardware system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillary</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>G-1</td>
			<td>Micropipette manufacture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed GigE camera</td>
			<td>Manta</td>
			<td>G-040B</td>
			<td>Micropipette aspiration hardware system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed pressure clamp</td>
			<td>Scientific Instrument</td>
			<td>HSPC-2-SB</td>
			<td>Cooperate with the pressure pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed pressure clamp head stage&#160;</td>
			<td>Scientific Instrument</td>
			<td>HSPC-2-SB</td>
			<td>Cooperate with the pressure pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus IX83</td>
			<td>Micropipette aspiration hardware system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfil&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>MF34G-5</td>
			<td>34 G (67 mm Long) 
			Revome air bubble in the cut micropipette and test the opening of the pipette tip&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter instrument</td>
			<td>P1000</td>
			<td>Micropipette manufacture&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli Q EQ 7000 Ultrapure Water Purification System</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>ZEQ7000T0C</td>
			<td>Carbonate/bicarbonate buffer &#38; Tryode&#39;s buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette microforge&#160;</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MF-900</td>
			<td>Micropipette manufacture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressue Pump&#160;</td>
			<td>Scientific Instrument</td>
			<td>PV-PUMP</td>
			<td>Induce controlled pressure during experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prime 95B Camera&#160;</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td>Prime 95B sCMOS</td>
			<td>Flourscent imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary wheel remote unit&#160;</td>
			<td>Sensapex&#160;</td>
			<td>uM-RM3</td>
			<td>Control panel for micropipette position adjustment&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scepter 3.0 Handheld Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>PHCC340KIT</td>
			<td>Automatic cell counter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>Carbonate/bicarbonate buffer preparation - 2.65 g of NaHCO3 with 2.1 g of Na2CO3 in 250 mL of Mili Q water - Final pH = 8-9.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2127</td>
			<td>Carbonate/bicarbonate buffer preparation - 2.65 g of NaHCO3 with 2.1 g of Na2CO3 in 250 mL of Mili Q water - Final pH = 8-9.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate Monobasic 
			Monohydrate (NaH2PO4 &#8226; H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td>Tryode&#39;s&#160; buffer preparation - 12 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 0.137 M NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 5.5 mM D-glucose supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2. Final pH = 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Touch screen control unit&#160;</td>
			<td>Sensapex&#160;</td>
			<td>uM-TSC</td>
			<td>Control panel for micropipette position adjustment&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X dry Objective&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus 60x/0.70 LUCPlanFL</td>
			<td>Micropipette aspiration hardware system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fluorescence micropipette aspiration assay to investigate red blood cell mechanosensing

Micropipette aspiration assays have long been a cornerstone for the investigation of live-cell mechanics, offering insights into cellular responses to mechanical stress. This paper details an innovative adaptation of the fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration (fMPA) assay. The fMPA assay introduces the capability to administer precise mechanical forces while concurrently monitoring the live-cell mechanotransduction processes mediated by ion channels. The sophisticated setup incorporates a precision-engineered borosilicate glass micropipette connected to a finely regulated water reservoir and pneumatic aspiration system, facilitating controlled pressure application with increments as refined as &#177; 1 mmHg. A significant enhancement is the integration of epi-fluorescence imaging, allowing for the simultaneous observation and quantification of cell morphological changes and intracellular calcium fluxes during aspiration. The fMPA assay, through its synergistic combination of epi-fluorescence imaging with micropipette aspiration, sets a new standard for the study of cell mechanosensing within mechanically challenging environments. This multifaceted approach is adaptable to various experimental setups, providing critical insights into the single-cell mechanosensing mechanisms.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Live-Cell Mechanobiology Through Fluorescence Microaspiration

Fluorescence Micropipette Aspiration Assay to Investigate Red Blood Cell Mechanosensing

The scope of our research is directed towards lifestyle mechanobiology, specifically the behavior of cells where mechanical stress is applied. We are investigating the intracellular signaling in single cells. The proposed FMPA system utilizes fluorescence imaging combined with mechanical stimuli.That is, the aspiration pressure. There are currently further advancements that have attempted to combine more than two techniques with the microaspiration setup like microfluidics or image analysis software. Current experimental challenges lie with the fact that the setup is quite labor intensive and is operator dependent.As the system is manually operated, there are inconsistencies that arise in specific steps. For example, filament preheating. The findings of research demonstrated there was a corresponding increase in the influx of calcium ions into the RBCs when the pressure was incrementally increased between negative 10 millimeter mercury to negative 40 millimeter mercury.This suggests that RBCs poses the ability to sense changes in their mechanical environment and respond by rapid calcium-related channel activities. This study places particular emphasis on the application of FMPA as a crucial tool for unveiling the nuanced mechanosensitive responses showcased by RBCs under varying stimuli.

To establish micropipette aspiration assays, we first constructed a custom cell chamber comprising two metal squares (copper/aluminum) connected by a handle. Two third-cut glass coverslips (40 mm &#215; 7 mm &#215; 0.17 mm) were affixed to create a chamber filled with 200 &#181;L of RBCs suspended in Tyrode&#39;s Buffer. After introducing RBCs into the chamber, a tailored borosilicate micropipette was secured on a holder and carefully positioned within the chamber using a micro-manipulator. Subsequently, the micropipette...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing Live-Cell Mechanobiology Through Fluorescence Microaspiration at JoVE.com

The exploration of cellular behavior under mechanical stress is pivotal for advances in cellular mechanics and mechanobiology. We introduce the Fluorescence Micropipette Aspiration (fMPA) technique, a novel method combining controlled mechanical stimulation with comprehensive analysis of intracellular signaling in single cells. This technique investigates new in-depth studies of live-cell mechanobiology.

Micropipette aspiration assays have long been a cornerstone for the investigation of live-cell mechanics, offering insights into cellular responses to ...

fluorescence-micropipette-aspiration-assay-to-investigate-red-blood