Biz, teknik yardım için Kun Lu ve Ronald Kurz teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma ONR MURI Ödülü No: N00014-10-1-0072, NSF hibe # SBE-0.542.013, Öğrenme Merkezi, Öğrenme Merkezi bir NSF Bilim ve NIH hibe # 2 R01 NS036449-11 Geçici Dinamiği.

1. Tarayıcı oda dışında <ol><li> Yuvarlanma tablo desteklenen serbest uç ve uzun kolu kopmuş dış sonuna yerleştirin. </li><li> Robot kapalı olup olmadığını kontrol edin. </li><li> Robot tablo soketine yerleştirin ve 2 vida ile robot üzerinde alüminyum güvenlik plaka güvenli. </li><li> Alüminyum adaptör ile robot kolu sonuna effecter takın ve serbestçe hareket ettiğini kontrol edin. </li><li> 10 &#39;alüminyum robot koruyucu ile paralel kablo takın ve koruyucu sağlam olduğunu kontrol edin. Gerekirse ekstra folyo ekleyin. </li><li> Arkasındaki oluk içine paralel ve güç kabloları yerleştirmek için dikkatli olmak robot üzerinden alüminyum koruyucu kutusu yerleştirin. </li><li> Dikkatle koruyucu kutusunda vida. </li><li> Pack alüminyum koruyucu kutu kablo oluk içine folyo ve folyo, paralel kablo koruyucu ile temas eder emin olun. </li></ol> 2. Iki kişi, A ve B ile tarayıcı odasına Hareketli <ol><li> Ve demir dışı olanlar, örneğin, cep telefonları, anahtarlar, sikkeler, vb de dahil olmak üzere tüm metal nesneleri kaldırarak yüksek bir manyetik alan ortamı girmek için hazırlayın .. </li><li> Kişi ile ilk robot kadar, robot tablo ve B kutusu sonunda stabilize kişi serbest sonuna rulo tutan serbest ucunu sadece oda kapıdan girer. </li><li> Kişi B klipleri güvenlik halatı, diğer ucunu sıkıca dübel bağlı olduğunu koruyucu çantası ve kontroller arkasına bir çapa deliğe gergin. </li><li> Birlikte çalışarak, odanın içine tablo rulo ve fMRI tablonun ayak Velcro kayış ile ekleyin. Mümkün olduğunca tarayıcı tablo robot sonuna kadar kalmalıdır. </li><li> Robot özel kontrol odası ile geçiş filtresi ve fiş robotun paralel kablo takın. Paralel kablo koruyucu folyo filtre ile temas gerekir. </li><li> Uzun kolu dış kısmı (son effecter) takın ve temiz bir fMRI delik girecek doğrulamak. </li></ol> 3. Kontrol odası <ol><li> Kontrol bilgisayarı başlatın ve 6 &#39;robot paralel kablo takın. Geçidin iç kısmında olabilecek herhangi bir ekstra filtreleri kaldırmak için emin olun. </li><li> Robot motorlar kapalı olduğunu doğrulayın, Phantom kalibrasyon başlatmak ve robot kalibrasyon motorların pozisyon okuma kararlı olduğunu doğrulayabilir. </li><li> Çift paralel kablo bağlantısı kontrol ve kalibrasyon robotu görmek veya motor okuma büyük farklılıklar vardır, sadece büyük özel filtre takılı. </li><li> Robot koruyucu kutusunun arkasındaki port açarak açın ve bir sopa ile anahtarları basın. </li><li> Konik dalga kılavuzu sonunda yaklaşık merkezli sonuna effecter ile kalibrasyon yeniden başlatın. Kalibrasyon ile Adım ve kutu kalibrasyon kutusuna uygun haptik etkileşimi olup olmadığını kontrol edin. </li><li> TTL çıkışı kontrol bilgisayarı üzerinde fMRI (BNC konnektör) Labjack ADC takın. </li></ol> 4. Söz konusu <ol><li> Konusunu standart fMRI protokolleri ile yüksek manyetik alan ortamı hazırlayın. </li><li> Deney, örneğin, görsel ekran sistemi için herhangi bir ekstra donanım ayarlayın. Biz, sanal ortamlar sunarken özellikle yararlı bir özellik görsel görüntüler stereo görüntüleme sağlar NordicNeuro Lab, Inc Vizyon Sistemi kullanın. </li><li> Konusu masaya yatar ve baş bobin bulunmaktadır sonra, el vidaları gevşeterek ve bu konuda rahat hareket edebilir kadar tablonun üst kayar robotun mesafeyi ayarlamak. </li><li> FMRI tablo wobbling tekerlekler önlemek için delik içinde ve dışında hareket ederken robotun ucuna tutarak masaya elle yönlendirin. Sonuna effecter delik gider ve dışında yakalamak değil emin olun. </li><li> Denemeyi çalıştırmak. </li></ol> 5. A ve B olmak üzere iki kişi ile kurulumu yıkın <ol><li> Hastanın çıkar sonra, uzun kolu dış ucunu çıkarın ve Velcro kayış geri fMRI tablo robot tablo ayırmak. </li><li> Robot, korumalı paralel kablo geri ve güç kablosunu prizden çekin. </li><li> Robot tablo ve B robot sonu rehberlik kişi serbest ucunu tutan kişi ile masa, kapı hareket. Kapıda, halata geri alma ve salona robot tablosu dışarı rulo. </li><li> Koruyucu kutu vida ve emniyet plakası iki vidayı geri alma ve robot kaldırmak. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi sonuçları: İdeal olarak, haptik robot ve fMRI birbirini etkiler olmamalıdır. Şu anda robot fMRI etkilenen ise söyleyebilir. Genellikle, robotun paralel kablo düzgün korumalı ve süzülür değil ise, daha sonra motorlar okuma oscil olacakGeç hızla. Bu demir çekirdek düzgün robot yakın paralel kablo yerleştirilir çift kablo üzerinde koruyucu alüminyum kontrol ederek sabit ve robot sadece filtre üzerinden geçiş tarayıcı oda yan tarafındaki özel filtre edilebilir . FMRI hataları algılama veri azalır ve analiz edildikten sonra gerçekten mümkündür, ancak anatomik bir tarama çalışmaya erken alınmış ve korelasyon gürültü (örneğin başak gürültü) 7 göstergesidir fermuar etkileri veya diğer eserler için kontrol edilmelidir. Sık sık, gürültü, metal temas metal gelen ve özellikle robot tablo tüm vidaları, masanın yan tarafında elle ayarlama vidaları sıkarak temizlenmelidir. Testlerinden bazal fMRI sinyal gürültü oranı (SNR) ~ 380 robot ile hala makul ~ 330 düşer odasında tam korumalı ve. Kalkan robot yerde değil ise, o zaman ~ 250 ve gürültü etkileri daha fazla SNR açılan çok önemli bir hale gelir. Robot uzak vardiya dışında 4&#39;te gösterildiği gibi, özgürlük eklem kolu merkezinde 3 derece robot el / etkileşim dinamikleri üzerinde çok az etkisi vardır. Kolu merkezinde ortak bir kaldıraç gibi davranır ve iki yönde (sağ-sol ve yukarı-aşağı), fakat üçüncü değil (ileri-geri). Görünürdeki hareketi tersine çevirir Phantom ve eli kolu ortasında dayanak noktası kolu gibi zıt ucunda olduğundan, her üç Öklid yönde kazanımlar yazılım uygulanır: döner eklem tarafından kontrol edilen iki yönde negatif kazanımlar ve pozitif bir kazanç kaydırıcıyı eklem yönde. Saplı ve döner net etkisi Phantom robot özgürlüğü, sadece 9 &#39;tam 3 derece çoğalır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3364/3364fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1"/> Şekil 1 aparat fMRI ortamda kullanım için haptik robot monte etmek için kullanılır. En haptik robot muhafazası (üst, sol) ve kolu orta noktası (üst sağ) ortak gimbal / sürgüsünü önce durumda monte gösterir. Sol alt kolu manipüle tarayıcı bir konu gösterir. Alt, sağ koruyucu ve bitiş effecter bir karikatür. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3364/3364fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2"/> Şekil 2 hareketi ile tam korumalı bir robot için BIRN test sonuçları . Haçlar ile üç fotoğraf küresel kafa modeli bölümleri gösterir ve sağ alt üç boyutlu bir görünümünü gösterir. Küçük nokta statik bir kafa modeli kabarcıkları ve her zaman mevcuttur. Geniş çizgili ya da fermuar eksikliği robot gürültü ilintisiz olduğunu gösterir.

<ol>
	<li>Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+magnetic+resonance+imaging+with+contrast+dependent+on+blood+oxygenation.">Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9868-9872 (1990).</li><li>Heeger, D. J., Ress, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+fMRI+tell+us+about+neuronal+activity.">What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 142-151 (2002).</li><li>deCharms, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+real-time+fMRI.">Applications of real-time fMRI.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 720-729 (2008).</li><li>Hribar, A., Koritnik, B., Munih, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phantom+haptic+device+upgrade+for+use+in+fMRI.">Phantom haptic device upgrade for use in fMRI.</a> Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 47, 677-684 (2009).</li><li>Trommershauser, J., Gepshtein, S., Maloney, L. T., Landy, M. S., Banks, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+compensation+for+changes+in+task-relevant+movement+variability.">Optimal compensation for changes in task-relevant movement variability.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 7169-7178 (2005).</li><li>Konczak, J., Li, K. Y., Tuite, P. J., Poizner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+perception+of+object+curvature+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Haptic perception of object curvature in Parkinson's disease.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e2625-e2625 (2008).</li><li>Lipton, M. L., Lipton, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts:+When+things+go+wrong,+it's+not+necessarily+all+bad.">Artifacts: When things go wrong, it's not necessarily all bad.</a> Totally Accessible MRI. , 139-153 (2008).</li><li>Rajh, M., Glodez, S., Flasker, J., Gotlih, K., Kostanjevec, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+analysis+of+an+fMRI+compatible+haptic+robot.">Design and analysis of an fMRI compatible haptic robot.</a> Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 27, 267-275 (2011).</li><li>Burdet, E., Gassert, R., Gowrishankar, G., Chapuis, D., Bleuler, H., Ang, M., Khatib, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=fMRI+compatible+haptic+interfaces+to+investigate+human+motor+control.">fMRI compatible haptic interfaces to investigate human motor control.</a> Experimental Robotics IX, of Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 21, 25-34 (2006).</li><li>Nakamura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+networks+in+motor+sequence+learning:+abnormal+topographies+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Functional networks in motor sequence learning: abnormal topographies in Parkinson's disease.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 12, 42-60 (2001).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

FMRI uyumlu robot, motor kontrol sinirbilimi deneyleri için yeni olanaklar açılır. Kurulumunda en kritik adım, iki adımda yaptığımız fMRI, gölgeleri önlemek için robot koruyucu. İlk olarak, robot kendisi, uzun, hafif, özgürlük eklem 3 derece ile orta desteklenen ele uzak delik 9 &#39;. İkincisi, robot, bir plastik konik (13, &quot;taban çapı 6&quot; üst çap x 42 &quot;uzun) ~ 100dB engellemek için hesaplanan koruyucu alüminyum folyo ile dalga kılavuzu ile 1 / 16&quot; -1 / 4 &quot;alüminyum kut...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Phantom prim 1.5/6dof, yüksek güç modeli </td><td> Sensable </td><td> <a href="www.sensable.com">www.sensable.com</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

adaptation of a haptic robot in a 3t fmri

Fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (fMRI), non-iyonize radyasyon, anatomik ve fonksiyonel veri milimetre mekansal doğruluğu 2 ve neredeyse gerçek zamanlı analiz 3 gibi avantajları ile BOLD sinyali 1 ile mükemmel fonksiyonel beyin görüntüleme sağlar . Haptik robotlar, hassas ölçüm ve makul bir kapalı alan bir imleç konumu ve kuvvet kontrol sağlar. Burada hassas deneyler içeren haptik / dokunsal ulaşan veya kavrama gibi çevre etkileşimi ile motor kontrol sağlamak için bu iki teknolojiyi birleştirir. Temel fikir, robotun 4 konu robotu kullanmak için izin merkezinde desteklenen 8 ayak sonunda effecter eklemek, ama koruyucu ve fMRI makine (Şekil 1 manyetik alanın en uç kısmının uzak tutmak .) The Phantom Premium 3.0, 6DOF, yüksek kuvvet robot (SensAble Technologies, Inc.) Sanal gerçeklik deneyler, 5, 6 kuvvet geribildirim sağlamak için mükemmel bir seçimdir, ama bu doğal olmayan MR güvenli, hassas önemli gürültü tanıttı fMRI ekipman ve elektrik motorları, güçlü bir manyetik alan değişen fMRI tarafından etkilenebilir. Biz robot güvenle fMRI çevreye tanıtılacaktır sağlar ve gürültülü elektrikli motorlar fMRI sinyal bozulması ve elektrikli motor performansının bozulması kuvvetle değişen manyetik alan tarafından sınırlayan bir tablo ve perdeleme sistemi inşa ettik fMRI. Kalkan, sinyal gürültü oranı (SNR sinyal / gürültü standart sapma) fMRI ~ 380 ~ 330 temel gider ve koruyucu olmadan ~ 250. Kalan gürültü ilintisiz gibi görünen ve bir test alanında (Şekil 2) fMRI eserler katmıyor. Manyetik alanın en güçlü değişen parçaların aralığı robot, robot üzerinde fMRI anlamlı bir etkisi vardır, böylece, uzun ve bükülmez kolu yerleştirilmesine izin verir. Robotun kinematik kolu etkisi o hafif olan bu yana asgari (~ 2,6 lbs) ama son derece sert 3 / 4 &quot;grafit ve ortasında 3DoF eklem iyi dengelenmiş. Olan Sonuçta bir fMRI uyumlu, haptik sistemi. 1 sanal gerçeklik ile birlikte çalışma alanı kübik ayak, ve hakkında, natüralist ulaşan, pasif ekstremite ve dokunsal algı değiştirme, değişen kuvvet alanları adaptasyon öğrenme dahil olmak üzere fMRI bir ortamda yapılacak yeni bir dizi deneyler için izin doku kimlik 5, 6 ya da.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI at JoVE.com

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

3T fMRI haptik robot adaptasyonu ve kullanımı açıklanmıştır.

3T fMRI Haptik Robot Adaptasyon

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides excellent functional brain imaging via the BOLD signal 1 with advantages including non-ionizing ...

adaptation-of-a-haptic-robot-in-a-3t-fmri

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.6K Görüntüleme.  University of California. 3T fMRI haptik robot adaptasyonu ve kullanımı açıklanmıştır.

Video: Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless 
biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small 
molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this 
"E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.

"E-DNA" sensors, reagentless, electrochemical biosensors that perform well even when challenged directly in blood and other complex matrices, have been adapted to the detection of a wide range of nucleic acid, protein and small molecule analytes. Here we present a general procedure for the fabrication and use of such sensors.

Nükleik Asitler, Proteinler ve Küçük Moleküller Reagentless Algılama Elektrokimyasal DNA Biyosensörler Fabrikasyon

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. ...

Biyomühendislik

Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other forms of biofeedback. Previous human-robot interactive systems have required different software commands to be implemented for each robot leading to unnecessary developmental overhead time each time a new system becomes available. For example, when a haptic/graphic virtual reality environment has been coded for one specific robot to provide haptic feedback, that specific robot would not be able to be traded for another robot without recoding the program. However, recent efforts in the open source community have proposed a wrapper class approach that can elicit nearly identical responses regardless of the robot used. The result can lead researchers across the globe to perform similar experiments using shared code. Therefore modular "switching out"of one robot for another would not affect development time. In this paper, we outline the successful creation and implementation of a wrapper class for one robot into the open-source H3DAPI, which integrates the software commands most commonly used by all robots.

Recently, a vast amount of prospects have come available for human-robot interactive systems. In this paper we outline the integration of a new robotic device with open source software that can rapidly make possible a library of interactive functionality. We then outline a clinical application for a neurorehabilitation application.

Haptik / Grafik Rehabilitasyon: Sanal Ortam Kitaplığı Robot entegre ve İnme Tedavisi için uygulanması

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other ...

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1 While microcontact printing can be employed to directly print a large number of molecules, including proteins,2 DNA,3 and silanes,4 the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from long chain alkane thiols on gold provides a simple way to confine proteins and cells to specific patterns containing adhesive and resistant regions. This confinement can be used to control cell morphology and is useful for examining a variety of questions in protein and cell biology. Here, we describe a general method for the creation of well-defined protein patterns for cellular studies.5 This process involves three steps: the production of a patterned master using photolithography, the creation of a PDMS stamp, and microcontact printing of a gold-coated substrate. Once patterned, these cell culture substrates are capable of confining proteins and/or cells (primary cells or cell lines) to the pattern.
The use of self-assembled monolayer chemistry allows for precise control over the patterned protein/cell adhesive regions and non-adhesive regions; this cannot be achieved using direct protein stamping. Hexadecanethiol, the long chain alkane thiol used in the microcontact printing step, produces a hydrophobic surface that readily adsorbs protein from solution. The glycol-terminated thiol, used for backfilling the non-printed regions of the substrate, creates a monolayer that is resistant to protein adsorption and therefore cell growth.6 These thiol monomers produce highly structured monolayers that precisely define regions of the substrate that can support protein adsorption and cell growth. As a result, these substrates are useful for a wide variety of applications from the study of intercellular behavior7 to the creation of microelectronics.8
While other types of monolayer chemistry have been used for cell culture studies, including work from our group using trichlorosilanes to create patterns directly on glass substrates,9 patterned monolayers formed from alkane thiols on gold are straight-forward to prepare. Moreover, the monomers used for monolayer preparation are commercially available, stable, and do not require storage or handling under inert atmosphere. Patterned substrates prepared from alkane thiols can also be recycled and reused several times, maintaining cell confinement.10

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from long chain alkane thiols on gold provide well-defined substrates for the formation of protein patterns and cell confinement. Microcontact printing of hexadecanethiol using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp followed by backfilling with a glycol-terminated alkane thiol monomer produces a pattern where protein and cells adsorb only to the stamped hexadecanethiol region.

Protein ve hücre Etrafının İki Boyutlu Desenli Yüzeyler Oluşturma

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13.
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.

This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of free and esterified bioactive fatty acids from cells. Fatty acids are accurately quantified using stable isotope dilution, chiral liquid chromatography, electron capture atmospheric chemical ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SID-LC-ECAPCI-MRM/MS).

Hücresel Lipid Ekstraksiyon Hedefli Kararlı İzotop Seyreltme Sıvı Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi Analizi

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in parallel computing2,3 , recognize and bind molecular or cellular targets4,5 , catalyze chemical reactions6,7 , and generate calculated responses in a biological system8,9. Importantly, nucleic acids can be programmed to self-assemble into 2D and 3D structures10-12, enabling the integration of all these remarkable features in a single robot linking the sensing of biological cues to a preset response in order to exert a desired effect.
Creating shapes from nucleic acids was first proposed by Seeman13, and several variations on this theme have since been realized using various techniques11,12,14,15 . However, the most significant is perhaps the one proposed by Rothemund, termed scaffolded DNA origami16. In this technique, the folding of a long (&gt;7,000 bases) single-stranded DNA 'scaffold' is directed to a desired shape by hundreds of short complementary strands termed 'staples'. Folding is carried out by temperature annealing ramp. This technique was successfully demonstrated in the creation of a diverse array of 2D shapes with remarkable precision and robustness. DNA origami was later extended to 3D as well17,18 .
 
The current paper will focus on the caDNAno 2.0 software19 developed by Douglas and colleagues. caDNAno is a robust, user-friendly CAD tool enabling the design of 2D and 3D DNA origami shapes with versatile features. The design process relies on a systematic and accurate abstraction scheme for DNA structures, making it relatively straightforward and efficient.
In this paper we demonstrate the design of a DNA origami nanorobot that has been recently described20. This robot is 'robotic' in the sense that it links sensing to actuation, in order to perform a task. We explain how various sensing schemes can be integrated into the structure, and how this can be relayed to a desired effect. Finally we use Cando21 to simulate the mechanical properties of the designed shape. The concept we discuss can be adapted to multiple tasks and settings.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here, we describe how DNA origami can be utilized to design a robotic robot capable of sensing biological cues and responding by shape shifting, subsequently relayed to a desired effect.

DNA Origami bir Bio-duyarlı Robot Tasarımı

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in ...

Medical-grade Sterilizable Target for Fluid-immersed Fetoscope Optical Distortion Calibration

We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal Therapy and Surgery) project. One of the aims of this project is to engineer novel, real-time image processing methods for intra-operative use in the treatment of congenital birth defects, such as spina bifida and the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. The developed target allows for the sterility-preserving optical distortion calibration of endoscopes within a few minutes. Good optical distortion calibration and compensation are important for mitigating undesirable effects like radial distortions, which not only hamper accurate imaging using existing endoscopic technology during fetal surgery, but also make acquired images less suitable for potentially very useful image computing applications, like real-time mosaicing. In this paper proposes a novel fabrication method to create an affordable, sterilizable calibration target suitable for use in a clinical setup. This method involves etching a calibration pattern by laser cutting a sandblasted stainless steel sheet. This target was validated using the camera calibration module provided by OpenCV, a state-of-the-art software library popular in the computer vision community.

This article describes the design and development of a sterilizable custom camera optical distortion calibration target for the peri-operative, fluid-immersed calibration of endoscopes during endoscopic interventions.

Sıvı-dalmış Fetoscope Optik Distorsiyon Kalibrasyon Tıbbi dereceli Sterilize Hedef

We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal ...

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or lethality. However, the probability of a synthetic small molecule being bioactive is low; therefore, thousands of molecules must be tested in order to find those of interest. Liquid handling robotics systems are designed to handle large numbers of samples, increasing the speed with which a chemical library can be screened in addition to minimizing/standardizing error. To achieve a high-throughput forward chemical genetics screen of a library of 50,000 small molecules on Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), protocols using a bench-top multichannel liquid handling robot were developed that require minimal technician involvement. With these protocols, 3,271 small molecules were discovered that caused visible phenotypic alterations. 1,563 compounds induced short roots, 1,148 compounds altered coloration, 383 compounds caused root hair and other, non-categorized, alterations, and 177 compounds inhibited germination.

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

A high throughput screen of synthetic small molecules was conducted on the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. This protocol, developed for a liquid handling robot, increases the speed of forward chemical genetics screens, accelerating the discovery of novel small molecules affecting plant physiology.

Sıvı işleme bir yüksek üretilen iş ileri kimyasal genetik ekran Arabidopsis thaliana yapmak için Robot kullanımı en iyi duruma getirme

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or ...

Decellularization of Whole Human Heart Inside a Pressurized Pouch in an Inverted Orientation

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ultimately rejection can occur. Creating a functional, autologous bio-artificial heart could solve these challenges. Biofabrication of a heart comprised of scaffold and cells is one option. A natural scaffold with tissue-specific composition as well as micro- and macro-architecture can be obtained by decellularizing hearts from humans or large animals such as pigs. Decellularization involves washing out cellular debris while preserving 3D extracellular matrix and vasculature and allowing &#34;cellularization&#34; at a later timepoint. Capitalizing on our novel finding that perfusion decellularization of complex organs is possible, we developed a more &#34;physiological&#34; method to decellularize non-transplantable human hearts by placing them inside a pressurized pouch, in an inverted orientation, under controlled pressure. The purpose of using a pressurized pouch is to create pressure gradients across the aortic valve to keep it closed and improve myocardial perfusion. Simultaneous assessment of flow dynamics and cellular debris removal during decellularization allowed us to monitor both fluid inflow and debris outflow, thereby generating a scaffold that can be used either for simple cardiac repair (e.g. as a patch or valve scaffold) or as a whole-organ scaffold.

This method enables decellularization of a complex solid organ using a simple protocol based on osmotic shock and perfusion of ionic detergent with minimal organ matrix disruption. It comprises a novel decellularization technique for human hearts inside a pressurized pouch with real-time monitoring of flow dynamics and cellular debris outflow.

Decellularization ters yönde bir basınçlı bir kese içinde bütün insan kalp

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ...

A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The KYF-Pt-NE encapsulates Pt(II) at 10 wt. %, has a diameter of 107 &#177; 27 nm and a negative surface charge. The KYF-Pt-NE is stable in water and in serum, and is biologically active. The conjugation of a fluorophore to KYF allows the synthesis of a fluorescent nanoemulsion that is suitable for biological imaging. The synthesis of the nanoemulsion is performed in an aqueous environment, and the KYF-Pt-NE forms via self-assembly of a short KYF peptide and an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate. The self-assembly process depends on the temperature of the solution, the molar ratio of the substrates, and the flow rate of the substrate addition. Crucial steps include maintaining the optimal stirring rate during the synthesis, permitting sufficient time for self-assembly, and pre-concentrating the nanoemulsion gradually in a centrifugal concentrator.

This protocol describes an efficient method to synthesize a nanoemulsion of an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate stabilized with a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) tripeptide. The nanoemulsion forms under mild synthetic conditions via self-assembly of the KYF and the conjugate.

Tripeptit stabilize Nanoemulsion oleik asit

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The ...

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Measuring spasticity is important in treatment planning and determining efficacy after treatment. However, the current tool used in clinical settings has been shown to be limited in inter-rater reliability. One factor in this poor inter-rater reliability is the variability of passive motion while measuring the angle of catch (AoC) measurements. Therefore, an isokinetic device has been proposed to standardize the manual joint motion; however, the benefits of isokinetic motion for AoC measurements has not been tested in a standardized manner. This protocol investigates whether isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability for AoC measurements. For this purpose, a robotic isokinetic device was developed that is combined with surface electromyography (EMG). Two conditions, manual and isokinetic motions, are compared with the standardized method to measure the angle and subjective feeling of catch. It is shown that in 17 stroke patients with mild elbow flexor spasticity, isokinetic motion improved the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability of AoC measurements to 0.890 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.685&#8211;0.961] by the EMG criteria, and 0.931 (95% CI: 0.791&#8211;0.978) by the torque criteria, from 0.788 (95% CI: 0.493&#8211;0.920) by manual motion. In conclusion, isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability of AoC measurements in stroke patients with mild spasticity. Given that this system may provide greater standardized angle measurements and catch of feeling, it may be a good option for the evaluation of spasticity in a clinical setting.

Using a robotic isokinetic device with electromyography (EMG) measurements, this protocol illustrates that isokinetic motion itself can improve inter-rater reliability for the angle of catch measurements in stroke patients with mild elbow flexor spasticity.

Spasticity ile Inme hastalarda streç refleks ölçümleri için test-retest ve Inter-Rater güvenilirlik geliştirmek için isokinetic robotik cihaz

Measuring spasticity is important in treatment planning and determining efficacy after treatment. However, the current tool used in clinical settings has ...