我们想感谢昆路和罗纳德库尔兹技术援助。这项工作是支持羚羊穆里奖号:N00014 - 10 - 1 - 0072，NSF资助SBE - 0542013 NSF的科学学习中心，学习中心，国立卫生研究院授予＃2 R01 NS036449 - 11的时空动态。

1。扫描仪室外面<ol><li>将免费支持结束长期分离处理的外部结束滚动表。 </li><li>检查机器人被关闭。 </li><li>表中插座的机器人及安全机器人用2个螺丝，铝的安全板。 </li><li>将最终效应器与机器人处理的铝适配器和检查，它可自由移动。 </li><li>附加的10个"并行电缆与铝屏蔽的机器人和检查，是完整的屏蔽。如果需要添加额外的箔。 </li><li>将铝屏蔽盒，在小心地放置到背面的凹槽平行和电力电缆的机器人。 </li><li>仔细拧上屏蔽盒。 </li><li>进入电缆沟包铝箔屏蔽盒，可以肯定的陪衬使得并行电缆的屏蔽接触。 </li></ol> 2。两个人，一个和B移动到扫描仪室<ol><li>准备进入一个高磁场环境中删除任何和所有的金属物体，包括有色金属，例如，手机，钥匙，硬币等.. </li><li>直到机器人的第一控股机器人表和某乙稳定底框，滚它的自由端与人刚刚进入房间的门。 </li><li>某乙剪辑的安全绳拴到背面屏蔽的情况下，检查，另一端是牢固地附着在墙上的锚锚孔。 </li><li>一起工作，滚进了房间表和附加魔术贴绑带脚下的fMRI表。表的机器人末端必须保持尽可能的扫描仪。 </li><li>机器人的并行电缆连接到控制室，通过自定义过滤器，并在机器人插件。并行电缆的屏蔽箔应与过滤器的接触。 </li><li>将长手柄的外观部分（最终效应器）和验证，将进入功能磁共振成像孔干净。 </li></ol> 3。在中控室<ol><li>启动控制计算机和6"平行线连接到机器人。一定要消除任何额外的过滤器，可通过内部通过。 </li><li>验证机器人电机关闭，启动幻影校准程序和验证电机从机器人的校准例程的位置读数稳定。 </li><li>仔细检查并行电缆连接和连接，只有大的自定义过滤器校准例程，如果不能看到机器人或电机读数有大的变化。 </li><li>打开机器人开放的端口屏蔽盒的背面，并用棍子按开关。 </li><li>锥形波导年底大约为中心的最终效应器，重新启动校准程序。通过校准步骤和检查框校准中有适当的触觉交互。 </li><li>从功能磁共振成像（BNC接头）Labjack ADC的控制计算机上附加的TTL输出。 </li></ol> 4。主体<ol><li>准备一个高磁场环境与标准的fMRI协议的主体。 </li><li>设置任何额外设备的实验，例如，视觉显示系统。我们使用NordicNeuro实验室，视觉系统提供可视化显示的立体视觉，提出虚拟环境时特别有用的一个特点，就是。 </li><li>主体后躺在表头线圈是位于手螺丝松动，滑动表的顶部，直到这个问题可以舒适地移动，调整机器人的距离。 </li><li>手动到机器人末端的控股，而fMRI的表孔，以防止摇晃脚轮指南表。确保年底效应器进入孔和不赶在外面。 </li><li>运行实验。 </li></ol> 5。打破两个人一个和B的设置<ol><li>病人退出后，取出长手柄的外观端和脱离功能磁共振成像表，撤消的魔术贴带机器人表。 </li><li>从机器人，撤消屏蔽的平行线，并拔掉电源线。 </li><li>与人的控股机器人表和某乙指导机器人末端的自由端，移动表的大门。在门口，撤消的系绳，并滚动机器人表到大厅。 </li><li>撤消屏蔽盒中的所有螺丝和安全板的两个螺丝，取出机器人。 </li></ol> 6。代表性的成果: 理想的情况下，机器人的触觉和fMRI不应相互影响。我们可以告诉在线的，如果机器人是由功能磁共振成像的影响。一般来说，如果机器人的并行电缆是不正确的屏蔽和过滤，然后电机的读数将振荡后期迅速。这可以是固定的双重检查铝电缆的屏蔽，铁芯是放在附近的机器人并行电缆，唯一的过滤器，机器人上的通扫描仪室一边通过自定义过滤器。检测功能磁共振成像中的错误真的是唯一可能已经减少和分析后的数据，但应尽早采取解剖扫描，在研究和检查拉链效应或其他文物表明相关噪声（如尖峰噪声）7。通常情况下，这种噪声来自金属对金属接触，可清洗拧紧所有螺丝机器人表上，特别是表一侧的手调节螺钉。从我们的测试基准fMRI信号信噪比（SNR）是完全屏蔽在房间的机器人仍然合理〜330滴〜380。如果屏蔽不到位的机器人，那么的信噪比进一步下降到〜250，和噪声的影响变得非常显著。 如图4所示，自由联合处理中心3度机器人/手互动的动态影响不大，除了转向机器人。联合处理中心的作用就像一个支点，反转视运动的方向（左，右和上下），但不是三分之一（前瞻性）。由于幻影手像处理与它的支点在中间的杠杆两端，收益是应用软件中的三个欧几里德方向:旋转接头控制两个方向的负收益和正增益在滑块联合的方向。处理和旋转的净效应再现了整整3度的自由的幽灵机器人，只有9"之遥。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3364/3364fig1.jpg" alt="图1"/> 图1所使用的器具，将其安装在功能磁共振成像环境使用的触觉机器人。上方显示的触觉机器人安装的情况下，前外壳（顶部，左）和万向节/滑块在处理的中点（上，右）联合。底部，左侧显示在扫描仪的操纵手柄问题。底部，右侧是一个卡通的屏蔽和结束的效应器。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3364/3364fig2.jpg" alt="图2"/> 图2的结果完全屏蔽的机器人与运动BIRN测试。跨越三个图像显示球形的头部模型，并在右下角显示一个三维视图。小圆点是泡在静态头部模型，并始终存在。缺乏大型的条纹或拉链表明，从机器人的噪声是不相关的的。

<ol>
	<li>Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+magnetic+resonance+imaging+with+contrast+dependent+on+blood+oxygenation.">Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9868-9872 (1990).</li><li>Heeger, D. J., Ress, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+fMRI+tell+us+about+neuronal+activity.">What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 142-151 (2002).</li><li>deCharms, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+real-time+fMRI.">Applications of real-time fMRI.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 720-729 (2008).</li><li>Hribar, A., Koritnik, B., Munih, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phantom+haptic+device+upgrade+for+use+in+fMRI.">Phantom haptic device upgrade for use in fMRI.</a> Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 47, 677-684 (2009).</li><li>Trommershauser, J., Gepshtein, S., Maloney, L. T., Landy, M. S., Banks, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+compensation+for+changes+in+task-relevant+movement+variability.">Optimal compensation for changes in task-relevant movement variability.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 7169-7178 (2005).</li><li>Konczak, J., Li, K. Y., Tuite, P. J., Poizner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+perception+of+object+curvature+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Haptic perception of object curvature in Parkinson's disease.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e2625-e2625 (2008).</li><li>Lipton, M. L., Lipton, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts:+When+things+go+wrong,+it's+not+necessarily+all+bad.">Artifacts: When things go wrong, it's not necessarily all bad.</a> Totally Accessible MRI. , 139-153 (2008).</li><li>Rajh, M., Glodez, S., Flasker, J., Gotlih, K., Kostanjevec, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+analysis+of+an+fMRI+compatible+haptic+robot.">Design and analysis of an fMRI compatible haptic robot.</a> Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 27, 267-275 (2011).</li><li>Burdet, E., Gassert, R., Gowrishankar, G., Chapuis, D., Bleuler, H., Ang, M., Khatib, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=fMRI+compatible+haptic+interfaces+to+investigate+human+motor+control.">fMRI compatible haptic interfaces to investigate human motor control.</a> Experimental Robotics IX, of Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 21, 25-34 (2006).</li><li>Nakamura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+networks+in+motor+sequence+learning:+abnormal+topographies+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Functional networks in motor sequence learning: abnormal topographies in Parkinson's disease.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 12, 42-60 (2001).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

fMRI的兼容机器人开辟了新的可能性，在电机控制神经系统的实验。最关键的一步是在设置屏蔽机器人，以防止文物在功能磁共振成像，这是我们在两个步骤做。首先，机器人本身是约9&#39;从孔距离长，重量轻，在它的中间支持与3度的自由联合处理。二，机器人被装在1 / 16"-1 / 4"用塑料锥形（13"底部直径6"顶端直径x 42"长）铝箔屏蔽波导计算块〜100分贝铝框在功能磁共振成像的有关频带的噪音，&gt;...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td>幻影溢价1.5/6dof，高力模型</td><td> Sensable </td><td> <a href="www.sensable.com">www.sensable.com</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

adaptation of a haptic robot in a 3t fmri

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）提供优秀的脑功能成像，通过大胆的信号，包括非电离辐射，毫米的解剖和功能数据的空间精度2， 和近实时分析3优势1。触觉的机器人提供了精确的测量和控制光标在一个合理的密闭空间的位置和力。下面我们结合这两项技术，让精密的实验，涉及电机与触觉/触觉环境的相互作用，如达到或抓控制。其基本思路是附加一个8英尺的最终效应器中心允许主体使用的机器人， 机器人 4的支持，但它屏蔽和最极端的部分磁场从功能磁共振成像机（图1 ）。 幻影高级3.0 6DOF，高力机器人（SensAble技术公司）是一个很好的选择提供在虚拟现实实验5，6的力反馈，但它本质上非议员的安全，引入了显著的噪音敏感功能磁共振成像设备，其电动机可能会受到强烈变磁场的fMRI。我们已经建立了一个表，并屏蔽系统，使机器人安全地引入到功能磁共振成像环境，并限制电气噪声电机的fMRI信号的退化和电动机性能退化的强烈不同的磁场FMRI。盾的fMRI信号的信噪比（SNR:平均信号/噪声标准差）变为〜380〜330的基准，并没有屏蔽250。余下的噪音似乎是不相关的，不添加文物测试领域的功能磁共振成像（图2）。长，僵硬的处理允许安置机器人磁场的最强烈的不同部分的范围，所以不存在的fMRI机器人的显著效果。因为它是轻量级的，手柄的效果机器人的运动是最小的（〜2.6磅），但非常僵硬的3 / 4"石墨和良好的中间3DOF联合平衡。最终的结果是一个功能磁共振成像兼容，触觉系统与约1立方英尺的工作空间，并且，当与虚拟现实相结合，它允许一个功能磁共振成像的环境，包括自然深远的，被动的位移肢体和触觉感知，适应不同力场的学习进行新的实验或纹理识别5，6。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI at JoVE.com

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

在一个3T功能磁共振成像的触觉机器人的适应和使用说明。

触觉机器人适应在3T功能磁共振成像

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides excellent functional brain imaging via the BOLD signal 1 with advantages including non-ionizing ...

adaptation-of-a-haptic-robot-in-a-3t-fmri

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.6K 次观看.  University of California. 在一个3T功能磁共振成像的触觉机器人的适应和使用说明。

视频: Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless 
biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small 
molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this 
"E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.

"E-DNA" sensors, reagentless, electrochemical biosensors that perform well even when challenged directly in blood and other complex matrices, have been adapted to the detection of a wide range of nucleic acid, protein and small molecule analytes. Here we present a general procedure for the fabrication and use of such sensors.

无试剂检测核酸，蛋白质和小分子的电化学DNA生物传感器的制备

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. ...

科研

生物工程

Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other forms of biofeedback. Previous human-robot interactive systems have required different software commands to be implemented for each robot leading to unnecessary developmental overhead time each time a new system becomes available. For example, when a haptic/graphic virtual reality environment has been coded for one specific robot to provide haptic feedback, that specific robot would not be able to be traded for another robot without recoding the program. However, recent efforts in the open source community have proposed a wrapper class approach that can elicit nearly identical responses regardless of the robot used. The result can lead researchers across the globe to perform similar experiments using shared code. Therefore modular "switching out"of one robot for another would not affect development time. In this paper, we outline the successful creation and implementation of a wrapper class for one robot into the open-source H3DAPI, which integrates the software commands most commonly used by all robots.

Recently, a vast amount of prospects have come available for human-robot interactive systems. In this paper we outline the integration of a new robotic device with open source software that can rapidly make possible a library of interactive functionality. We then outline a clinical application for a neurorehabilitation application.

触觉/图形康复:整合成一个虚拟的环境下图书馆的机器人，它应用于中风治疗

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other ...

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1 While microcontact printing can be employed to directly print a large number of molecules, including proteins,2 DNA,3 and silanes,4 the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from long chain alkane thiols on gold provides a simple way to confine proteins and cells to specific patterns containing adhesive and resistant regions. This confinement can be used to control cell morphology and is useful for examining a variety of questions in protein and cell biology. Here, we describe a general method for the creation of well-defined protein patterns for cellular studies.5 This process involves three steps: the production of a patterned master using photolithography, the creation of a PDMS stamp, and microcontact printing of a gold-coated substrate. Once patterned, these cell culture substrates are capable of confining proteins and/or cells (primary cells or cell lines) to the pattern.
The use of self-assembled monolayer chemistry allows for precise control over the patterned protein/cell adhesive regions and non-adhesive regions; this cannot be achieved using direct protein stamping. Hexadecanethiol, the long chain alkane thiol used in the microcontact printing step, produces a hydrophobic surface that readily adsorbs protein from solution. The glycol-terminated thiol, used for backfilling the non-printed regions of the substrate, creates a monolayer that is resistant to protein adsorption and therefore cell growth.6 These thiol monomers produce highly structured monolayers that precisely define regions of the substrate that can support protein adsorption and cell growth. As a result, these substrates are useful for a wide variety of applications from the study of intercellular behavior7 to the creation of microelectronics.8
While other types of monolayer chemistry have been used for cell culture studies, including work from our group using trichlorosilanes to create patterns directly on glass substrates,9 patterned monolayers formed from alkane thiols on gold are straight-forward to prepare. Moreover, the monomers used for monolayer preparation are commercially available, stable, and do not require storage or handling under inert atmosphere. Patterned substrates prepared from alkane thiols can also be recycled and reused several times, maintaining cell confinement.10

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from long chain alkane thiols on gold provide well-defined substrates for the formation of protein patterns and cell confinement. Microcontact printing of hexadecanethiol using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp followed by backfilling with a glycol-terminated alkane thiol monomer produces a pattern where protein and cells adsorb only to the stamped hexadecanethiol region.

蛋白质和细胞坐月子创建二维图案衬底

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13.
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.

This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of free and esterified bioactive fatty acids from cells. Fatty acids are accurately quantified using stable isotope dilution, chiral liquid chromatography, electron capture atmospheric chemical ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SID-LC-ECAPCI-MRM/MS).

有针对性的稳定同位素稀释液相色谱 - 质谱法分析细胞脂质提取

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in parallel computing2,3 , recognize and bind molecular or cellular targets4,5 , catalyze chemical reactions6,7 , and generate calculated responses in a biological system8,9. Importantly, nucleic acids can be programmed to self-assemble into 2D and 3D structures10-12, enabling the integration of all these remarkable features in a single robot linking the sensing of biological cues to a preset response in order to exert a desired effect.
Creating shapes from nucleic acids was first proposed by Seeman13, and several variations on this theme have since been realized using various techniques11,12,14,15 . However, the most significant is perhaps the one proposed by Rothemund, termed scaffolded DNA origami16. In this technique, the folding of a long (&gt;7,000 bases) single-stranded DNA 'scaffold' is directed to a desired shape by hundreds of short complementary strands termed 'staples'. Folding is carried out by temperature annealing ramp. This technique was successfully demonstrated in the creation of a diverse array of 2D shapes with remarkable precision and robustness. DNA origami was later extended to 3D as well17,18 .
 
The current paper will focus on the caDNAno 2.0 software19 developed by Douglas and colleagues. caDNAno is a robust, user-friendly CAD tool enabling the design of 2D and 3D DNA origami shapes with versatile features. The design process relies on a systematic and accurate abstraction scheme for DNA structures, making it relatively straightforward and efficient.
In this paper we demonstrate the design of a DNA origami nanorobot that has been recently described20. This robot is 'robotic' in the sense that it links sensing to actuation, in order to perform a task. We explain how various sensing schemes can be integrated into the structure, and how this can be relayed to a desired effect. Finally we use Cando21 to simulate the mechanical properties of the designed shape. The concept we discuss can be adapted to multiple tasks and settings.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here, we describe how DNA origami can be utilized to design a robotic robot capable of sensing biological cues and responding by shape shifting, subsequently relayed to a desired effect.

DNA折纸设计生物反应灵敏的机器人

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in ...

Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping

Nanomaterials are increasingly prevalent throughout industry, manufacturing, and biomedical research. The need for tools and techniques that aid in the identification, localization, and characterization of nanoscale materials in biological samples is on the rise. Currently available methods, such as electron microscopy, tend to be resource-intensive, making their use prohibitive for much of the research community. Enhanced darkfield microscopy complemented with a hyperspectral imaging system may provide a solution to this bottleneck by enabling rapid and less expensive characterization of nanoparticles in histological samples. This method allows for high-contrast nanoscale imaging as well as nanomaterial identification. For this technique, histological tissue samples are prepared as they would be for light-based microscopy. First, positive control samples are analyzed to generate the reference spectra that will enable the detection of a material of interest in the sample. Negative controls without the material of interest are also analyzed in order to improve specificity (reduce false positives). Samples can then be imaged and analyzed using methods and software for hyperspectral microscopy or matched against these reference spectra in order to provide maps of the location of materials of interest in a sample. The technique is particularly well-suited for materials with highly unique reflectance spectra, such as noble metals, but is also applicable to other materials, such as semi-metallic oxides. This technique provides information that is difficult to acquire from histological samples without the use of electron microscopy techniques, which may provide higher sensitivity and resolution, but are vastly more resource-intensive and time-consuming than light microscopy.

Enhanced darkfield microscopy and hyperspectral imaging with spectral mapping enable screening, localization, and identification of nanoscale materials in histological samples with improved speed and accuracy over traditional methods. The goal of this paper is to provide methods for darkfield imaging and hyperspectral mapping of metal oxide nanoparticles in histological samples.

金属氧化物纳米颗粒的组织学样品鉴定增强暗场显微镜和高光​​谱遥感制图

Nanomaterials are increasingly prevalent throughout industry, manufacturing, and biomedical research. The need for tools and techniques that aid in the ...

Medical-grade Sterilizable Target for Fluid-immersed Fetoscope Optical Distortion Calibration

We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal Therapy and Surgery) project. One of the aims of this project is to engineer novel, real-time image processing methods for intra-operative use in the treatment of congenital birth defects, such as spina bifida and the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. The developed target allows for the sterility-preserving optical distortion calibration of endoscopes within a few minutes. Good optical distortion calibration and compensation are important for mitigating undesirable effects like radial distortions, which not only hamper accurate imaging using existing endoscopic technology during fetal surgery, but also make acquired images less suitable for potentially very useful image computing applications, like real-time mosaicing. In this paper proposes a novel fabrication method to create an affordable, sterilizable calibration target suitable for use in a clinical setup. This method involves etching a calibration pattern by laser cutting a sandblasted stainless steel sheet. This target was validated using the camera calibration module provided by OpenCV, a state-of-the-art software library popular in the computer vision community.

This article describes the design and development of a sterilizable custom camera optical distortion calibration target for the peri-operative, fluid-immersed calibration of endoscopes during endoscopic interventions.

对于流体沉浸胎儿镜的光学畸变校正医用灭菌目标

We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal ...

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or lethality. However, the probability of a synthetic small molecule being bioactive is low; therefore, thousands of molecules must be tested in order to find those of interest. Liquid handling robotics systems are designed to handle large numbers of samples, increasing the speed with which a chemical library can be screened in addition to minimizing/standardizing error. To achieve a high-throughput forward chemical genetics screen of a library of 50,000 small molecules on Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), protocols using a bench-top multichannel liquid handling robot were developed that require minimal technician involvement. With these protocols, 3,271 small molecules were discovered that caused visible phenotypic alterations. 1,563 compounds induced short roots, 1,148 compounds altered coloration, 383 compounds caused root hair and other, non-categorized, alterations, and 177 compounds inhibited germination.

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

A high throughput screen of synthetic small molecules was conducted on the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. This protocol, developed for a liquid handling robot, increases the speed of forward chemical genetics screens, accelerating the discovery of novel small molecules affecting plant physiology.

优化液体搬运机器人对拟南芥进行高通量前化学遗传学筛选的应用

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or ...

Decellularization of Whole Human Heart Inside a Pressurized Pouch in an Inverted Orientation

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ultimately rejection can occur. Creating a functional, autologous bio-artificial heart could solve these challenges. Biofabrication of a heart comprised of scaffold and cells is one option. A natural scaffold with tissue-specific composition as well as micro- and macro-architecture can be obtained by decellularizing hearts from humans or large animals such as pigs. Decellularization involves washing out cellular debris while preserving 3D extracellular matrix and vasculature and allowing &#34;cellularization&#34; at a later timepoint. Capitalizing on our novel finding that perfusion decellularization of complex organs is possible, we developed a more &#34;physiological&#34; method to decellularize non-transplantable human hearts by placing them inside a pressurized pouch, in an inverted orientation, under controlled pressure. The purpose of using a pressurized pouch is to create pressure gradients across the aortic valve to keep it closed and improve myocardial perfusion. Simultaneous assessment of flow dynamics and cellular debris removal during decellularization allowed us to monitor both fluid inflow and debris outflow, thereby generating a scaffold that can be used either for simple cardiac repair (e.g. as a patch or valve scaffold) or as a whole-organ scaffold.

This method enables decellularization of a complex solid organ using a simple protocol based on osmotic shock and perfusion of ionic detergent with minimal organ matrix disruption. It comprises a novel decellularization technique for human hearts inside a pressurized pouch with real-time monitoring of flow dynamics and cellular debris outflow.

倒置方向下整个人的心脏在加压袋内的去细胞化

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ...

A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The KYF-Pt-NE encapsulates Pt(II) at 10 wt. %, has a diameter of 107 &#177; 27 nm and a negative surface charge. The KYF-Pt-NE is stable in water and in serum, and is biologically active. The conjugation of a fluorophore to KYF allows the synthesis of a fluorescent nanoemulsion that is suitable for biological imaging. The synthesis of the nanoemulsion is performed in an aqueous environment, and the KYF-Pt-NE forms via self-assembly of a short KYF peptide and an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate. The self-assembly process depends on the temperature of the solution, the molar ratio of the substrates, and the flow rate of the substrate addition. Crucial steps include maintaining the optimal stirring rate during the synthesis, permitting sufficient time for self-assembly, and pre-concentrating the nanoemulsion gradually in a centrifugal concentrator.

This protocol describes an efficient method to synthesize a nanoemulsion of an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate stabilized with a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) tripeptide. The nanoemulsion forms under mild synthetic conditions via self-assembly of the KYF and the conjugate.

一种三肽稳定的油酸纳米乳液

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The ...