Yazarlar makalenin eleştiri için Bayan Maggie Wallner (Atritech A.Ş. / Boston Scientific) teşekkür ederim. Yazarlar kendi idari destek ve organize telif izinleri için Sayın Mahesh Deshpanade (Boston Scientific) teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Video Boston Scientific sınırsız bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Miyasaka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+trends+of+ischemic+stroke+incidence+and+mortality+in+patients+diagnosed+with+first+atrial+fibrillation+in+1980+to+2000:+report+of+a+community-based+study.">Time trends of ischemic stroke incidence and mortality in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation in 1980 to 2000: report of a community-based study.</a> Stroke. 36, 2362-2366 (2005).</li><li>Holmes, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+closure+of+the+left+atrial+appendage+versus+warfarin+therapy+for+prevention+of+stroke+in+patients+with+atrial+fibrillation:+a+randomised+non-inferiority+trial.">Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial.</a> Lancet. 374, 534-542 (2009).</li><li>Schweizer, P. A., Becker, R., Katus, H. A., Thomas, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dronedarone:+current+evidence+for+its+safety+and+efficacy+in+the+management+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Dronedarone: current evidence for its safety and efficacy in the management of atrial fibrillation.</a> Drug. 5, 27-39 (2011).</li><li>Wyse, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+rate+control+and+rhythm+control+in+patients+with+atrial+fibrillation.">A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1825-1833 (2002).</li><li>Carlsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+trial+of+rate-control+versus+rhythm-control+in+persistent+atrial+fibrillation:+the+Strategies+of+Treatment+of+Atrial+Fibrillation+(STAF)+study.">Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41, 1690-1696 (2003).</li><li>Van Gelder, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+rate+control+and+rhythm+control+in+patients+with+recurrent+persistent+atrial+fibrillation.">A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1834-1840 (2002).</li><li>Echt, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+and+morbidity+in+patients+receiving+encainide,+flecainide,+or+placebo.+The+Cardiac+Arrhythmia+Suppression+Trial.">Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 781-788 (1991).</li><li>Ames, A., Stevenson, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiology+patient+page.+Catheter+ablation+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Cardiology patient page. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.</a> Circulation. 113, e666-e668 (2006).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+Prevention+in+Atrial+Fibrillation+Study.+Final+results.">Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results.</a> Circulation. 84, 527-539 (1991).</li><li>Singer, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antithrombotic+therapy+in+atrial+fibrillation:+American+College+of+Chest+Physicians+Evidence-Based+Clinical+Practice+Guidelines+(8th+Edition).">Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).</a> Chest. 133, 546S-592S (2008).</li><li>Connolly, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dabigatran+versus+warfarin+in+patients+with+atrial+fibrillation.">Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1139-1151 (2009).</li><li>Patel, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rivaroxaban+versus+warfarin+in+nonvalvular+atrial+fibrillation.">Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 883-891 (2011).</li><li>Albers, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ximelagatran+vs+warfarin+for+stroke+prevention+in+patients+with+nonvalvular+atrial+fibrillation:+a+randomized+trial.">Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial.</a> JAMA. 293, 690-698 (2005).</li><li>Fiessinger, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ximelagatran+vs+low-molecular-weight+heparin+and+warfarin+for+the+treatment+of+deep+vein+thrombosis:+a+randomized+trial.">Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial.</a> JAMA. 293, 681-689 (2005).</li><li>Schulman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dabigatran+versus+warfarin+in+the+treatment+of+acute+venous+thromboembolism.">Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 2342-2352 (2009).</li><li>Sick, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+worldwide+experience+with+the+WATCHMAN+left+atrial+appendage+system+for+stroke+prevention+in+atrial+fibrillation.">Initial worldwide experience with the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage system for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49, 1490-1495 (2007).</li><li>Reddy, V. Y., Holmes, D., Doshi, S. K., Neuzil, P., Kar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+percutaneous+left+atrial+appendage+closure:+results+from+the+Watchman+Left+Atrial+Appendage+System+for+Embolic+Protection+in+Patients+with+AF+(PROTECT+AF)+clinical+trial+and+the+Continued+Access+Registry.">Safety of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: results from the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with AF (PROTECT AF) clinical trial and the Continued Access Registry.</a> Circulation. 123, 417-424 (2011).</li></ol>

Dr Möbius-Winkler, Dr Dähnert ve Prof Schuler protect AF Deneme katıldı. Dr Möbius-Winkler Atritech A.Ş. ve Boston Scientific için bekçi İmplantasyon için dava vekili olarak çalışmaktadır.

Bekçi perkütan implantasyonu için prosedürü atriyal apendiks kapatma cihazı burada açıklanan bıraktı, 17 warfarin tedavisi 2 non-inferior, ve güvenli, uygulanabilir 16 olduğu klinik çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Bütün çalışmalarda implant 2,16,17 alan grupta daha yüksek komplikasyon oranı vardı rağmen, güvenilirliğini değerlendiren PROTECT AF deneme ve CAP kayıt çalışması, veri bekçi implantasyonu ile ilişkili komplikasyonlar olabilir düşündürmektedir büyük ölçüde operatör tecrübesizliği atfedilir. Emniyet olay oranları sıklığı başlangıçta yüksek olduğunu, ancak zaman 17 azalmıştır. Burada sunulan yöntem usul komplikasyonların önlenmesi açısından çok önemli adımları vurguluyor. Pilot çalışma sırasında, üç güvenlik olayları cihaz arızası sonucu oluştu. Iki konuda embolize cihazı ve bir konu tel implanta sırasında kırılmışTION prosedürü. Bu olaylar ilk nesil cihazlarda meydana gelen ve ikinci nesil cihazda meydana gelmemiş olmasına rağmen, bekçi sistemi her zaman iyice kullanımı 16 önce muayene edilmelidir. Prosedürü ile ilişkili en sık görülen komplikasyonlar müdahale ve hava embolisi gerek perikardiyal efüzyonlar vardır. Görüntüleme verilerinin analizi PROTECT AF çalışmasında ciddi perikardiyal efüzyonlar bekçi cihazın manipülasyonu tarafından transseptal ponksiyon sırasında operatör hatası veya optimal bir implantasyon işlemleri için kılıf ile SAA içinde manipülasyon neden olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bir pigtail kateter kullanılarak kılıf ucu tarafından LAA delinmesi için risk kuvvetli azaltılabilir. Bir perikardiyal efüzyon büyük olasılıkla SAA içinde cihazın kararlılığı için yapılan güçlü bir &quot;römorkörü test&quot; kaynaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, i izlemek için işlem boyunca TE ve floroskopi kullanmak için kritiktirmplantation proses. Istikrar için kontrol ederken, kontrast odasına görselleştirmek için SAA enjekte edilmelidir, ya da süreci sürekli TEE ile izlenmelidir. Gözlem ile, başka bir römorkör ile ilgili efüzyonlar gözlenmiştir. Prosedür ile ilgili inme büyük 12F transseptal erişim kılıfından hava embolisi sonucu 3 olguda meydana geldi. Bu nedenle, bu düzgün hava kılıf kılıf 17 içinde tutulan emin olmak fışkırtma özenle için kritiktir. Ayrıca, prosedür öncesi açlık hava embolisine neden olabilir implantasyon prosedürü sırasında düşük sol atriyal basınç, neden su kaybına yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, önce cihazı dağıtmak için, tuzlu 10 mmHg hakkında Hastanın sol atrial basınç yükselmesi infüze edilmelidir. Warfarin tedavisi ile karşılaştırıldığında SAA tıkanıklığı olan güvenlik olaylarının yüksek oranda olmasına rağmen, morbidite / SAA tıkanıklığı olan ölüm ile ilgili genel sonuç im oldu17 kanıtladı. Sol atriyal apendiks kapanışı dolayısıyla olmayan valvüler atriyal fibrilasyon olan hastalarda sürekli warfarin tedavisi için umut verici bir alternatiftir.

the watchman left atrial appendage closure device for atrial fibrillation

Atriyal fibrilasyon (AF), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 1. yılında tahminen 6 milyon kişiyi etkileyen, en sık görülen kalp ritm bozukluğudur. AF, öncelikle yaşlılar etkilediği için, görülme sıklığı yaş ile paralel olarak artar. Bunun gibi, 15.9 milyon Amerikalı 2050 yılında 2 etkilenecek beklenmektedir. İskemik inme her yıl antikoagüle AF hastaların% 5&#39;inde görülür. AF için mevcut tedaviler hız kontrolü, ritm kontrolü ve inme 3 önlenmesi sayılabilir. Amerikan Kardiyoloji Koleji, Amerikan Kalp Derneği ve Avrupa Kardiyoloji Derneği AF 3 için tedavinin ilk ders olarak şu anda önerilen hız kontrolü. Bir az semptomatik devletin 3 ulaşana kadar hız kontrolü gibi β-blokerler, bu düşük kalp hızı olarak farmakolojik ajanlar verilmesi sağlanır. Ritim kontrolü normal sinüs ritmine kalp dönmeyi amaçlamaktadır ve tipik olarakAmiodaron, elektriksel kardiyoversiyon veya ablasyon tedavisi gibi antiaritmik ilaç verilmesi ile elde etti. Ritim kontrol yöntemleri, ancak, hız kontrol yöntemleri 4-6 üstün olduğu gösterilmiş değil. Aslında, bazı ilaçlara daha yüksek antiaritmik hastanede oranları, ciddi yan etkiler 3, ya da yapısal kalp bozuklukları 7 olan hastalarda ölüm artış ile ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Hız kontrol ilaçların etkisiz veya kontrendike olduğunda Böylece, antiaritmikler ile tedavi daha sık kullanılır. Hızı kontrol ve antiaritmikler çarpıntı, nefes darlığı ve yorgunluk 8 de dahil olmak üzere AF semptomları, hafifletebilir ama güvenilir tromboembolik olaylar 6 engellemez. Antikoagülan ilaç warfarin tedavisi, inme veya emboli 9,10 oranında azaltır. Bununla birlikte, çünkü problemlerin az% 50, kullanımı ile ilişkilihastanın bunun ile muamele edilir. Terapötik doz ilaç, beslenme ve metabolik etkileşimler etkilenir ve böylece detaylı takip gerektirir. Buna ek olarak, warfarin 2 kanama, ciddi, bazen ölümcül neden olma potansiyeli vardır. Bir alternatif olarak, aspirin fazla tercih edilen edilir. Aspirin, genellikle iyi tolere edilir iken, inme 10 önlemede daha az etkilidir. Böyle dabigatran 11 ya da 12 rivaroxaban olarak warfarin diğer alternatifi, tromboembolik olaylar (aslında, dabigatran günde iki kez üstünlük göstermiştir 150 mg yüksek doz olarak verilen) ile ilgili olarak warfarin olmayan aşağı göstermektedir. Bu ilaçlar warfarin ile biraz daha az bu yüzden diyet endişeleri ortadan kaldırmak ve süre, düzenli kan izleme, majör kanama ve ilişkili komplikasyonlar için olan ihtiyacı ortadan kaldırma avantajına sahip olsa da, bir sorun 13-15 kalır. Emboli AF ile ilişkili inme% 90 sonuç yana olduğunu arise sol atriyal apendiksten (SAA) 2, warfarin tedavisi için bir alternatif yaklaşım onlar çıkmadan önce kan pıhtıları yakalamak için implant cihazı kullanarak SAA dışlamak olmuştur. Burada, Atriyal Apendiks Kapatma Cihaz Sol bekçi yerleştirilmesi için bir prosedürü göstermektedir. Bir transseptal kanül femoral ven yoluyla yerleştirilir ve floroskopi altında, inter-atriyal septum geçildiği. Bir kez sol atriyum erişim bir kılavuz tel üst pulmoner ven yerleştirilir ve bekçi Erişim Kılıf ve dilatatör tel üzerinden sol atriyuma doğru ilerlemiştir, elde edilmiştir. Kılavuz tel kaldırılır ve erişim kılıfı dikkatli bir pigtail kateter üzerinden SAA distal kısmının içine ilerletilir. Bekçi Dağıtım Sistemi, prepped erişim kılıfı içine yerleştirilir ve yavaş yavaş ileri edilir. Bekçi ardından cihaz SAA içine dağıtılır. Cihaz açma kriterleri floroskopi ve transözofageal ekokardiyografi (TEE) ve cihaz üzerinden teyit edilir is yayımladı.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation at JoVE.com

The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation

İlişikteki Video Atriyal Apendiks (SAA) Cihaz Sol bekçi perkütan yerleştirilmesi için bir yordam açıklanır. Bekçi kalıcı olarak yerleştirildi, ya da tromboembolik inme önlenmesi, SAA çıkmadan önce kan pıhtıları yakalamak için sol atriyal apendiks (SAA) açılışı, biraz distal üzere tasarlanmış bir nitinol cihazdır.

Bekçi Atriyal fibrilasyon için Atriyal Apendiks Kapatma Cihaz Sol

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting an estimated 6 million people in the United States 1. Since AF affects primarily ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

83.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Leipzig Heart Center. İlişikteki Video Atriyal Apendiks (SAA) Cihaz Sol bekçi perkütan yerleştirilmesi için bir yordam açıklanır. Bekçi kalıcı olarak yerleştirildi, ya da tromboembolik inme önlenmesi, SAA çıkmadan önce kan pıhtıları yakalamak için sol atriyal apendiks (SAA) açılışı, biraz distal üzere tasarlanmış bir nitinol cihazdır.

Video: The WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Atrial Fibrillation

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2 It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years.3 Increased intra-atrial pressure and dilatation have been long recognized to lead to AF,1,4 which highlights the relevance of using animal models and stretch to study AF dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AF requires visualization of the cardiac electrical waves with high spatial and temporal resolution. While high-temporal resolution can be achieved by conventional electrical mapping traditionally used in human electrophysiological studies, the small number of intra-atrial electrodes that can be used simultaneously limits the spatial resolution and precludes any detailed tracking of the electrical waves during the arrhythmia. The introduction of optical mapping in the early 90's enabled wide-field characterization of fibrillatory activity together with sub-millimeter spatial resolution in animal models5,6 and led to the identification of rapidly spinning electrical wave patterns (rotors) as the sources of the fibrillatory activity that may occur in the ventricles or the atria.7-9 Using combined time- and frequency-domain analyses of optical mapping it is possible to demonstrate discrete sites of high frequency periodic activity during AF, along with frequency gradients between left and right atrium. The region with fastest rotors activates at the highest frequency and drives the overall arrhythmia.10,11 The waves emanating from such rotor interact with either functional or anatomic obstacles in their path, resulting in the phenomenon of fibrillatory conduction.12 Mapping the endocardial surface of the posterior left atrium (PLA) allows the tracking of AF wave dynamics in the region with the highest rotor frequency. Importantly, the PLA is the region where intracavitary catheter-based ablative procedures are most successful terminating AF in patients,13 which underscores the relevance of studying AF dynamics from the interior of the left atrium. Here we describe a sheep model of acute stretch-induced AF, which resembles some of the characteristics of human paroxysmal AF. Epicardial mapping on the left atrium is complemented with endocardial mapping of the PLA using a dual-channel rigid borescope c-mounted to a CCD camera, which represents the most direct approach to visualize the patterns of activation in the most relevant region for AF maintenance.

This report provides a detailed description of the methodology and results of simultaneous endocardial and epicardial optical mapping of electrical excitation in the intact left atrium of a Langendorff-perfused sheep heart during stretch-induced atrial fibrillation.

Stretch Bağlı Atriyal Fibrilasyon Koyun Modelinde Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Endokardial ve Epikardiyal Optik Haritalama

 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2 It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance ...

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Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and disordered electrical activity in the atria gives rise to palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain and dizziness with or without syncope 4, 5. Patients with AF have a five-fold higher risk of stroke 6.
Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with warfarin is commonly used for stroke prevention in patients with AF and has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by 64% 7. Warfarin therapy has several major disadvantages, however, including bleeding, non-tolerance, interactions with other medications and foods, non-compliance and a narrow therapeutic range 8-11. These issues, together with poor appreciation of the risk-benefit ratio, unawareness of guidelines, or absence of an OAC monitoring outpatient clinic may explain why only 30-60% of patients with AF are prescribed this drug 8.
The problems associated with warfarin, combined with the limited efficacy and/or serious side effects associated with other medications used for AF 12,13, highlight the need for effective non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. One such approach is catheter ablation (CA), a procedure in which a radiofrequency electrical current is applied to regions of the heart to create small ablation lesions that electrically isolate potential AF triggers 4. CA is a well-established treatment for AF symptoms 14, 15, that may also decrease the risk of stroke. Recent data showed a significant decrease in the relative risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack events among patients who underwent ablation compared with those undergoing antiarrhythmic drug therapy 16.
Since the left atrial appendage (LAA) is the source of thrombi in more than 90% of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation 17, another approach to stroke prevention is to physically block clots from exiting the LAA. One method for occluding the LAA is via percutaneous placement of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. The WATCHMAN device resembles a small parachute. It consists of a nitinol frame covered by fabric polyethyl terephthalate that prevents emboli, but not blood, from exiting during the healing process. Fixation anchors around the perimeter secure the device in the LAA (Figure 1). To date, the WATCHMAN is the only implanted percutaneous device for which a randomized clinical trial has been reported. In this study, implantation of the WATCHMAN was found to be at least as effective as warfarin in preventing stroke (all-causes) and death (all-causes) 18. This device received the Conformit&eacute; Europ&eacute;enne (CE) mark for use in the European Union for warfarin eligible patients and in those who have a contraindication to anticoagulation therapy 19.
Given the proven effectiveness of CA to alleviate AF symptoms and the promising data with regard to reduction of thromboembolic events with both CA and WATCHMAN implantation, combining the two procedures is hoped to further reduce the incidence of stroke in high-risk patients while simultaneously relieving symptoms. The combined procedure may eventually enable patients to undergo implantation of the WATCHMAN device without subsequent warfarin treatment, since the CA procedure itself reduces thromboembolic events. This would present an avenue of treatment previously unavailable to patients ineligible for warfarin treatment because of recurrent bleeding 20 or other warfarin-associated problems.
The combined procedure is performed under general anesthesia with biplane fluoroscopy and TEE guidance. Catheter ablation is followed by implantation of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. Data from a non-randomized trial with 10 patients demonstrates that this procedure can be safely performed in patients with a CHADS2 score of greater than 1 21. Further studies to examine the effectiveness of the combined procedure in reducing symptoms from AF and associated stroke are therefore warranted.

Catheter ablation is combined with placement of the WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device to prevent ischemic stroke in a patient with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Atriyal fibrilasyon için Apendikse Kapatma ile kombinasyonu Kateter Ablasyon

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and ...

Robotic Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). During PVI an electrical conduction block between pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium (LA) is created. This conduction block prevents AF, which is triggered by irregular electric activity originating from the PV. However, transmural atrial lesions are required which can be challenging. Re-conduction and AF recurrence occur in 20 - 40% of the cases. Robotic catheter systems aim to improve catheter steerability. Here, a procedure with a new remote catheter system (RCS), is presented. Objective of this article is to show feasibility of robotic AF ablation with a novel system. Materials and Methods: After interatrial trans-septal puncture is performed using a long sheath and needle under fluoroscopic guidance. The needle is removed and a guide wire is placed in the left superior PV. Then an ablation catheter is positioned in the LA, using the sheath and wire as guide to the LA. LA angiography is performed over the sheath. A circular mapping catheter is positioned via the long sheath into the LA and a three-dimensional (3-D) anatomical reconstruction of the LA is performed. The handle of the ablation catheter is positioned in the robotic arm of the Amigo system and the ablation procedure begins. During the ablation procedure, the operator manipulates the ablation catheter via the robotic arm with the use of a remote control. The ablation is performed by creating point-by-point lesions around the left and right PV ostia. Contact force is measured at the catheter tip to provide feedback of catheter-tissue contact. Conduction block is confirmed by recording the PV potentials on the circular mapping catheter and by pacing maneuvers. The operator stays out of the radiationfield during ablation. Conclusion: The novel catheter system allows ablation with high stability on low operator fluoroscopy exposure.

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with an ablation catheter is a curative treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Robotic catheter systems aim to improve catheter steerability. Here, a procedure with a new robotic catheter system is presented. The goal of the procedure is electrical block between pulmonary vein and left atrium.

Atriyal Fibrilasyon Robotik Ablasyon

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). During PVI an electrical conduction block between ...

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

The mechanism of mitral stenosis-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear. There is no rodent model of group 2 PH, due to mitral stenosis (MS), to facilitate the investigation of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. We present a novel rat model of pulmonary venous congestion-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 PH caused by left atrial stenosis (LAS). LAS is achieved by constricting the left atrium using a half-closed titanium clip. After the LAS surgery, a rat model with a transmitral inflow velocity greater than or equal to 2.0 m/s on echocardiography gradually develops pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 PH over an 8- to 10-week period. In this protocol, we provide the step-by-step procedure of how to perform the LAS surgery. The presented LAS rat model mimics MS in humans and is useful for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of pulmonary venous arterialization and for the preclinical evaluation of therapies for group 2 PH.

Left atrial stenosis (LAS) is a novel surgical technique used for studying group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) and mechanisms underlying pulmonary venous arterialization. Here, we present a protocol to constrict the left atrium using a titanium clip to cause pulmonary venous arterialization and moderate PH in a rat.

Sol atriyal stenoz indüklenen pulmoner venöz Arterialization ve Grup 2 sıçan pulmoner hipertansiyon

The mechanism of mitral stenosis-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear. There is no rodent model of ...

Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Ablation of the left atrium using either radiofrequency (RF) or cryothermal energy is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) and is the most frequent type of cardiac ablation procedure performed. Although generally safe, collateral injury to surrounding structures, particularly the esophagus, remains a concern. Cooling or warming the esophagus to counteract the heat from RF ablation, or the cold from cryoablation, is a method that is used to reduce thermal esophageal injury, and there are increasing data to support this approach. This protocol describes the use of a commercially available esophageal temperature management device to cool or warm the esophagus to reduce esophageal injury during left atrial ablation. The temperature management device is powered by standard water-blanket heat exchangers, and is shaped like a standard orogastric tube placed for gastric suctioning and decompression. Water circulates through the device in a closed-loop circuit, transferring heat across the silicone walls of the device, through the esophageal wall. Placement of the device is analogous to the placement of a typical orogastric tube, and temperature is adjusted via the external heat-exchanger console.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the use of esophageal temperature modulation to counteract esophageal thermal injury from left atrial ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Atriyal Fibrilasyon Tedavisinde Sol Atriyal Ablasyon Sırasında Özofagusun Azaltılması veya Isınması

Ablation of the left atrium using either radiofrequency (RF) or cryothermal energy is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) and is the most ...

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the standard imaging method for atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) detection, for patient selection for transcatheter ASD/PFO closure,&#160;for intraoperative guidance and for long-term follow-up. The size, shape, location and the number of the atrial communications schould be determined. The accuracy of PFO detection can be improved by using agitated saline together with maneuvers to transiently increase the right atrial (RA) pressure. The appearance of microbubbles in the left atrium (LA) within 3 cardiac cycles after opacification of the RA is considered positive for the presence of an intracardiac shunt. Three dimensional TEE identifies further septal fenestrations and describes the dynamic morphology of ASD/PFO and atrial septal aneurysm. Follow-up evaluations with TTE is recommended at 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure, with a subsequent evaluation every year. Previous studies showed an increased incidence of atrial arrhythmias early after device closure. Speckle tracking analysis may help to understand functional left atrial remodeling following percutaneous closure and its impact on atrial arrhythmias.

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography represent the basic imaging tools for interatrial septum examination. Three dimensional (3D) TEE provides incremental information in the assessment of the interatrial septum. Further advanced echocardiography techniques using speckle tracking echocardiography are applied for sensitive volumetric and functional assessment of the heart chambers.&#160;

Transkreter Kapanması Öncesi Atriyal İletişimin Ekokardiyografik Değerlendirmesi

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the standard imaging method for atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale ...

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia caused by structural remodeling of the atria, also called atrial myopathy. Current therapies only target the electrical abnormalities and not the underlying atrial myopathy. For the development of novel therapies, a reproducible large animal model of atrial myopathy is necessary. This paper presents a model of sterile pericarditis-induced atrial myopathy in Aachener minipigs. Sterile pericarditis was induced by spraying sterile talcum and leaving a layer of sterile gauze over the atrial epicardial surface. This led to inflammation and fibrosis, two crucial components of the pathophysiology of atrial myopathy, making the atria susceptible to the induction of AF. Two pacemaker electrodes were positioned epicardially on each atrium and connected to two pacemakers from different manufacturers. This strategy allowed for repeated non-invasive atrial programmed stimulation to determine the inducibility of AF at specified time points after surgery. Different protocols to test AF inducibility were used. The advantages of this model are its clinical relevance, with AF inducibility and the rapid induction of inflammation and fibrosis-both present in atrial myopathy-and its reproducibility. The model will be useful in the development of novel therapies targeting atrial myopathy and AF.

We describe a sterile pericarditis model in minipigs to study atrial myopathy and atrial fibrillation (AF). We present surgical and anesthetic techniques, strategies for vascular access, and a protocol to study the inducibility of AF.

Atriyal Miyopati ve Atriyal Fibrilasyon için Bir Model Olarak Aachener Minipiglerde Steril Perikardit

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia caused by structural remodeling of the atria, also called atrial myopathy. Current therapies only ...

Transesophageal Atrial Burst Pacing for Atrial Fibrillation Induction in Rats

Animal studies have brought important insights into our understanding regarding atrial fibrillation (AF) pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Reentry, one of the main mechanisms involved in AF pathogenesis, requires a certain mass of myocardial tissue in order to occur. Due to the small size of the atria, rodents have long been considered 'resistant' to AF. Although spontaneous AF has been shown to occur in rats, long-term follow-up (up to 50 weeks) is required for the arrhythmia to occur in those models. The present work describes an experimental protocol of transesophageal atrial burst pacing for rapid and efficient induction of AF in rats. The protocol can be successfully used in rats with healthy or remodeled hearts, in the presence of a wide variety of risk factors, allowing the study of AF pathophysiology, identification of novel therapeutic targets, and evaluation of novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategies.

The present work describes an experimental protocol of transesophageal atrial burst pacing for efficient induction of atrial fibrillation (AF) in rats. The protocol can be used in rats with healthy or remodeled hearts, allowing the study of AF pathophysiology, identification of novel therapeutic targets, and evaluation of new therapeutic strategies.

Sıçanlarda Atriyal Fibrilasyon İndüksiyonu için Transözofageal Atriyal Patlama Pacing

Animal studies have brought important insights into our understanding regarding atrial fibrillation (AF) pathophysiology and therapeutic management. ...

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of arrhythmia. Atrial remodeling is considered the most critical mechanism for the presence and development of atrial fibrillation. Also, atrial remodeling can lead to the enlargement and dysfunction of the left atrium (LA), resulting in thrombosis and heart failure. Functional changes in left atrial strain and strain rate occur before structural alterations and are closely associated with structural remodeling and left atrial fibrosis. These parameters are sensitive biomarkers for atrial function. Cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) is a novel, non-invasive, post-processing technique that can evaluate left atrial strain and strain rate. The CMR-FT was utilized in this investigation to assess the bilateral atrium strain rate in individuals with paroxysmal AF. Modifications in each segmental strain were evaluated using segmental analysis. The CMR-FT is recommended for non-invasive evaluations in the clinical assessment of atrial strain among existing strain imaging techniques. Further, it is a flexible parameter measurement with good reproducibility, high soft-tissue resolution, and post-processing based on standard cine balanced steady-state free precision (bSSFP) long-axis images without requiring a new sequence acquisition.

The atrial function is associated with the strain and strain rate. The cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) technique was used in this study to quantify left and right atrial global and segmental longitudinal strain and strain rate in individuals with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Paroksismal Atriyal Fibrilasyonlu Hastalarda Kardiyovasküler Manyetik Rezonans Özelliği İzleme ile Bilateral Atriyal Fonksiyonun Tahmin Edilmesi

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of arrhythmia. Atrial remodeling is considered the most critical mechanism for the presence and ...

Reduced Procedure Time and Variability with Active Esophageal Cooling During Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Various methods are utilized during radiofrequency (RF) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) to protect the esophagus from inadvertent thermal injury. Active esophageal cooling is increasingly being used over traditional luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring, and each approach may influence procedure times and the variability around those times. The objective of this study is to measure the effects on procedure time and variability in procedure time of two different esophageal protection strategies utilizing advanced informatics techniques to facilitate data extraction. Trained clinical informaticists first performed a contextual inquiry in the catheterization laboratory to determine laboratory workflows and observe the documentation of procedural data within the electronic health record (EHR). These EHR data structures were then identified in the electronic health record reporting database, facilitating data extraction from the EHR. A manual chart review using a REDCap database created for the study was then performed to identify additional data elements, including the type of esophageal protection used. Procedure duration was then compared using summary statistics and standard measures of dispersion.&#160;A total of 164 patients underwent radiofrequency PVI over the study timeframe; 63 patients (38%) were treated with LET monitoring, and 101 patients (62%) were treated with active esophageal cooling. The mean procedure time was 176 min (SD of 52 min) in the LET monitoring group compared to 156 min (SD of 40 min) in the esophageal cooling group (P = 0.012). Thus, active esophageal cooling during PVI is associated with reduced procedure time and reduced variation in procedure time when compared to traditional LET monitoring.

This study utilized advanced informatics techniques to compare procedure duration in patients undergoing radiofrequency atrial ablation treated with active esophageal cooling to those treated with traditional luminal esophageal temperature monitoring. Contextual inquiry, workflow analysis, and data mapping were utilized. The findings demonstrated reduced procedure time and variability with active cooling.

Atriyal Fibrilasyon için Radyofrekans Ablasyonu Sırasında Aktif Özofagus Soğutması ile Azaltılmış İşlem Süresi ve Değişkenlik

Various methods are utilized during radiofrequency (RF) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) to protect the ...