Bu çalışma, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 656, Münster, Almanya, projeler C7 ve C6) ve IZKF Münster (Çekirdek birim SMAP) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar Truc Van Le, Anne Kanzog, Ute Neugebauer, Wiebke Gottschlich ve radyo-üretmek için mükemmel bir teknik yardım ve Daniel Burkert ve Sven Fatum için Roma Priebe minnettarız.

1. Donör Organ Kurtarma <ol><li> Stereotaktik mikroskop, 8-10 haftalık sıçan (verici ve alıcı vücut ağırlığı aynı olmalıdır) rekor ağırlık ayarlayın. </li><li> Donör sıçan (Lewis Brown Norveç F1, İbni F1) oksijen / izofluran inhalasyon (izofluran% 4/2 L / dk oksijen) kullanarak anestezisi. 2-2.5% için izofluran düşürerek anestezi koruyun. </li><li> Ameliyat yastığı anestezi sıçan yerleştirin. Ped üzerine yapışkan bant ile sıçan ekstremite düzeltmek ve sıçan gözleri oftalmik merhem (Bepanthen, Bayer) geçerlidir. </li><li> Tıraş ve sıçan karın dezenfekte ve pubis gelen karaciğer kaudal sınırına bir ventral orta hat kesi yapmak. Dikkatli bir şekilde sağ tarafa bağırsak hareket ettirerek sol böbrek ve damarları Açığa. Sol böbrek üzerinde gazlı bez ince bir tabaka yerleştirin ve kuruma önlemek için ısıtılmış izotonik serum fizyolojik ile nemlendirin. </li><li> Dikkatle (Dumont Açılı İpucu Forseps ile yağ dokusu incelemek Dumont SS-45 Forseps Inox Tıp, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 11203-25) sol üreter saran. Üreter ile doğrudan temastan kaçının, bunun yerine, yeterli çevre yağ dokusu ile seferber. </li><li> Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps kullanarak renal arter sol renal ven ayırın. Her iki gemi tüm yağ ve bağ dokusu çıkarın ve adrenal ve testis damarları dağlamak. </li><li> Sırasıyla, sol renal arter ve ven yukarıda ve kavşak altında aorta ve inferior vena kava (IVC) incelemek ve tüm giden arterler dağlamak. </li><li> Superior mezenterik arter yakın mümkün olduğunca, sol renal arter üzerinde bir mikrocerrahi kelepçe (Mikro Serrefines, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 18055-04) ile böbreküstü aort Kelepçe. Cerrahi ipek kullanarak infrarenal aorta (5-0, Vömel, sanat yok. 14739) sol renal arter altında yaklaşık 5 mm Arter. </li><li> Cerrahi ipek ile infrarenal IVC (5-0, Vömel) Arter ve böbreküstü IVC kelepçebir mikrocerrahi kelepçe ile (Mikro Serrefines, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 18055-03). </li><li> Ince makas (- ToughCut Düz 11.5 cm, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 14058-11 Iris Makas) kullanarak mümkün olduğunca yakın IVC için renal ven kesin. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş ekleyerek 2 ml buz gibi soğuk HTK perfüzyon solüsyonu (CUSTODIOL HTK, Dr Franz Köhler Chemie) ile yerinde böbrek serpmek bir kanül (Microlance 3 27G ¾, BD, Sip 302.200) infrarenal aort. Onaylayın böbrek renk değişiklikleri (şimdi zeytin renkli). </li><li> İlk olarak, daha sonra, infrarenal aorta böbreküstü aort transect ve mümkün olduğunca yakın mesane nihayet üreter. </li><li> Buz üzerinde HTK perfüzyon çözüm üreter ve mağaza ile birlikte böbrek ve damar kaynağını çıkarın. </li><li> Vasküler kelepçeler ve anestezi altında kalbin üst üste eksizyon kaldırarak donör sıçan Euthanize. </li></ol> 2. Alıcı hazırlanması ve naklition <ol><li> Stereotaktik mikroskop, sıçan rekor ağırlık ayarlayın. </li><li> Izofluran% 4 ile alıcı sıçan (Lewis) anestezisi. 2-2.5% için izofluran düşürerek anestezi koruyun. </li><li> Ameliyat yastığı anestezi sıçan yerleştirin. Ped üzerine yapışkan bant ile sıçan ekstremite düzeltmek ve sıçan `ın Gözleri oftalmik merhem uygulayın. Bir rektal sıcaklık sensörü ve bir ısınma takımını kullanarak Monitör ve kontrol çekirdek vücut sıcaklığı. Ameliyat sırasında tekrar tekrar sıcaklık, solunum ve hayvanın kalp hızı kontrol. </li><li> Tıraş ve karın dezenfekte ve pubis gelen karaciğer kaudal sınırına bir ventral orta hat kesi yapmak. Deri travma en aza indirmek için bir neşter forcutting deri kullanın. Sağ tarafa bağırsak hareket ettirerek sol böbrek ve damarları Açığa. </li><li> Dikkatle Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps ve pamuklu kullanarak böbrek kapsülü kaldırın. </li><li> Böbrek yakın sol renal arter, ven ve üreter tıkamakcerrahi iplik (4-0 Mersilen, Ethicon, kedi. yok. EH6732H) kullanarak iki ligasyonu ile hilusu. Sadece böbrek hilusu bırakarak böbrek tüketim büyük bir kısmı,. Pamuklu çubukla kesim yüzeyi temiz ve kanama kontrol edin. Gerekirse başka bir bağ ekleyin. </li><li> Dikkatlice pamuklu çubukla kuyruk sitede infrarenal aorta ve vena kava kapsayan bağ dokusu ile açık açık incelemek. </li><li> Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps kullanarak infrarenal aorta ve vena kava herhangi bir görünür sinir ayırın. </li><li> İlk testis damarlarının dallanma altında ve ortak iliak damarların dallanma Yukarıdaki ikinci bir: dikkatlice iki 2-4 mm uzunlukta açıklıklar oluşturan, infrarenal aort ve vena kava arasındaki bağ dokusu sayfası aracılığıyla incelemek. Arasında iliolumbar arter ve venler dağlamak. </li><li> Iki açıklık her ile, tek bir cerrahi iplik (Ethicon, kedi no.EH6665E. Mersilen 0) çizin. Bu konuları infrarenal çekin kullanmahafifçe dorsal sitede dallanma gemilere erişmek için hayvanın sağ tarafına aort ve vena kava. Iki açıklık arasında bu kapların her yakmak ve daha sonra cerrahi konuları çıkarın. </li><li> Daha sonra, aort ile üst açılışında başlayan ve üst açılış (Mikro Serrefines de vena kava ile biten dört mikrocerrahi kelepçeleri (Mikro Serrefines, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 18055-04) saat yönünde uygulama tarafından aorta ve IVC tıkamak , Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 18055-03). </li><li> Daha sonra dikkatli bir şekilde delmek bir iğne ile aort izole kısmının üst biten (Microlance 3 27G ¾, BD, Sip 302.200), ince bir yay makas (Vannas Bahar Makas alt bıçak takın - 3 mm Bıçak, Güzel Bilim delinme açıklıktan Araçları, cat.no 15000-00) ve kısa boyuna kesi yapmak. Herhangi bir geri kalan kan kaldırmak için buz soğukluğunda HTK perfüzyon çözeltisi ile izole aort yıkayın. </li><li> Aynı şekilde, dikkatli bir şekilde delmekbir iğne ile vena kava izole kısmının alt biten, delinme açıklıktan ince bir bahar makas alt bıçak yerleştirin ve kısa bir süre aort kesi altında biten uzunlamasına bir kesi yapmak. Yine, kalan kan kaldırmak için gemi yıkayın. </li><li> Depolama çözümü gelen böbrek greft çıkarın. Sol böbrek eski konumunu altına yerleştirin ve doğru yönde olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Greft renal arter yönünü kontrol edin ve herhangi bir bükülme olmadığından emin olmak. Daha sonra greft üzerine gazlı bez ince bir sayfa koyun ve soğumaya buz HTK perfüzyon çözümü ile nemlendirin ve kuruma önlemek için. </li><li> Üst ilk önce, daha sonra alt ucunda - greft renal arter cerrahi iplik (.. Ethilon 9-0, Ethicon, kedi hiçbir 2809G) ile içine açıldığı aort parçasının suprarenal kısmının açılması sabitleştirmek aort insizyon yapıldı. Cerrahi iplik kullanarak sürekli bir dikiş ile saat yönünde kesi kapatın(Ethilon 9-0), Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps ve kavisli bir Castroviejo iğne tutucu (Güzel Bilim Araçları, kedi. Yok. 12061-01). Daha sonra, bir saatin ikinci sürekli dikiş ile bağ dokusu ile ilk dikiş kapsamaktadır. Şimdi, greft aort parçasının sadece alt kısmı kapalı kalır. Düzenli buz HTK perfüzyon çözeltisi ile greft serin. </li><li> Dikiş sızdırmazlık ve bütünlüğünü doğrulamak yanı sıra, greft kalan kan kaldırma aort greft parçasının açık olan ucuna takılan, kör bir iğne ile buz soğukluğunda HTK perfüzyon çözeltisi 1 ml greft serpmek. Daha sonra, cerrahi ipek ile aort parçası (5-0, Vömel) açık olan ucuna ligate. </li><li> Greft renal ven yönünü kontrol edin ve herhangi bir bükülme olmadığından emin olmak. </li><li> Vena kava de kesi alt ucunda sonra, üst birinci - cerrahi diş (Ethilon 9-0) ile greft damarın açılması sabitleşmek. Kesi kapatıncerrahi iplik (Ethilon 9-0), Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps ve kavisli bir Castroviejo iğne tutucu kullanarak sürekli bir dikiş ile saat yönünde. Düzenli buz HTK perfüzyon çözeltisi ile greft serin. </li><li> En üst vena kava kelepçe ile başlayan, mikrocerrahi kelepçeleri sökün tersine. Son aort kelepçe çıkardıktan sonra, dikkatlice pamuklu çubukla sonunda hafif kanamayı durdurmak. Birkaç saniye sonra greft pembe renkli dönecek ve uretric kasılmaları görünmelidir. </li><li> Alıcı `nın mesane içine greft üreter ekleme dikkatli bir Vannas Bahar Makas (Öğrenci Vannas Bahar Makas düz, Güzel Bilim Araçları, Sip 91500-09 kullanarak mesane üstündeki kas küçük bir düzeltme ekini kaldırmak için .) Daha sonra, Dumont Açılı İpucu forseps kullanarak greft üreter çevreleyen doku (çoğunlukla yağ) çıkarın. Bu nedenle, dikkatle üreter ucu kapmak ve yavaşça çevreleyen yağ, bağ dokusu ayrı ve gömülü gemileri sağa solaters yönde çekerek bunu m. Bir cerrahi iplik (Prolen 6-0, Ethicon, kedi. Yok. 8697H) sonunda uretric ucu sabitleşmek ve ekli iğne ile mesane önceden hazırlanmış üst perfore. Mesane ile üreter çekin ve ikinci bir perforasyon ile tabanında bunu çıkın. </li><li> Cerrahi iplik (Ethilon 9-0) ile mesane üstündeki doku ayrılmış üreter gelen daha önce sabitleşmek. Ekli cerrahi iplik ile üreter ucu kesilmiş ve hafifçe aşağıdan iterek mesane içine geri üreter çekin. Daha sonra, cerrahi iplik (Ethilon 9-0) ile ikinci mesane delinme kapatın. </li><li> Cerrahi dikiş ipliğinin (Mersilen 0) kullanarak iki sürekli ama ayrı dikişlerle karın duvarı ve cilt kapatın. Pividon İyot kullanarak yara dezenfekte ve yara ağrı kontrolü için ameliyat sonrası üç gün buprenorfin (kg / BW / teklif başına 0.1 mg) sc yönetmek. </li></ol> 3. Görüntüleme Allogreft Reddetme<ol><li> Izofluran 2-2.5% kullanarak Tokluk sıçan anestezisi. </li><li> 30 MBq FDG (0.1 ila 30 MBq FDG ml% 0.9 NaCl), bir 24 G kateter (Braun, Introcan, 4.252.500-01) kullanılarak, yanal kuyruk damarı yoluyla kateterizasyonu IV tatbik edilir. Daha sonra, 0.9 ml% 0.9 NaCl çözeltisi ile kateter tasfiye. </li><li> Saatte% 0.9 NaCl çözeltisi, 1 ml IV enjeksiyonu ile tarama ve hidrat da hayvan başlangıcına kadar anestezi olmadan bir süzgeç, sıçan bırakın. </li><li> Tarama başlamadan önce hemen izofluran% 2 kullanılarak yeniden anestezisi sıçan. </li><li> Yüksek çözünürlükte anestezi sıçan yerleştirin çok telli oda-tabanlı hayvan PET kamera quadHIDAC (Oxford Pozitron Systems Ltd, Oxford, UK). PET tarayıcı uzaysal çözünürlüğü 1,0 mm ve tüm FOV (çap, 165 mm; aksiyel uzunluk, 280 mm) üzerinde sabittir. Bir pulse oksimetre ile bir rektal sıcaklık sensörü ve kontrol anestezi kullanarak tarama sırasında Monitör ve kontrol vücut ısısı. </li><li> 60 m için dinamik satın alma başlayınFDG böbrek atılımı nedeniyle böbreklerde izleyici birikimini azaltmak için FDG-enjeksiyon sonrası 180 dakika başlangıç. </li><li> Renal parankim belirlenmesi için ve 18 F-boşluk 5 hesaplanması için tarayıcı içinde sıçan konumunu taşımadan 18 F-florür iv 5 MBq uygulayın ve 60 dakika hemen sonra 18 F-florür enjeksiyon başka bir PET taraması gerçekleştirin. Her iki tarama görüntüleri yeniden. 2 dakika böbrek korteks yaklaşık 18 F-florür enjeksiyon (perfüzyon-faz) sonra yeniden görüntülerde elle ilgi hacmi (VOI) iz ve FDG görüntülere VOI aktarın. Dikkatlice VOI gelen renal pelvis dahil değildir. Her iki tarama görüntüleri yeniden ve elle böbrek korteks çevresinde ilgi bir hacim (VOI) iz. Listesi mod veri 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm 3 bir voksel boyutu ile görüntü içine yeniden inşa edildi. Dikkatlice VOI gelen renal pelvis dahil değildir. </li><li> Oranı o tarafından FDG tutulumu hesaplamakf toplam sayısı ve hacmi ve enjekte doz (% ID) yüzdesini hesaplar. Biz görüntü analizi için MATLAB (Sürüm R2011b, MathWorks, Natick, MA, ABD) ve tomografik görüntüleme (TİM) Sürüm 2.8 kullanılır. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wu, O., Levy, A. R., Briggs, A., Lewis, G., Jardine, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+rejection+and+chronic+nephropathy:+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature.">Acute rejection and chronic nephropathy: a systematic review of the literature.</a> Transplantation. 87, 1330-1339 (2009).</li><li>Miller, B. F., Gonzales, E., Wilchins, L. J., Nathan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kidney+transplantation+in+the+rat.">Kidney transplantation in the rat.</a> Nature. 194, 309-310 (1962).</li><li>Reuter, S., Schn&#246;ckel, U., Schr&#246;ter, R., Schober, O., Pavenst&#228;dt, H., Sch&#228;fers, M., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Schlatter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+imaging+of+acute+renal+allograft+rejection+in+rats+using+small+animal+F-FDG-PET.">Non-invasive imaging of acute renal allograft rejection in rats using small animal F-FDG-PET.</a> PLoS. One. 4, e5296 (2009).</li><li>Reuter, S., Schn&#246;ckel, U., Edemir, B., Schr&#246;ter, R., Kentrup, D., Pavenst&#228;dt, H., Schober, O., Schlatter, E., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Sch&#228;fers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+of+noninvasive+serial+assessment+of+acute+renal+allograft+rejection+by+18F-FDG+PET+to+monitor+treatment+efficiency.">Potential of noninvasive serial assessment of acute renal allograft rejection by 18F-FDG PET to monitor treatment efficiency.</a> J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1644-1652 (2010).</li><li>Schn&#246;ckel, U., Reuter, S., Stegger, L., Schlatter, E., Sch&#228;fers, K. P., Hermann, S., Schober, O., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Sch&#228;fers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+18F-fluoride+small+animal+PET+to+noninvasively+assess+renal+function+in+rats.">Dynamic 18F-fluoride small animal PET to noninvasively assess renal function in rats.</a> Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 35, 2267-2274 (2008).</li><li>Grabner, A., Schn&#246;ckel, U., Kentrup, D., Sch&#228;fers, M., Reuter, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+Non-Invasive+Molecular+Imaging+of+Acute+Allograft+Rejection+by+Gamma+Scintigraphy+and+Positron+Emission+Tomography.">Strategies for Non-Invasive Molecular Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection by Gamma Scintigraphy and Positron Emission Tomography.</a> Curr. Radiopharm. 4, 10-23 (2011).</li><li>Racusen, L. C., Solez, K., Colvin, R. B., Bonsib, S. M., Castro, M. C., Cavallo, T., Croker, B. P., Demetris, A. J., Drachenberg, C. B., Fogo, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Banff+97+working+classification+of+renal+allograft+pathology.">The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology.</a> Kidney Int. 55, 713-723 (1999).</li><li>Edemir, B., Reuter, S., Borgulya, R., Schr&#246;ter, R., Neugebauer, U., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Schlatter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+rejection+modulates+gene+expression+in+the+collecting+duct.">Acute rejection modulates gene expression in the collecting duct.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 538-546 (2008).</li><li>Velic, A., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Hirsch, J. R., Schr&#246;ter, R., Edemir, B., Paasche, S., Schlatter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+rejection+after+rat+renal+transplantation+leads+to+downregulation+of+Na++and+water+channels+in+the+collecting+duct.">Acute rejection after rat renal transplantation leads to downregulation of Na+ and water channels in the collecting duct.</a> Am. J. Transplant. 5, 1276-1285 (2005).</li><li>Reuter, S., Velic, A., Edemir, B., Schr&#246;ter, R., Pavenst&#228;dt, H., Gabri&#235;ls, G., Bleich, M., Schlatter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+NHE-3+inhibition+in+rat+renal+transplantation+undergoing+acute+rejection.">Protective role of NHE-3 inhibition in rat renal transplantation undergoing acute rejection.</a> Pflugers Arch. 456, 1075-1084 (2008).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

FDG-PET görüntüleme akut rejeksiyon tanısı için yeni bir seçenektir. Nedeniyle non-invaziv ve özel doğa, FDG-PET iğne biyopsisi ile klasik teşhis göre avantajları. Biyopsi, FDG-PET analizi tüm greft sınırlı örneklem büyüklüğü aksine. Ayrıca, bir antikoagülan tedavisi hastalara uygulayabilirsiniz, ve bir tekrar tekrar tedavi etkinliği 4 izlemek için örneğin PET önlemler gerçekleştirebilirsiniz. Buna ek olarak, biz zaten AR, iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı ve akut kalsinöri...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mathieu Needle Holder - 14 cm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>12010-14</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Castroviejo Micro Needle Holder - 9 cm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>12061-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgical Scissors - Sharp_Blunt</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>14001-12</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Iris Scissors - ToughCut Straight 11.5 cm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>14058-11</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Student Vannas Spring Scissors </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>91500-09</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vannas Spring Scissors - 3 mm Blades</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>15000-00</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Student Tissue Forceps - 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>91121-12</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumont SS-45 Forceps - Inox Medical</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>11203-25</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro-Serrefine Clip Applicator with Lock</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>18056-14</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro-Serrefine 6 mm x 1 mm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>18055-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro-Serrefine 4 mm x 0.75 mm</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>18055-04</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane (e.g. Forene 100% v/v)</td>
 <td>Abott</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>cutane antiseptic (e.g. Octeniderm) </td>
 <td>Sch&uuml;lke</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Povidone Iodine (e.g. Betaisodona)</td>
 <td>Mundipharma</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ophthalmic ointment (e.g. Bepanthen)</td>
 <td>Bayer</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Buprenorphin (e.g. Temgesic)</td>
 <td>RB Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HTK perfusion solution (e.g. CUSTODIOL HTK)</td>
 <td>Dr. Franz K&ouml;hler Chemie</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>surgical thread Mersilene 0</td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>EH6665E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>surgical thread Mersilene 4-0</td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>EH6732H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>surgical thread Prolene 6-0</td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>8697H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>surgical thread Ethilon 9-0</td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>2809G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>surgical silk 5-0</td>
 <td>V&ouml;mel</td>
 <td>14739</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Canula (e.g. Microlance 3, 27G &frac34;)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>302200</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

non-invasive imaging of acute allograft rejection after rat renal transplantation using 18f-fdg pet

Son dönem böbrek hastalığı olan hasta sayısı ve böbrek allogreft alıcı sayısı sürekli artmaktadır. Akut hücresel allogreft rejeksiyon (AR) atakları uzun süreli allogreft hayatta kalmak için olumsuz bir prognostik faktördür, ve zamanında tanı allogreft fonksiyonu 1 için çok önemlidir. Şu anda, AR sadece kesinlikle invaziv bir yöntem olarak, greft yaralanmaya ve hatta kaybı önemli bir risk bares, çekirdek iğne biyopsisi ile teşhis edilebilir. Ayrıca, biyopsi AR odak veya yamalı ise yanlış negatif sonuçlar neden olabilir antikoagülan ilaçlar ve bu tekniğin sınırlı örnekleme sitesi alan hastalarda mümkün değildir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, bu genellikle çeşitli nakil modellerin kullanımı da dahil olmak üzere hayvanlarda yapılması gereken yeni AR tespit yöntemleri için süregelen bir araştırma yol açtı. 60&#39;lı sıçan böbrek nakli Examin için köklü bir deneysel yöntem olduğu içinAR 2 tirme ve analizi. Ayrıca küçük hayvan pozitron emisyon tomografisi (PET) allojenik uninephrectomized sıçan böbrek nakli modelinde AR değerlendirmek ve bir non-invaziv, özel için yeni bir seçenek olarak greft FDG-PET görüntüleme teklif 18 F-florodeoksiglukoz (FDG) kullanarak Biz burada mevcut insan durum 3 için de AR ve erken tanı. Ayrıca, bu yöntem, transplant reddi 4 ölçümünün düzeltilmesi için takibi için uygulanabilir.

Histoloji Ret şiddeti inflamasyon derecesi ile yansıtılır ise AR lökosit sırasında, yani özellikle T-lenfositler, nakli içine alınırlar. Burada tasvir Periyodik Asit-Schiff (PAS) boyama (Şekil 1), renal allogreft AR, yani glomerülit, tübülit saptandı, endothelialitis ve greft infiltrasyon (Şekil 1, atx POD4) (POD = günde) önemli histolojik belirtileri gösterir ret belirtileri yerli kontrolü böbrek (Şekil 1, TO) d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET | Medicine | Video

Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET

Biz burada non-invaziv 18F-florodeoksiglukoz ile pozitron emisyon tomografisi kullanılarak akut allogreft reddi değerlendirmek için bir sıçan böbrek nakli modeli sunuyoruz.

Sıçan Böbrek Nakli sonra Akut Allogreft Reddi non-invaziv Görüntüleme Kullanımı<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG PET

The number of patients with end-stage renal  disease, and the number of kidney allograft recipients continuously increases.  Episodes of acute cellular ...

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Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET

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16.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Münster. Biz burada non-invaziv 18F-florodeoksiglukoz ile pozitron emisyon tomografisi kullanılarak akut allogreft reddi değerlendirmek için bir sıçan böbrek nakli modeli sunuyoruz.

Video: Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

Bebeklerde Serebral Metabolizma ve Hemodinamiğin Noninvaziv Optik Ölçüm

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Tıp

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research. In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study different biological processes in animals non-invasively. However, a major technical limitation in existing intravital imaging modalities is the inability to combine non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with single-cell resolution capabilities. We show here how transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye circumvents such significant limitation offering a versatile experimental platform that enables non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the transplantation procedure in the mouse and provide representative results using a model with clinical relevance, namely pancreatic islet transplantation. In addition to enabling direct visualization in a variety of tissues transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye, this approach provides a platform to screen drugs by performing long-term follow up and monitoring in target tissues. Because of its versatility, tissue/cell transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye not only benefits transplantation therapies, it extends to other in vivo applications to study physiological and pathophysiological processes such as signal transduction and cancer or autoimmune disease development.

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

A new approach combining intraocular transplantation and confocal microscopy enables longitudinal, non-invasive real-time imaging with single-cell resolution within grafted tissues in vivo. We demonstrate how to transplant pancreatic islets into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye.

Boyuna, Non-invaziv için Eye Ön Kamara içine Nakli<em&gt; In vivo</emGerçek zamanlı Tek hücreli Çözünürlük&gt; Görüntüleme

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research.  In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study ...

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to return to normal in a large majority of patients2, which is mainly due to current lack of clinical treatment for acute stroke. This necessitates understanding the physiological effects of cerebral ischemia on brain tissue over time and is a major area of active research. Towards this end, experimental progress has been made using rats as a preclinical model for stroke, particularly, using non-invasive methods such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coupled with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging3,10,17. Here we present a strategy for inducing cerebral ischemia in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that mimics focal cerebral ischemia in humans, and imaging its effects over 24 hr using FDG-PET coupled with X-ray computed tomography (CT) with an Albira PET-CT instrument. A VOI template atlas was subsequently fused to the cerebral rat data to enable a unbiased analysis of the brain and its sub-regions4. In addition, a method for 3D visualization of the FDG-PET-CT time course is presented. In summary, we present a detailed protocol for initiating, quantifying, and visualizing an induced ischemic stroke event in a living Sprague-Dawley rat in three dimensions using FDG-PET.

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

Pozitron Emisyon Tomografi ile kullanma Non-invaziv Görüntüleme ve Serebral iskemi Analizi Yaşam Sıçanlarda<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Non-invaziv Görüntüleme için fare modeli Algılama ve Monitör Yumurtalık Kanseri nüks için

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

Fare Böbrek Transplantasyonu: Allogreft Reddi Modelleri

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT

This paper describes the use of 18F-FDG and micro-PET/CT imaging to determine in vivo glucose metabolism kinetics in mice (and is transferable to rats). Impaired uptake and metabolism of glucose in multiple organ systems due to insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. The ability of this technique to extract an image-derived input function from the vena cava using an iterative deconvolution method eliminates the requirement of the collection of arterial blood samples. Fitting of tissue and vena cava time activity curves to a two-tissue, three compartment model permits the estimation of kinetic micro-parameters related to the 18F-FDG uptake from the plasma to the intracellular space, the rate of transport from intracellular space to plasma and the rate of 18F-FDG phosphorylation. This methodology allows for multiple measures of glucose uptake and metabolism kinetics in the context of longitudinal studies and also provides insights into the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT

This study describes a protocol that uses 18F-FDG and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging, together with kinetic modelling, to quantify the in vivo, real-time uptake of 18F-FDG into tissues.

Kullanımı Glukoz Metabolizma Kinetiği Belirlenmesi<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG Mikro PET / BT

This paper describes the use of 18F-FDG and micro-PET/CT imaging to determine in vivo glucose metabolism kinetics in mice (and is transferable to rats). ...

Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of clinical efficacy, they are until now imperfect solutions. Stem cell therapy using ASC sheets could provide a solution to this problem. ASCs are considered as promising candidates for promoting tissue healing because of their trophic and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we provide methods to produce high-density ASC sheets, that are transplanted onto a colorectal anastomosis in a rat model to reduce the leakage. ASCs formed cell sheets in thermo-responsive culture dishes that could be easily detached. On the day of the transplantation, a partial colectomy with a 5-suture colorectal anastomosis was performed. Animals were immediately transplanted with 1 ASC sheet per rat. ASC sheets adhered spontaneously to the anastomosis without any glue, suture, or any biomaterial. Animal groups were sacrificed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Compared to transplanted animals, the incidence of anastomotic abscesses and leakage was higher in control animals. In our model, the transplantation of ASC sheets after colorectal anastomosis was successful and associated with a lower leakage rate.

The preparation and transplantation of adipose tissue derived stem cell (ASC) sheets onto insufficiently sutured colorectal anastomoses in a rat model is presented. This novel application shows that ASC sheets can reduce colorectal anastomosis leakage.

Bir sıçan modelinde kısmi kolektomi sonra kaçağı azaltmak için Yağ dokusundan elde edilen kök hücre sayfasının nakli

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of ...

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to expend energy has made it a potential target for novel therapies to ameliorate obesity and associated metabolic disorders in humans. Though this tissue has been well studied in small animals, BAT&#39;s thermogenic capacity in humans remains largely unknown due to the difficulties of measuring its volume, activity, and distribution. Identifying and quantifying active human BAT is commonly performed using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scans following cold-exposure or pharmacological activation. Here we describe a detailed image-analysis approach to quantify total-body human BAT from 18F-FDG PET/CT scans using an open-source software. We demonstrate the drawing of user-specified regions of interest to identify metabolically active adipose tissue while avoiding common non-BAT tissues, to measure BAT volume and activity, and to further characterize its anatomical distribution. Although this rigorous approach is time-consuming, we believe it will ultimately provide a foundation to develop future automated BAT quantification algorithms.

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Using free, open-source software, we have developed an analytical approach to quantify total and regional brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and metabolic activity of BAT using 18F-FDG PET/CT.

18F-FDG PET/BT kullanarak yağ dokusu kahverengi tüm vücut ve bölgesel Quantification etkin insan

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Yarı kantitatif değerlendirmesi ağır beyin hasarı olan hastalarda [18F] FDG izleyici kullanarak

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Optical Clearing and Imaging of Immunolabeled Kidney Tissue

Optical clearing techniques render tissue transparent by equilibrating the refractive index throughout a sample for subsequent three-dimensional (3-D) imaging. They have received great attention in all research areas for the potential to analyze microscopic multicellular structures that extend over macroscopic distances. Given that kidney tubules, vasculature, nerves, and glomeruli extend in many directions, which have been only partially captured by traditional two-dimensional techniques so far, tissue clearing also opened up many new areas of kidney research. The list of optical clearing methods is rapidly growing, but it remains difficult for beginners in this field to choose the best method for a given research question. Provided here is a simple method that combines antibody labeling of thick mouse kidney slices; optical clearing with cheap, non-toxic and ready-to-use chemical ethyl cinnamate; and confocal imaging. This protocol describes how to perfuse kidneys and use an antigen-retrieval step to increase antibody- binding without requiring specialized equipment. Its application is presented in imaging different multicellular structures within the kidney, and how to troubleshoot poor antibody penetration into tissue is addressed. We also discuss the potential difficulties of imaging endogenous fluorophores and acquiring very large samples and how to overcome them. This simple protocol provides an easy-to-setup and comprehensive tool to study tissue in three dimensions.

The combination of antibody labeling, optical clearing, and advanced light microscopy allows three-dimensional analysis of complete structures or organs. Described here is a simple method to combine immunolabeling of thick kidney slices, optical clearing with ethyl cinnamate, and confocal imaging that enables visualization and quantification of three-dimensional kidney structures.

Optik temizleme ve Immünolabeled böbrek dokusu görüntüleme

Optical clearing techniques render tissue transparent by equilibrating the refractive index throughout a sample for subsequent three-dimensional (3-D) ...