Benim Araştırma laboratuvarında Biyoloji başlangıç ​​fonları WKU Bölümü, WKU Araştırma Vakfı RCAP-I # 11-8032 hibe tarafından desteklenen Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri Genel Tıp Bilimleri Ulusal Enstitüsü&#39;nden bir ana hibe ile finanse edilen bir KBRIN-ALAN hibe Sağlık ödül sayısı 5P20GM103436-13 altında. Ben ayrıca, laboratuvar ilk Xu laboratuvarda bu tekniği kurulan bu tekniği ve Dr Raymond Pagliarini tanıtıldı Dr Tian Xu içinde kabul etmek istiyorum.

1.. Benign Non-invaziv Tümörlerinde indüksiyon <ol><li> Iyi huylu tümörlerin uyarılması için Tablo 2&#39;de listelenen stokları kullanın. </li><li> Aşağıdaki genotip &quot;tester&quot; hisse senedi için bir starter kültür hazırlayın:; Küvet-Gal80, FRT40A, y, ey-FLP1, w Act5C&gt; y +&gt; Gal4, UAS-GFP </li><li> Aşağıdaki genotip &quot;test&quot; hisse senedi için bir starter kültür hazırlayın: w FRT40A, UAS-Ras V12 / cyo </li><li> &quot;Test&quot; stok &quot;tester&quot; stoktan on kadın ve on erkek bakireler toplayın. </li><li> Sinek gıda ile bir şişede iki yerleştirerek &quot;tester&quot; ve &quot;test&quot; stoktan erkek ve dişileri çapraz. </li><li> 25 ° C inkübatör haç yerleştirin ve erkek ve dişiler çiftleşmek ve 24-48 saat boyunca yumurtalarını bırakmak için izin verir. </li><li> Yeterli yumurta birikimi ve birinci değişim safhasındaki larva kültürü kurumasının olmadığından emin varlığı için şişeleri edin. <ol><li> Otoklavlanmış bir kaç damla(kültür kuruma ise) nemli tutmak için kültüre damıtılmış su. </li><li> Kültür izlemek ve gerektiğinde adımı 1.7.1 tekrar devam. </li></ol></li><li> Bölüm 3&#39;te belirtildiği gibi, flöresanlı bir stereomikroskop altında üçüncü instar larvaları dolaşan dikkate alınmalıdır. </li></ol> 2. İnvaziv Tümörlerinde indüksiyon <ol><li> Istilacı tümör indüksiyonu için, Tablo 2&#39;de listelenen stokları kullanın. </li><li> Aşağıdaki genotip yukarıdaki adım 1.2 &#39;den starter kültür kullanın:, y ey-FLP1, w, Küvet-Gal80, FRT40A; Act5C&gt; y +&gt; Gal4, UAS-GFP </li><li> LGL 4, FRT40A, UAS-Ras V12 / cyo, w: Aşağıdaki genotip &quot;test&quot; hisse senedi için bir starter kültür hazırlayın </li><li> &quot;Test&quot; stok &quot;tester&quot; stoktan on kadın ve on erkek bakireler toplayın. </li><li> Sinek f ile bir şişede iki yerleştirerek &quot;tester&quot; ve &quot;test&quot; stoktan erkek ve kadın çaprazood. </li><li> 25 ° C inkübatör haç yerleştirin ve erkek ve dişiler çiftleşmek ve 24-48 saat boyunca yumurtalarını bırakmak için izin verir. </li><li> Yeterli yumurta birikimi ve birinci değişim safhasındaki larva kültürü kurumasının olmadığından emin varlığı için şişeleri edin. <ol><li> (Kültür kuruma ise) nemli tutmak için kültüre otoklavlanmış damıtılmış su içinde birkaç damla ekleyin. </li><li> Gerektiği gibi kuruluk ve tekrar adım 2.7.1 için kültür izlemeye devam edin. </li></ol></li><li> Bölüm 3&#39;te belirtildiği gibi, flöresanlı bir stereomikroskop altında üçüncü instar larvaları dikkate alınmalıdır. </li></ol> 3. Benign ve İnvaziv Tümörler Gözlem <ol><li> Iyi huylu tümör izolasyon ve görselleştirme için üçüncü larva evresindeki kullanın. <ol><li> Damıtılmış su içinde, bir boya fırçası ıslatın ve bu boya fırçası kullanılarak kültür şişe duvarında bir kaç üçüncü instar larvaları kazıyın. </li><li> 1X PBS ile bir depresyon slayt larva yerleştirin ve daha sonra ıslak bir boya fırçası hurdaları kullanaraklarva epidermis herhangi bir gıda maddesini kapalı e. </li><li> Bir Petri plaka içindeki larvaları larva yerleştirin ve hareketsiz hale getirmek için 30 dakika boyunca -20 ° C dondurucuda bırakın. <ol><li> FLYNAP kullanarak larva hareketsiz hale getirmek için alternatif bir yöntemdir. </li><li> 3.1.3.2 gelen flakon FLYNAP batırılmış bir FLYNAP değnek yerleştirin ve larvaları ile flakon let takılı şişeyi takıp sonra 30 ila 40 dakika boyunca durmak. </li></ol></li><li> , Hafif halokarbonlu bir damla yağ ekleyebilirsiniz bir cam kapak ile kapak ve Yeşil Floresan Protein (GFP) görselleştirmek için yeteneği ile bir floresan stereomikroskop altında gözlemlemek, bir cam slayt üzerinde hareketsiz larva yerleştirin. </li><li> Iyi huylu tümör taşıyan larvalar sefalik karmaşık mevcut ön bölgede yeşil floresan olacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> Invaziv tümörlerin gözlem için yukarıdaki 2. adımda belirlenen kültürünün günü (indüksiyon sonrası) 10 larva seçin. Istilacı tümör taşıyan larva uzatılmış l çünkü gün 10 larva seçilir:genellikle ARVAL sahne ve pupariate başarısız. </li><li> Yerine üçüncü dönem larva kullanımı gün 10 larva hariç 3.1.4 adımlar 3.1.1 izleyin. <ol><li> Gün 10 invaziv tümör taşıyan larvalar sefalik karmaşık mevcut ön bölgede yeşil floresan olacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> Floresan mikroskop dijital bir kamera ile donatılmış ise, o zaman floresanlama benign ve invaziv tümör taşıyan larva fotoğraf çekmek. </li></ol> 4. Benign ve İnvaziv Tümörlerin Cephalic Kompleksi ve ayrıntılı Gözlem Diseksiyon Larva saydam epidermis zor tümörlerin işgali ölçüde gözlemlemek için yapar. Böylece işgali ölçüde daha iyi larva dışarı sefalik kompleksi diseksiyon tarafından görüntülenmiştir. Aşağıdaki adımlar sefalik kompleksi incelemek için kullanılabilir olmalıdır. <ol><li> Islak bir boya fırçası kullanarak f Üçüncü dönem (iyi huylu tümörler için) larvaları ve günü (invaziv tümörlerde) 10 larva seçinilgili kültür şişeleri rom. </li><li> Soğuk 1X PBS içeren bir diseksiyon çanak bir kuyuda larva yerleştirin. Larva epidermis herhangi bir yiyecek artıklarını kazımak için boya fırça kullanın. <ol><li> Soğuk 1X PBS içeren diseksiyon çanak taze bir kuyuya temiz larva transferi. </li><li> Floresan tespit etme yeteneğine sahip bir stereomikroskop kullanılarak GFP floresans olmadığını kontrol edin. Non-GFP taşıyan larvaları atın. </li></ol></li><li> Diseksiyon çanak taze bir kuyuya soğuk 1X PBS 1.0 ml ekleyin ve forseps bir çift kullanarak huylu veya invaziv tümörleri (diseksiyon protokol tümörlerin bu iki tür için aynı kalır) ya taşıyan bir larva transferi. </li><li> Ön ucundan 2/3rds yaklaşık bir çift forseps kullanarak larva basılı tutun. <ol><li> Forseps diğer çifti kullanmak ve akıllıca larva posterior 1/3rd ayırmak ve atın. </li><li> Larva ön 2/3rds gidelim. Larva içindeki basınç içeriğini serbest olaraklarva vücut boşluğundan dışarı sızmak olacaktır. </li><li> Gut, vücut yağ ve vücut boşluğundan dışarı oozed olan larva diğer iç içeriğini kaldırmak için forseps bir çift kullanın. </li><li> Larva ağız kancasını tutun ve larva epidermis içine itmek için forseps bir çift kullanın ve tamamen larva ters forseps diğer çifti kullanılarak. </li><li> Nazikçe ve dikkatli vücut yağ, tükürük bezleri, gut, kanat disk kompleksi ve herhangi trakeal tüpleri kaldırmak için forseps kullanın. Cephalic kompleksi ters larva ağız kanca takılı görünür olmalıdır. Beyin hemisfer ve ventral sinir kablosu (VNC) hala VNC çıkan sinirler aracılığıyla larva epidermis bağlı olacaktır. </li><li> Nazikçe sefalik sinirler ve larva epidermis arasındaki bağlantıları kırmak için forseps bir çift kullanın. </li><li> VNC ve larva epidermis arasında sinir bağlantıları kırık ve aşırı vücut yağ ve diğer doku kaldırılır gibi, sefalik işbirliğimplex açıkça görülebilir olacak ve sadece ağız kancalar larva epidermis eklenecektir. </li><li> Karmaşık antikor boyama gibi downstream uygulamalar için veya daha sonra görselleştirme için sabit gerekiyorsa cephalic karmaşık larva epidermis bağlı bırakılabilir. </li><li> Başka bir alt uygulama bundan sonra, yapılan olması halinde, sefalik karmaşık larva epidermisten ayrılır, ve daha fazla analiz için gözlem ve montaj ortamı dayalı bir gliserol bir damla yerleştirilebilir. Montaj ortamı olarak Vectashield kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol>

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A., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+cell+polarity+drives+tumor+growth+and+invasion+through+JNK+activation+in+Drosophila.">Loss of cell polarity drives tumor growth and invasion through JNK activation in Drosophila.</a> Curr Biol. 16, 1139-1146 (2006).</li><li>Uhlirova, M., Jasper, H., Bohmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-cell-autonomous+induction+of+tissue+overgrowth+by+JNK/Ras+cooperation+in+a+Drosophila+tumor+model.">Non-cell-autonomous induction of tissue overgrowth by JNK/Ras cooperation in a Drosophila tumor model.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102, 13123-13128 (2005).</li><li>Uhlirova, M., Bohmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JNK-+and+Fos-regulated+Mmp1+expression+cooperates+with+Ras+to+induce+invasive+tumors+in+Drosophila.">JNK- and Fos-regulated Mmp1 expression cooperates with Ras to induce invasive tumors in Drosophila.</a> EMBO J. 25, 5294-5304 (2006).</li><li>Menut, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mosaic+genetic+screen+for+Drosophila+neoplastic+tumor+suppressor+genes+based+on+defective+pupation.">A mosaic genetic screen for Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor genes based on defective pupation.</a> Genetics. 177, 1667-1677 (2007).</li><li>Wu, M., Pastor-Pareja, J. C., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+Ras(V12)+and+scribbled+clones+induces+tumour+growth+and+invasion.">Interaction between Ras(V12) and scribbled clones induces tumour growth and invasion.</a> Nature. 463, 545-548 (2010).</li></ol>

Ben ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Kanser geçmişte çok daha iyi bir anlayış bugün karmaşık bir hastalıktır. Ancak, hala çok öğrendim ve biz altında yatan mekanizmaları tam bir resim var önce açıklanması gerekir. Burada sunulan basit bir protokol mümkün genetik olarak bütün bir organizma içinde iyi huylu ve invaziv tümörleri neden ve bu modelde, tümör ilerlemesi ile ilişkili biyoloji çalışma kolaylaştırır. Drosophila ve diğer organizmalarda mevcut tekniklerin çoğu tümörogenez ve metastazı veya 23-27</...

Metastatik bir duruma bir iyi huylu tümörlerin ilerlemesi gövde 8 içinde mevcut koruyucu mekanizmaların kaçırma ile karakterize aşamalı bir işlemdir. Örneğin, vücut, tümör hücrelerinin, apoptoz ve bağışıklık sistemini kaçmasına Bazal Membran olarak adlandırılan özel bir hücre dışı matrisi (ECM) atılım ve çevredeki hücrelerin 8 tarafından uygulanan herhangi bir sosyal kontrol aşmak gerekir. Bu kanser hücreleri metastaz denilen bir süreçte uzak siteleri göç ve kolonize yeteneğini kazanmış bir adım akıllıca ilerlemesi geçer. Tümör hücresi vücut tarafından dayatılan engellerin üstesinden nasıl anlayışımız, ancak araştırma ortaya çıkan resim kanser hücreleri 11-13 normal gelişim süreçleri ve sinyal yollarının tekrar tekrar kullanılması bugüne kadar puan yapmış, hala emekleme döneminde olduğunu. Meyve Drosophila melanogaster bizim und müthiş katkıda bulunmuştur uçmakSon birkaç on yıl boyunca 14-17 geliştirmiştir gelişmiş genetik tekniklerin kullanımı ile normal büyüme ve gelişme hastalığı erstanding. Biz çeşitli onkogenler ve tümör baskılayıcı genlerin 18-22 daha iyi anlaşılması ulaştık mutajenizi ve ekspresyonu araçlarını kullanma. Bununla birlikte, tümör metastazı hücre kültürü modelleri 23,24 yanı sıra çeşitli ksenograft modelleri 25-27 temel olarak incelenmiştir çeşitli genetik lezyonlar arasındaki işbirliğinin bir sonucudur. Bunlar tamamen canlı bir organizmada bulunan koşullarını taklit yok gibi, bu modellerin güçlü olsa sınırlamaları var. Ayrıca, farelerde mevcut transgenik modeller hantal ve invaziv davranış 28,29 genetik analizi için elverişli değildir. Çeşitli çalışmalar Drosophila 30,31 tümör hücrelerinin işgali anlamaya çalıştılar. Bu teknikler öncelikle hosts birincil tümörlerin nakli kullanmak ve sonra tra izleme güveniyorkomşu dokuların 32,33 işgali için tümörleri nsplanted. MARCM 10 denilen güçlü bir tekniktir Drosophila 9 tümör işgali model Pagliarini ve Xu tarafından uyarlandı. Invazyon Bu zarif genetik modelleme bir aktive onkogen ve hücre polarite kaybı arasındaki işbirliğini kullandı. Bu modelleme gücü istilacı tümör böylece dokuların nakli ihtiyacını engellemeyi sağlam bir organizma içinde oluşturulan gerçeğinde yatmaktadır. Onkojenik işbirliği meydana getirmek için, Ras V12 gibi aktive edilmiş bir onkogen larva göz antennal disk hücre klonlarının ifade edilir. MARCM tekniğin bir sonucu olarak, bu klonlar, aynı zamanda kolay görselleştirme için yeşil floresan protein (GFP) ile işaretlenmiştir ve dev larva öldürücü, karalanmış ve büyük diskler gibi cep kutup mutantlar için homozigot yapılır. Sonuç GFP invaziv tümörleri olan etiketli sefalik karmaşık. Bu raporda Iikna etmek için nasıl göstermek ve sağlam bir larva bağlamında ve dışarı disseke sefalik kompleksi hem bu invaziv tümörleri görselleştirmek. Burada sunulan tümör indüksiyonu Drosophila ikinci kromozomu üzerinde reaktif kullanır. Tablo 2 de, aynı amaç için kullanılabilir X ve 3. kromozomlar üzerine stokların bir listesini sağlar. Bu basitleştirilmiş bir protokol progresyonla moleküler temelini anlamak isteyen araştırmacılar bu tekniği kolayca erişilebilir hale getireceğine inanıyoruz.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>10X PBS (phosphate buffered saline) pH 7.2 stock solution</td>
 <td>Invitrogen, Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chilled 1X PBS pH7.2 working solution</td>
 <td>Invitrogen, Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Make fresh and refrigerate, can be used up to a week</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flynap</td>
 <td>Carolina Biologicals</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Fly anesthesia needed to anesthetize larvae</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fixative</td>
 <td>0.1M PIPES, pH 7.2, 4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to fix the dissected cephalic complex</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ice Bucket</td>
 <td>Several</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Maintain solutions on ice. Also, dissect cephalic complex in chilled 1X PBS and then place on ice in an Eppendorf tube</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.7ml Eppendorf tube</td>
 <td>Various</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass slides, cover glass</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vectashield Mounting Media or any other mounting media</td>
 <td>Vector Laboratories</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Halocarbon 200 or 700 Oil</td>
 <td>Polysciences Inc. or Halocarbon.com</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Halocarbon 200 is used to mount the larvae for visualization on a fluorescence stereoscope</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sally Hansen "Hard as Nails" nail polish</td>
 <td>Can be found at any general merchandise store</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to seal the edges of Coverslip</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A Leica MZ16.5 fluorescence stereomicroscope or any other fluorescence stereomicroscope</td>
 <td>Leica and others</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to observe the GFP fluorescence in larvae</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pyrex 9 well spot plate or any other dissection dish</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paint Brush</td>
 <td>Can be found at any general merchandise store</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 1. Materials needed to perform the experimental protocol presented in this article.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

a protocol for genetic induction and visualization of benign and invasive tumors in cephalic complexes of drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila karmaşık hastalıkların 1-7 anlamamıza büyük katkı devam ediyor son birkaç yıldır ve bugün için normal gelişim ve hastalığın genetik temeli anlayışımızı aydınlatmıştır. Bir metastatik duruma iyi huylu tümörlerin ilerlemesi karmaşık bir olay 8 ve bizi daha iyi bu hastalığın 9 genetik temelini anlamak için Drosophila modellenmiştir. Burada genetik, neden gözlemlemek ve sonra Drosophila larvaları tümörlerin ilerlemesini analiz etmek için basit bir protokol mevcut. Tümör indüksiyon tekniği MARCM 10 sistemi tabanlı ve aktif bir onkogen, Ras V12 ve hücre polarite genlerinin kaybı (karalanmış, diskler büyük ve ölümcül dev larva) invaziv tümörleri 9 üretmek arasındaki işbirliğini patlatır edilir. Ben bu tümörler sağlam larvaları görüntülendi olabilir nasıl göstermek veo zaman nasıl bu daha fazla analiz için dışarı disseke edilebilir. Burada sunulan basitleştirilmiş protokolü mümkün bu tekniğin tümör işgali bir genin rolünü anlamak isteyen araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılmak için yapmalıdır.

Protokol bir sonucu olarak, burada sunulan kullanıcı larva göz antennal hayali disk aktifleştirilmiş onkojeni aşırı ifade edenler tarafından iyi huylu tümörler teşvik edebilecektir. Kullanıcı aynı zamanda bir hücre kutup gen için mutant hücre klonları içinde aktive edilmiş bir onkojeni aşırı ifade ile göz antennal disk invaziv tümörler teşvik edebilecektir. Tümörler kolayca bütün larvaları ya da larva vücut boşluğuna (Şekil 1) üzerinden kesilir edilmiştir sefalik k...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

RAS V12 ve karalanmış, tümör hücreleri de invaziv davranışlar sergileyen Drosophila tümör büyüme neden gibi hücre polarite genlerindeki mutasyonlar gibi bir aktive onkogen arasındaki işbirliği. Burada iyi huylu ve invaziv tümörlerin indüksiyon ve gözlem için basit bir protokol verilmektedir.

Arasında Cephalic Kompleksi Genetik İndüksiyon ve Benign ve İnvaziv vizüalizasyonun için Protokol<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila has illuminated our  understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the  past several decades and today it continues ...

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Medicine

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

9.4K Görüntüleme.  Western Kentucky University.  RAS V12 ve karalanmış, tümör hücreleri de invaziv davranışlar sergileyen Drosophila tümör büyüme neden gibi hücre polarite genlerindeki mutasyonlar gibi bir aktive onkogen arasındaki işbirliği. Burada iyi huylu ve invaziv tümörlerin indüksiyon ve gözlem için basit bir protokol verilmektedir. 

Video: A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited time. These cultured tumorspheres may exhibit markedly different cellular phenotypes when compared to the original tumors. Demonstration that cultured cells have the capability of forming new tumors is important to ensure that cultured cells model the biology of the original tumor. 
Here we present a protocol for propagating human retinoblastoma tumors in vivo using Rag2-/- immune deficient mice. Cultured human retinoblastoma tumorspheres of low passage or cells obtained from freshly harvested human retinoblastoma tumors injected directly into the vitreous cavity of murine eyes form tumors within 2-4 weeks. These tumors can be harvested and either further passaged into murine eyes in vivo or grown as tumorspheres in vitro. Propagation has been successfully carried out for at least three passages thus establishing a continuing source of human retinoblastoma tissue for further experimentation. 
Wesley S. Bond and Lalita Wadhwa are co-first authors.

A method is described to propagate human retinoblastoma tumors in mice. Tumor cells are directly injected into the eyes of immune deficient mice. Secondary tumors have been successfully established using both cells directly harvested from human tumors and cultured tumorspheres.

Bağışıklık Eksik Fare Kuruluş ve İnsan Retinoblastom Tümörler yayılımı

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

Tıp

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

Bebeklerde Serebral Metabolizma ve Hemodinamiğin Noninvaziv Optik Ölçüm

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

New therapies for two common prostate diseases, prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend critically on experiments evaluating their hormonal regulation. Sex steroid hormones (notably androgens and estrogens) are important in PrCa and BPH; we probe their respective roles in inducing prostate growth and carcinogenesis in mice with experiments using compressed hormone pellets. Hormone and/or drug pellets are easily manufactured with a pellet press, and surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the male mouse host. We also describe a protocol for the evaluation of hormonal carcinogenesis by combining subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation with xenografting of prostate cell recombinants under the renal capsule of immunocompromised mice. Moreover, subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation, in combination with renal capsule xenografting of BPH tissue, is useful to better understand hormonal regulation of benign prostate growth, and to test new therapies targeting sex steroid hormone pathways.

We describe the manufacture of compressed hormone pellets, as well as subcutaneous surgical implantation into mice. This strategy can be combined with the growth of cell and tissue xenografts under the renal capsule of athymic nude mice to evaluate hormonal carcinogenesis and regulation of benign prostate growth.

Prostat Karsinogenezde ve İyi Huylu Prostat Büyümesi ve Değerlendirilmesi için böbrek Kapsül Xenografting ve Derialtı Pelet İmplantasyonu

New therapies for two common prostate diseases,  prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend  critically on experiments ...

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

Bağışıklık Sağlam İnsan MUC1 Transgenik Farelerde İnvaziv Geçici Hücre Mesane Karsinomu indüksiyon: immünoterapi Kalkınma İçin Bir Model

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Farelerde Hızlandırılmış Ateroskleroz Indüksiyonu: "Tel-Yaralanma" Modeli

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Intravital Microscopy and Thrombus Induction in the Earlobe of a Hairless Mouse

Thrombotic complications of vascular diseases are one leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial nations. Due to the complex interactions between cellular and non-cellular blood components during thrombus formation, reliable studies of the physiology and pathophysiology of thrombosis can only be performed in vivo. Therefore, this article presents an ear model in hairless mice and focuses on the in vivo analysis of microcirculation, thrombus formation, and thrombus evolution. By using intravital fluorescence microscopy and the intravenous (iv) application of the respective fluorescent dyes, a repetitive analysis of microcirculation in the auricle can easily be performed, without the need for surgical preparation. Furthermore, this model can be adapted for in vivo studies of different issues, including wound healing, reperfusion injury, or angiogenesis. In summary, the ear of hairless mice is an ideal model for the in vivo study of skin microcirculation in physiological or pathophysiological conditions and for the evaluation of its reaction to different systemic or topical treatments.

The ear model of the hairless SKH1-Hrhr mouse enables intravital fluorescence microscopy of microcirculation and phototoxic thrombus induction without prior surgical preparation in the examined microvascular bed. Therefore, the ear of the hairless mouse is an excellent in vivo model to study the complex interactions during microvascular thrombus formation, thrombus evolution, and thrombolysis.

Bir Tüysüz fare kulak memesi içinde intravital Mikroskopi ve trombüs İndüksiyon

Thrombotic complications of vascular diseases are one leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial nations. Due to the complex interactions ...

Technique of Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice for Induction of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its progression to heart failure. In the majority of the reported investigations, this procedure is performed with intubation and ventilation of the animal which renders it demanding and time-consuming and adds to the surgical burden to the animal. The aim of this protocol is to describe a simplified technique of minimally invasive TAC without intubation and ventilation of mice. Critical steps of the technique are emphasized in order to achieve low mortality and high efficiency in inducing LVH.
Male C57BL/6 mice (10-week-old, 25-30 g, n=60) were anesthetized with a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. In a spontaneously breathing animal following a 3-4 mm upper partial sternotomy, a segment of 6/0 silk suture threaded through the eye of a ligation aid was passed under the aortic arch and tied over a blunted 27-gauge needle. Sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical preparation but without aortic constriction. The efficacy of the procedure in inducing LVH is attested by a significant increase in the heart/body weight ratio. This ratio is obtained at days 3, 7, 14 and 28 after surgery (n = 6 - 10 in each group and each time point). Using our technique, LVH is observed in TAC compared to sham animals from day 7 through day 28. Operative and late (over 28 days) mortalities are both very low at 1.7%.
In conclusion, our cost-effective technique of minimally invasive TAC in mice carries very low operative and post-operative mortalities and is highly efficient in inducing LVH. It simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal. It can be easily performed by following the critical steps described in this protocol.

The aim of this protocol is to describe step-by-step the technique of minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. By elimination of intubation and ventilation which are mandatory for the commonly used standard procedure, minimally invasive TAC simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal.

Minimal invaziv transvers aort daralma farelerde sol ventrikül hipertrofisi indüksiyon için tekniği

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

Non-invaziv Dorsiflexor kas fonksiyonu farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated insulin release. Assessment of mitophagy is challenging and often requires genetic reporters or multiple complementary techniques not easily utilized in tissue samples, such as primary human pancreatic islets. Here we demonstrate a robust approach to visualize and quantify formation of key endogenous mitophagy complexes in primary human pancreatic islets. Utilizing the sensitive proximity ligation assay technique to detect interaction of the mitophagy regulators NRDP1 and USP8, we are able to specifically quantify formation of essential mitophagy complexes in situ. By coupling this approach to counterstaining for the transcription factor PDX1, we can quantify mitophagy complexes, and the factors that can impair mitophagy, specifically within beta cells. The methodology we describe overcomes the need for large quantities of cellular extracts required for other protein-protein interaction studies, such as immunoprecipitation (IP) or mass spectrometry, and is ideal for precious human islet&#160;samples generally not available in sufficient quantities for these approaches. Further, this methodology obviates the need for flow sorting techniques to purify beta cells from a heterogeneous islet population for downstream protein applications. Thus, we describe a valuable protocol for visualization of mitophagy highly compatible for use in heterogeneous and limited cell populations.

This protocol outlines a method for quantitative analysis of mitophagy protein complex formation specifically in beta cells from primary human islet samples. This technique thus allows analysis of mitophagy from limited biological material, which are crucial in precious human pancreatic beta cell samples.

Yakınlık ligasyon assay kullanarak ınsan pankreatik Beta hücrelerinde situ Içinde endojen Mitophagy kompleksleri görselleştirme

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Rekonstrüktif Mikrocerrahide İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı Nın İnceleştirilmesinde Klinik Öncesi Sıçan Modeli

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...