This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (HL114669). CM is a recipient of a postdoctoral research fellowship grant awarded by the Myocarditis Foundation, NJ.

ETİK BEYANI: Bütün hayvan prosedürleri Laboratuar Hayvanlarının Bakımı ve Kullanımı kurallarına uygun olarak yapılmıştır ve Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. Deneysel Otoimmün Miyokardit 1. İndüksiyon <ol><li> 2 mg/1.5 ml &#39;lik bir nihai konsantrasyona kadar 1x fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su içinde Myhc-α 334-352 eritilerek peptid çözeltisi hazırlayın. </li><li> 50 ng / ul &#39;lik bir stok konsantrasyonu elde etmek üzere liyofilize PT, 50 ug içeren bir şişeye steril 1x PBS içinde 1 ml ekleyerek pertussis toksin (PT) hazırlayın. Steril bir 1.5 ml tüp içine 20 ul stok almak ve 1 ng / ul çalışan bir konsantrasyon elde etmek için steril PBS içinde 1 x 980 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, 40 mg eklenerek, tam Freund adjuvanı (CFA) hazırlayın (MTB) bir nihai konsantrasyon elde etmek için CFA 10 ml ayıklamak5 mg / ml &#39;lik. </li><li> Peptid-CFA emülsiyonu hazırlayın. NOT: EAM indüksiyonu için, peptid-CFA emülsiyon Myhc-α hayvan başına 334-352, 100 ug ihtiva eden 150 ul içinde tatbik edilmiştir. Örneğin, on farenin Myhc-α 334-352 arasında, 1 mg peptid-CFA emülsiyonun 1.5 ml aşı kullanımı için. <ol><li> Emülsiyonun 1.5 ml hazırlamak için, 750 kısım bir 1.5 ml bir tüp içinde 334-352 peptit çözeltisi Myhc-α ul ve CFA bir 1.5 ml tüp içine MTB ile takviye edilmiştir. 3 ml luer-lok şırınga kullanarak, CFA / MTB ekstresi ardından ilk olarak peptid solüsyonu, çizin. </li><li> 3-yollu bir musluğa şırınga takın ve boş bir 3 ml şırınga musluğu diğer çıkışını bağlayın. Böylece peptid-CFA karışımı, oldukça iyi bir direnç ile diğer bir şırınga akar vana açıklığını ayarlar. </li><li> ~ 1 dakika boyunca tekrar tekrar diğer bir şırınga içeriğini itme ve daha sonra ~ 3 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde tüm montaj yeri ile karıştırın. Bu tekrarlayın10x prosedürü az. </li><li> Dikkatli bir şekilde 100 ml&#39;lik bir cam çanak içinde hala su üzerinde küçük bir damlacık yerleştirerek emülsiyonun kıvamını belirler. Damlacık su içinde dağıtmak için beklenmemektedir. Eğer, istenilen kıvam elde edilinceye kadar karıştırma devam eder. </li><li> 1 ml&#39;lik şırınga ile vana bağlanmış iki 3 ml&#39;lik şırınga birini değiştirerek 1 ml şırınga luer-lok içine 3 mi gelen emülsiyon şırınga içeriğini aktarın ve 1 ml şırınga ile bir ½ 27 G iğne takılır. </li></ol></li><li> Altı ila sekiz haftalık dişi A / J fareleri (~ 75 ul her biri) iki kasık bölgesinde bölünmüş dozlarda subkutan olarak peptid-CFA emülsiyonun 150 ul enjekte edilir. </li><li> Gün 0 ve gün 2, immünizasyon sonrası, her hayvana karın içinden PT süspansiyonuna (100 ng), 100 ul uygulayın. </li><li> Deri altına t her iki tarafına bölünmüş dozlarda peptide CFA emülsiyonun 150 ul tatbik edilmesiyle 7. günde aşılama prosedürü tekrarlayıno sternum (~ 75 ul her biri). Taze olarak yukarıdaki bu emülsiyon hazırlamak. Daha sonra, 21. günde, MRM görüntüleme hayvanların maruz 3. adıma bakın. </li></ol> 2.. Hayvan Taşıma <ol><li> Sıcaklığını korumak için altına yerleştirilmiş bir ısıtma yastığı ile% 2 izofluran-hava karışımını ihtiva eden bir indüksiyon bölmesi, her fare yerleştirin ve özel olarak tasarlanmış bir hayvan sahibinin (Şekil 1) için hayvan aktarın. </li><li> Hayvan sahibinin üzerinde yüzükoyun pozisyonda hayvanın hareketsiz böylece onun burun anestezi (Şekil 1) korumak için burun konisi sığar. Fare ön dişlerine bağlı bir lokma-çubuğu ile fare baş elde edin. </li><li> Deney sırasında hayvanın vücut ısısını korumak için tarayıcının dikey deliğine sokulan çıkış hortumu ile hava üfleme ısıtıcı açın. </li><li> Tüm görüntüleme oturumu boyunca 2 ml / dk &#39;lık bir akış oranı ile% 0,5-2 izofluran ile anestezi koruyun. Onaylamakayak tutam yöntemi kullanılarak anestezi, hiçbir hareket bekleniyor. </li><li> Bir pnömatik yastık sensörü, fare kuyruğu / ayak bileği fiber optik nabız oksimetre sensörü, sırasıyla solunum, kalp hızı ve vücut ısısı, (Şekil 1) izlemek için rektal ısı probu kurmak. Not: Kalp yolluk arteriyel kan oksijen doygunluğu noninvaziv izlenmesine olanak sağlar Pulsoksimetre aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilir. Nabız oksimetre sensörü sol ayak bileğine takılı olmalı ve ayak bir iplik döngü ile güvenli ve sensör de ayak bileği korumak için bantlanmış olmalıdır. MRM görüntüleme kontrast maddelerin kullanımı olmadan solunum ve kalp sinyallerini yolluk ile elde edilir. </li></ol> 3.. Image Acquisition <ol><li> Hayvanın (Şekil 1) hazırlandıktan sonra, manyetik alan homojenlik maksimum görüş alanı (FOV) merkezinde konumlandırılmış kalp ile MRM tarayıcı merkezinde fare. NOT: A geniş çaplı(89 mm) üçlü 100 G / cm eksen geçişlerini ve 4 cm radyo frekansı (RF) görüntüleme bobin ile donatılmış 9.4 T-dikey delik mıknatıs yüksek çözünürlüklü üç boyutlu (3D) görüntü elde etmek için kullanılacak. Not: MRI tarayıcı kullanırken manyetik olmayan malzemeleri emin olun. </li><li> Görüntüleme arayüzünü çalıştırın ve &quot;Eğitim Seçenekleri&quot; menüsünden &quot;Yeni Çalışması&quot; seçeneğini seçin. Komut barda &quot;mtune&quot; yazın ve &quot;Dinle GUI&quot; yukarı çekmek için çalıştırın. Ardından &quot;Başlat Probe Melodisi&quot; seçin ve &quot;Otomatik Ölçeklendirme&quot; butonuna tıklayın. Dinle GUI RFsignal göstermek için değişecektir. Ayarlamak proton rezonans frekansına RF bobin (400 MHz), bobinin sonunda uzak ayar / maç düğmeleri kullanın. &quot;Başlat&quot; sekmesinde ilgili düğmeleri tıklayarak frekans ve güç kalibrasyonu çalıştırmak için &quot;Prescan&quot; sayfasına gidin. Layneri sayfasını yukarı çekin sekmesindeki &#39;çalışması Shim &quot;etiketinin&quot;&#39; üzerine XYZ (hızlı) tuşuna basın., Şim sayfasına gitmek yineleme tümünü seçin, ve oto shimming gerçekleştirmek için takoz düğmesine basın. </li><li> Fare kalbi lokalize görüntüleme arayüzünün &quot;Eğitim&quot; sekmesinden bir izci dizisini seçin. &quot;Edinme&quot; sekmesinde 35 mm 2 FOV değiştirmek ve makinenin varsayılan ayarları saklayın. Dizisi çalıştırmak için Başlat &#39;ı tıklatın; Kalp FOV merkezinde değilse, hayvan sahibinin konumunu ayarlamak RF bobini retune ve tekrar izci görüntüler elde. </li><li> &quot;Çalışma&quot; sekmesinde &quot;GEMS&quot; dizisi düğmesini tıklatın kısa ekseni ve kalbin 20,21 uzun ekseni boyunca iki dik uçakları almak için gelen &quot;Edinme&quot; sekmesinde toplama parametreleri girin. NOT: Bir gradyan eko taraması için tipik satın alma parametreleri şunlardır: kesit kalınlığı 1 mm; tekrarlama zamanı (TR), 200 msn; eko zamanı (TE), 2.67 msn (en az); çevirme açısı, 25 °; panellerin matris boyutu, 128 x 128; FOV, 22 mm2; satın alma sayısı, 4; ve 1 dakika ve 30 saniye yaklaşık bir satın alma süresi. </li><li> &quot;İlan&quot; sekmesinde LV anatomik ve fonksiyonel parametreleri ölçmek için nabız oksimetre kapılı kısa eksen sine MR görüntüleri toplamak için &quot;CINE&quot; dizisini seçin. Fare gezinip ve sürüklenmesi kalbin uzun eksen görünümü dayalı görüntüleme dilimlerin konumunu ve açısını ayarlayın. Gradyan eko cine dizisi elde etmek &quot;Edinme&quot; sekmesinde aşağıdaki görüntüleme parametreleri girin: TR, 500 msn; TE, 5 msn; FOV, 22 mm 2; edinimi matris, 256 x 256; kesit kalınlığı, 1 mm; satın alma sayısı, 8; kare sayısı, 6; 17 dk &#39;lık bir alma saati. Edinimi başlamak için start tıklayın. </li><li> Görüntüleme yazılımı &quot;I / O&quot; sekmesini kullanarak DICOM formatında alınan görüntüleri dönüştürme ve işleme için veri merkezine gelen dosya aktarımı. </li><li> Görüntüleme prosedürü sonunda, herow fareler filtre üst kafesleri içinde anestezi kurtarmak için. Onlar sternal yatma korumak ve gerektiğinde daha ileri çalışmalar için onları tutmak için yeterli bilince kazanmak kadar sahipsiz fareler bırakmayın. </li></ol> Kardiyak Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Mikroskopi 4. Veri Analizi <ol><li> LV 19 anatomik ve fonksiyonel parametrelerini analiz etmek Segment yazılımı kullanın. &quot;Açık Image File (s)&quot; &quot;Dosya&quot; menüsünün alt kullanarak yazılımın içine DICOM formatındaki sinema görüntüleri yükleyerek. GUI görüntü türü ve görüntü görünüm düzlem olarak &#39;kısa eksen orta-ventriküler&#39; olarak görüntüleme tekniği, &#39;Sine&#39; olarak &#39;MRGE&#39; seçiniz. </li><li> Vasıtası ile uç-diastolik ve end-sistolün için kullanılacak zaman dilimlerini belirleyin &quot;Diyastolü End güncel zaman dilimi ayarlayın&quot; ve sırasıyla &quot;Edit&quot; menüsünden menüler &quot;Sistolün End güncel zaman dilimi ayarlayın&quot;. </li><li>İlk &quot;LV&quot; komut düğmesini tıklatın ve sonra &quot;ENDO&quot; ve sağ alt panelde &quot;EPI&quot; komut düğmeleri elle sırasıyla sol ventrikül endokardı ve epikardiyumu çizmek için. Hesaplamaların doğruluğunu artırmak amacıyla gelen komut düğmesine basarak papiller kas çıkarın. </li><li> Böyle diyastolik hacim, sistolik hacim, strok hacmi ve sağ üst panelde ejeksiyon fraksiyonu gibi sayısallaştırılmış LV parametreleri okuyun. Bu duvar kalınlığı ve ventrikül çapı 22 olarak LV parametreleri ölçmek için &quot;Çeşitli&quot; komut düğmesini ve ardından &quot;Ölçme Kumpas&quot; komut düğmesini tıklatın. </li><li> Gerektiği gibi görüntüleri reprocess &#39;. Mat&#39; biçiminde Ise dahil görüntüleri kaydetmek için &quot;Dosya&quot; menüsünden &quot;Resim Yığınlar ve segmentasyonu Hem Kaydet&quot; alt menüsünü tıklayınız. </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interests were declared.

Bu çalışmada otoimmün miyokardit etkilenmiş farelerde kalp anormallikleri tespit etmek için bir non-invaziv bir araç olarak MRM prosedürü ve programı açıklanır. EAM histolojik özellikleri insanların postenfeksiyöz miyokardit benzediğinden, fare modelleri yaygın miyokard yaralanma 23-25 ​​bağışıklık mekanizmaları tanımlamak için kullanılır. Ancak, miyokardit ile etkilenen hayvanların klinik olarak normal görünür, ve tanı deneyler 7 bitiminde histoloji dayanarak y...

Kalp yetmezliği ölümlerin önde gelen nedenidir ve miyokardit genç ergenler 1 kalp yetmezliğinin bir baskın nedenidir. Miyokardit ile etkilenen hastaların çoğu asemptomatik kalır ve hastalık kendiliğinden 2 çözümlenir. Ancak, etkilenen kişilerin% 10-20 dilate kardiyomiyopati (DKMP) 3 yol açan, kronik hastalığı gelişebilir. Çeşitli hayvan modelleri miyokardit bağışıklık hastalık oluşumunun incelenmesinde geliştirilmiştir. Hastalık kardiyak miyosin ağır zincir (Myhc)-α veya bunun immünolojik olarak peptid fragmanları ya da coxsackievirus B3 4-9 gibi patojenlerle enfekte ile immünize hayvanlar tarafından miyokardit-duyarlı A / J ve Balb / c farelerinde indüklenebilir. Bu çalışma, A / J farelerinde 334-352 kaynaklı miyokardit Myhc-α içerir. Miyokard sızmaları gösteren rağmen, miyokardit etkilenen hayvanların klinik olarak normal görünüyor; Tanı iltihap 7 a için kalplerin histolojik değerlendirilmesine dayanmaktadırnd ekokardiyografi 10. Manyetik rezonans mikroskobu (MRM) dakikalık kan damarlarının seviyesine (en fazla 10 mikron çapında) fonksiyonel detayların değerlendirilmesi izin, yüksek çözünürlüklü üç boyutlu düzlemlerde ile kardiyovasküler görüntüleme elde etmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yöntemdir, ancak çözme gücü bu düzeyde , çözünürlük genellikle 1 mm 11-14 kadar elde edildiği rutin manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRI) tarama prosedürü ile elde değil. Bu hastalık sürecinin 14 erken zaman noktalarında performans parametrelerini elde etmek için de yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleri edinimine izin ve gibi MRM bir avantaj sunuyor. Klinik olarak, MRM görüntüleme yaygın hastalıklı kalp, akciğer veya beyin 15-17 işlevsel parametreleri çalışma uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, otoimmün miyokardit etkilenen A / J farelerinde kalp anormallikleri tespit etmek için invazif olmayan bir araç olarak bir MRM tekniğinin kullanımı gösterilmektedir. Özellikle, tO MRM görüntüleme sağlar gibi makul doğruluk 18 ile sol ventrikül (LV) diyastol sonu hacmi ve ejeksiyon fraksiyonu (EF) gibi fonksiyonel parametrelerin ölçümü. Ilgili parametrelerin tanımları vardır: LV son diastolik hacim, diyastolik döngüsünün sonunda sol ventrikül kan hacmi ve ejeksiyon fraksiyonu, strok hacmi / diyastolik hacmi. Veri analizi manyetik rezonans tarayıcıları 19 tarafından alınan işlem DICOM uyumlu kardiyovasküler görüntüler için geliştirilen serbestçe kullanılabilir Segment yazılım kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Veriler, sağlıklı farelerde, bu fonksiyonel parametreler karşılaştırıldığında, LV diyastol sonu hacim, strok hacmi ve ejeksiyon fraksiyonunda bir azalmaya tekabül myocarditic hayvanlarda LV duvar kalınlığında bir artış saptandı.

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noninvasive assessment of cardiac abnormalities in experimental autoimmune myocarditis by magnetic resonance microscopy imaging in the mouse

Miyokardit miyokardın iltihabıdır, ama hastalıktan etkilenen gösteri klinik belirtilerin sadece ~ 10%. Miyokard yaralanma bağışıklık olayları incelemek için, miyokardit çeşitli fare modelleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kardiyak miyosin ağır zincir (Myhc)-α A / J farelerinde 334-352 ile oluşturulan deneysel otoimmün miyokardit (EAM) dahil; etkilenen hayvanlar lenfositik miyokardit gelişebilir ama hiçbir belirgin klinik bulgular ile. Bu modelde, invazif olmayan bir yöntem olarak manyetik rezonans mikroskobu (MRM) en yarar gösterilmiştir Myhc-α 334-352 ile aşılanmış hayvanlarda kalp yapısal ve işlevsel değişiklikler tespit etmek. EAM ve sağlıklı fareler bir 9.4 T (400 MHz) 4 cm kırkayak radyo-frekans görüntüleme probu ve 100 G / cm üçlü eksen eğimleri ile donatılmış 89 mm dikey çekirdek delik tarayıcı kullanılarak görüntülendi. Kardiyak görüntüleri anima bir gradyan eko-tabanlı sine darbe dizisi kullanırken anestezi hayvanlardan elde ve edildils solunum ve pulse oksimetre ile takip edildi. Bu analiz, sağlıklı farelere göre ventriküllerin iç çapına karşılık gelen bir azalma ile, EAM farelerde ventriküler duvar kalınlığında bir artış saptandı. Veri iltihaplı kalplerinde morfolojik ve fonksiyonel değişiklikler, canlı hayvanlarda non-invaziv takip MRM ile olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Sonuç olarak, MRM ilerlemesini ve regresyon bulaşıcı maddelerin neden olduğu hastalıklarda miyokardiyal yaralanmaların, hem de tedavilere cevap değerlendirmek bir avantaj sunar.

Bu raporda, EAM ile etkilenen hayvanların kalplerinde yapısal ve işlevsel değişiklikleri belirlemek için bir non-invaziv bir yöntem olarak MRM tekniğinin yarar gösterilir. Miyokardit CFA 7 Myhc-α 334-352 ile immünize hayvanlar ile A / J farelerinde indüklenmiştir ve hayvanlar 21 gün sonrası bağışıklık on MRM deneylere tabi tutulmuştur. MRM görüntüleme üçlü eksen eğimleri (maksimum gücü 100 G / cm) ile donatılmış bir 89 mm dikey delikli mıknatıs kullanarak 9.4 T (protonlar i?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

Fare Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Mikroskopi tarafından Deneysel Otoimmün Miyokardit Kardiyak anormallikler noninvaziv değerlendirilmesi

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

noninvasive-assessment-cardiac-abnormalities-experimental-autoimmune

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Nebraska-Lincoln. This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

Video: Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

Özellik Takibi Manyetik Rezonans Türetilmiş Miyokard Gerinim Değerlendirmesi

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

Tıp

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme, Volumetrik Bilgisayarlı Tomografi ve Ultrason Kullanımı Meme Kanseri Kemik metastazı bir Nude Rat Model Angiogenezis Multi-modal Görüntüleme

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls. 	
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e. voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e. differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.	
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) basically serves as an MRI-based tool to identify in vivo the microstructure of the brain and pathological processes due to neurological disorders within the cerebral white matter. DTI-based analyses allow for application to brain diseases both at the group level and in single subject data.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların Analizi Difüzyon Tensör Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present ...

Implanting Glass Spinal Cord Windows in Adult Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adult rodents is the standard experimental model for studying autonomic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here we present a low-cost and reproducible glass window implantation protocol that is suitable for intravital microscopy and studying the dynamics of spinal cord cytoarchitecture with subcellular resolution in live adult mice with EAE. Briefly, we surgically expose the vertebrae T12-L2 and construct a chamber around the exposed vertebrae using a combination of cyanoacrylate and dental cement. A laminectomy is performed from T13 to L1, and a thin layer of transparent silicone elastomer is applied to the dorsal surface of the exposed spinal cord. A modified glass cover slip is implanted over the exposed spinal cord taking care that the glass does not directly contact the spinal cord. To reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells between the window and spinal cord, anti-inflammatory treatment is administered every 2 days (as recommended by ethics committee) for the first 10 days after implantation. EAE is induced only 2-3 weeks after the cessation of anti-inflammatory treatment.
Using this approach we successfully induced EAE in 87% of animals with implanted windows and, using Thy1-CFP-23 mice (blue axons in dorsal spinal cord), quantified axonal loss throughout EAE progression. Taken together, this protocol may be useful for studying the recruitment of various cell populations as well as their interaction dynamics, with subcellular resolution and for extended periods of time. This intravital imaging modality represents a valuable tool for developing therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as EAE.

We describe a method for implanting and maintaining glass windows over the exposed spinal cords of adult mice for studying experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These windows provide chronic optical access to the spinal cord for monitoring cell dynamics at the subcellular level in live animals using two-photon microscopy.

Deneysel Otoimmün Encephalomyelitis Erişkin Farelerde Cam Omurilik Windows&#39;u implante

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adult rodents is the standard experimental model for studying autonomic demyelinating diseases such as ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

Fare Serebral Hipoksi-iskemi sırasında Eşzamanlı PET / MR Görüntüleme

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.

The goal of this protocol is to noninvasively assess cardiac structural and functional changes in a mouse model of heart disease created by transverse aortic constriction, using B- and M-mode echocardiography and color/pulse wave Doppler imaging.

Ekokardiyografik Imaging tarafından Enine Aort Konstrüksiyon Mouse Modeli Kardiyak Morfolojik Değerlendirilmesi ve Fonksiyonel Değişiklikler

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.

Here, we describe a light-sheet microscopy approach to visualize the cardiac CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate in a murine model of aseptic fulminant myocarditis, which is induced by the intratracheal diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c.DTR mice.

Bir Fulminan Miyokardit Modelinde Işık Yeri Mikroskopisi İle Lökosit İnfiltrasyonunun Nicel Görselleştirilmesi

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla

CMR at an ultra-high field (magnetic field strength B0&#160;&#8805; 7 Tesla) benefits from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage inherent at higher magnetic field strengths and potentially provides improved signal contrast and spatial resolution. While promising results have been achieved, ultra-high field CMR is challenging due to energy deposition constraints and physical phenomena such as transmission field non-uniformities and magnetic field inhomogeneities. In addition, the magneto-hydrodynamic effect renders the synchronization of the data acquisition with the cardiac motion difficult. The challenges are currently addressed by explorations into novel magnetic resonance technology. If all impediments can be overcome, ultra-high field CMR may generate new opportunities for functional CMR, myocardial tissue characterization, microstructure imaging or metabolic imaging. Recognizing this potential, we show that multi-channel radio frequency (RF) coil technology tailored for CMR at 7 Tesla together with higher order B0 shimming and a backup signal for cardiac triggering facilitates high fidelity functional CMR. With the proposed setup, cardiac chamber quantification can be accomplished in examination times similar to those achieved at lower field strengths. To share this experience and to support the dissemination of this expertise, this work describes our setup and protocol tailored for functional CMR at 7 Tesla.

The sensitivity gain inherent to ultrahigh field magnetic resonance holds promise for high spatial resolution imaging of the heart. Here, we describe a protocol customized for functional cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at 7 Tesla using an advanced multi-channel radio-frequency coil, magnetic field shimming and a triggering concept.

7 Tesla, kardiyak manyetik rezonans görüntüleme

CMR at an ultra-high field (magnetic field strength B0&#160;&#8805; 7 Tesla) benefits from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage inherent at higher ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

Faz kontrast manyetik rezonans görüntüleme sıçan ortak karotis arter

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Miktar Levator Ani aradan genişleme tarafından kadın ve erkek pelvik Organ prolapsusu ile manyetik rezonans görüntüleme

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...