This work was supported by a grant from the NIH. The assays shown in Figure 1 was performed by Dr. Joseph Fasolo. We thank Dr. Rui Chen for helpful comments.

1. Probe Hazırlık <ol><li> Kültür ve aşağıdaki gibi diğer proteinler ile etkileşimini incelemek için kullanılmıştır V5 füzyon kinaz probları saflaştırılması: <ol><li> Taze çizgili maya suşu Y258 kullanın (MATa pep4-3, his4-580, ura3-53, leu2-3,112) (GATEWAY vektör pYES-DEST52 ifade edilen) V5-füzyon proteini içeren. Mikrodiziler üzerinde prob olarak izole edilmiş proteini kullanın. Sentetik tam-urasil (Sc-Ura) /% 2 dekstroz / Agar maya Plate ve dondurulmuş kültürünün (-80 ° C gliserol stoku) 3 gün boyunca 30 ° C&#39;de büyütülmüştür. </li><li> Tek bir koloniden başlatıcı kültürleri (5.20 mi) aşılamak ve 30 ° C &#39;de platformun (220-250 rpm) veya tekerlek çalkalama SC-Ura /% 2 dekstroz içinde bir gece boyunca büyür. </li><li> Ertesi sabah, bir nihai OD 0.1 600 yeterli starter kültür ile Sc-Ura /% 2 rafinoz kültürünün 400 ml aşılamak. </li><li> 0.6 600 V5-kinaz fu galaktoz indüksiyon ardından OD inokulantlar büyütünyon şekilde galaktoz nihai konsantrasyonu,% 2, 3 kat endüksiyon ortamı seyreltilmesi için yeterli eklenerek,% 6 galaktoz ile takviye edilmiş 3x Maya Özü / Pepton (YEP) içindeki bir çözeltisi ilave edilerek ifade yapısı. </li><li> Bir çalkalama platformu üzerinde 6 saat boyunca 30 ° C&#39;de hücre neden. Uygun havalandırma sağlamak için 2 L Erlenmeyer şişesi kullanın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 1000 x g&#39;de hücre süspansiyonu 400 ml eğirme bir JA-10 (ya da eşdeğeri) bir rotor kullanılarak hasat hücreleri. </li><li> Buz, 50 ml soğuk PBS tamponu ve 50 ml konik tüp transferi ile bir kez hücreler yıkanır. Liziz tüpleri kapaklı ek ml 2 liziz ve transferi için kullanılan (deterjanlar veya diğer katkı maddeleri hariç), buz gibi soğuk PBS tamponu içinde yeniden pelet yıkayın. </li><li> Bir pelet ve bir pipet uzaklıkta tamponu, 4 ° C&#39;de 1 dakika boyunca 20,000 xg&#39;de hücreleri dönerler. </li><li> Buz üzerinde tüpler yerleştirin ve parçalama adımla devam edin. </li><li> Lyse hücreleri (250-350 ul pelet) 0 ile1: 1 .5 mm zirkonyum boncukları hücre peleti, taneler, ve fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) içinde 1 hacim 4 ° C &#39;de 2 dakika aralıklarla tampon ve vorteks ajitasyon platformunu 3 kez kullanılarak karışımın lizis. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca masa üstü mikrofüj içinde 20,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin lizat. </li><li> Pipet polikarbonat yüksek hızlı santrifüj tüpüne süpernatan ve 4 ° C&#39;de 150,000 x g&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca ulracentrufugation berrak hale getirilmelidir. </li><li> Histidin yakalamak için 4 ° C&#39;de 2 saat süreyle nutator önceden yıkanmış Ni2 + afinite reçinesi (~ 100 ul) ihtiva eden bir tüpe açıklık lizat aktarın ve inkübe (His) 6X V5-füzyon proteinini etiketli. </li><li> Yıkama Tamponu ile 4 ° C &#39;de 10 dakika süre ile, reçineyi üç defa yıkanır. 4 ° C&#39;de 1000 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca masa üstü bir santrifüj kullanılarak reçine pelet ve süpernatan aspire. Her yıkama için taze yıkama tamponu ekleyin ve yıkama esnasında tüpü ajitasyon için Nutator döndürür. </li><li> Yıkama ste sonraps tamamlandı, elüsyon için yeni bir G-25 kolonuna yıkanır reçineyi uygulayın. </li><li> 9 fraksiyonların toplam 50 mm&#39;lik artışlarla 500 mM imidazol, 100 mM imidazol ile başlayan aşamalı bir şekilde elüsyon tamponu 25 ul uygulanır. </li><li> Sodyum dodesil sülfat poliakrilamid jel kullanılarak toplanan fraksiyonları deneyi (SDS-PAGE) ve deneyde kullanım için en fazla zenginleştirilmiş bölüm (ler) i tespit ve -80 ° C &#39;de% 30 ve saklamak için gliserol ekleyin Coomassie boyaması, kullanılıncaya kadar deneyi. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Diziler Probing NOT: tahlili başlamadan önce antikor çözeltisi hazırlamak için bu bölümün aşamasını 2.6 bakınız. <ol><li> Etkileşimlerini tespit etmek için, numune tamponu içinde 260 ng / ml&#39;ye kadar V5-florofor konjuge antikor (örneğin, AlexaFluor 647) sulandırılır ve çalkalama ile iyice karıştırın. NOT: kullanımı ve nutat üzerine tüp yerleştirmek için 30 dakika kala bu antikor çözüm hazırlayında tekerlek tam karıştırma ve antikor homojen bir süspansiyon sağlamak. </li><li> 5-500 ug / ml&#39;lik bir konsantrasyon aralığı üzerinde V5-füzyon proteini probu ile seyreltilir. Not: Prob tamponu kullanılarak, her bir protein-protein etkileşimi deneyi için optimize edilmiştir. Optimizasyon tampon soruşturma daha sondalar ekleyerek içerir. Tipik olarak 10 ug / ml başlangıç ​​noktası olarak kullanılır ve sinyal gücüne göre uygun şekilde ayarlanır. </li><li> Dondurucu (-20 ° C), elde edilen protein mikrodizileri çıkarın ve kullanımdan hemen önce buzdolabında 4 ° C&#39;ye getir. </li><li> Sızmasını önlemek için parafilm ile üst protein micorarrays içeren slayt sahibine doğrudan engelleme tampon ekleyin ve kapsamaktadır. 4 ° C &#39;de bir sahne üzerinde 50 rpm&#39;de çalkalanarak 1 saat boyunca bloke edici tampon içinde dizileri bloke eder. </li><li> Bloke edildikten sonra, 4 ° C&#39;ye soğutulmuş, nemlendirilmiş bir odacıkta diziler transferi, doğrudan dizi yüzeye seyreltilmiş prob 90 ul ekle. Arr Yerleşimi1.5 saat boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de nemlendirilmiş bir haznede lekelenmiştir yükseltilmiş bir kaldırma kayma ays ve statik inkübe (bir çalkalama). </li><li> Üç 50 ml konik tüpler prob tamponunda 1 dakika her diziler 3 kere yıkayın. Tamamen slayt zarf yeterli önceden soğutulmuş prob tampon içeren konik tüplere slayt ekleyin. Kaldırıcı kayma yavaşça protein mikroarray (bu dizi yüzeyine zarar görmesine neden olabilir gibi onu zorlamayın) kapalı slayt izin verin. </li><li> Hemen önce olduğu gibi yükseltilmiş kaldırıcı kayma yıkama (adım 2.5) ve bindirme tamamladıktan sonra diziye doğrudan antikor çözümü uygulayın. Nemlendirilmiş bir odada 4 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca inkübe edin dizileri. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca masa üstü santrifüjü içinde 800 xg&#39;de 50 ml konik bir tüp içinde, aynı yıkama (prob tampon maddesi içinde 3 kez 1 dakika) daha önce olduğu gibi adımı, ve spin gerçekleştirin. 647 nm dizi taramadan önce 30 dakika süreyle karanlıkta bir slayt tutucu dizileri Hava kurutun. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Protokol başlangıçta in vivo 1&#39;de yeni kinaz etkileşim ağlarının tanımlanmasında elde edilen maya protein kinazların farklı ve ilgili ailelerdeki bağlanma aktivitesini karşılaştırmak için 85 benzersiz bir maya protein kinaz-V5 füzyon proteinleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi kullanarak verilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan bir proteomik profilleme teknolojisi olarak, Yüksek Çıkan (SDP) peptid kütüphaneleri ve ökaryotik ve prokaryotik model organizmaların 8,17 dayan...

Protein biyokimya ve in vivo bağlanma faaliyeti küresel analizlerini gerçekleştirmek için gerek protein-protein etkileşimlerini (PPIs) ve bütün proteomlarda 1,3-8 arasında post-translasyonel modifikasyonlar profil için yeni yöntemlerin geliştirilmesine yol açmıştır. Protein mikrodizileri antikorları 10,11 ihtiva 4-6,8,9 tam uzunlukta fonksiyonel proteinleri kullanılarak fonksiyonel bir protein mikrodizilerinin veya analitik protein mikrodizilerinin olarak imal edilir. Bunlar 12 analiz, geniş kapsamlı biyokimyasal iletmek için gereken deney koşulları çeşitli kolaylaştırmak için yüzey kimyaları çeşitli mikroskop lamları üzerine dizilmiş, proteinlerin yüksek yoğunluklu içeren tasarlanmıştır. Bu tür diğerleri 13 arasında afinite eki için His-etiketli proteinler ve glutatyon takmak için nikel şelatlı slaytlar olarak lizin veya afinite eki yöntemleri ile kimyasal bağlanması için nitroselüloz ve aldehit yüzey kimyaları. </p&gt; protein-protein etkileşimleri tespit etmek için fonksiyonel protein mikrodizilerinin kullanımı yüksek kaliteli, fonksiyonel bir protein kitaplığına 14 erişim gerektirir. S. cerevisiae yüksek verimli kromatografik saflaştırma teknikleri protein takılı yapılar yüksek kopya afinitesi eşleştirme yoluyla bu tür bir kütüphane üretilmesi için müsait olan. Maya genomunun büyük bir çoğunluğu dizilenmiştir ve neredeyse tüm proteom saflaştırma için yüksek kopya plazmid eksprese edilebilir ve biyokimyasal 12 analiz eder. Proteinler elde edilir ve 384 oyuklu formatta dizilmiş sonra, bunlar, hızlı paralel çok parametre biyokimyasal analizler ve biyoinformatik sorgulama 8,14-16 sağlayan bir mikroskop lamı üzerine basılır. Protein mikrodizileri diğer birçok uygulamalar arasında proteinler, lipidler, küçük moleküller, ve nükleik asitler ile enzimatik deney ve etkileşimleri için kullanılmıştır. proteomun yüzeyi üzerinde proteinlerin erişilebilirlikdiziler de dahil olmak üzere, analitik tespiti farklı immün afinite onları müsait hale plazmon rezonansı, floresans ve pek çok başka teknik yüzeyler. Ayrıca, in vivo yapmak zor olabilir deneysel koşul ince kontrol sağlar. Bu protokolün amacı, protein-protein etkileşimleri tespit etmek için fonksiyonel protein mikrodizilerinin uygun kullanımını göstermektir. Bu uygulama, ilgi konusu bir yüksek ölçüde saflaştırılmış analiti (protein) kullanılarak protein bağlanma faaliyetleri, yüksek verimli, paralel biyokimyasal analiz sağlar. Bir C-terminali (ucu karboksi) ilgi V5-füzyon yem proteini, protein saflaştırma için optimize edilmiş bir maya suşunda bir yüksek kopya plazmid elde edilir etiketli. C-terminali etiketleme tam boyda bir protein çevrildi sağlar. Bu çalışmada kullanılan protein His6X etiketi ile nikel afinite reçinesi kullanılarak saflaştırılır Tda1-V5 füzyon protein kinaz vardır. Tda1-V5 füzyon konstrüksiyont tahlilinde kullanım için en fazla zenginleştirilmiş fraksiyonu elüt edilmesi için bir imidazol gradyanı kullanılarak, seri elüsyon yoluyla saflaştırılır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="855">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td>NC-10747</td>
			<td>or comparable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0217-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto peptone</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0118-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0140-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Raffinose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>R0514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Galactose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G0750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Sc-Ura drop out media</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Bio</td>
			<td>114410622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Small Culture tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Large Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge JA-10 rotor</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge tubes (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Falcon tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td>21008-951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PBS Tablets</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Tubes(2ml screw cap tube)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Machine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">116004500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Zircon Beads</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11079105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Triton X100</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:267px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S3014&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Imidazole (pH = 7.4)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>I5513&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>93482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Complete Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA Free)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11873580001</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">sigma</td>
			<td>P2850</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A1852&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Shaking Incubator (30 &#176;C)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nickel Affinity Resin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R901-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">G25 column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GE life sciences</td>
			<td>27-5325-01&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nutator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">SDS-PAGE Gel (NuPage)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Coomassie Blue Stain</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R960-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Alexa647 Tagged monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>451098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Protein Microarrays Kit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PAH0525013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Genepix Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Lifter Slips</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">http://www.thomassci.com/Supplies/Microscope-Cover-Glass/_/LIFTER-SLIPS/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:267px;">Lysis Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 
			2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF&#160; (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS (0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M potassium chloride, 0.137 M sodium chloride; pH 7.4) to obtain the desired volume of lysis solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Blocking Buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1% Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS to obtain the desired volume of blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:267px;">Probe Buffer: 2 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.05% Triton X-100, 50 mM NaCl,500 &#956;M ATP (for kinases), 1% BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:267px;">Wash Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4),2 mM MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:267px;">Elution Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 &#8211; 500 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Before you begin, it is important to note the concentration gradient of imidazole (50 &#8211; 500 mM) and to create separate tubes for each concentration (it is advisable to create the interval using 50 mM increments). Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:267px;">3x YEP +6% galactose: Dissolve 30 g of yeast extract and&#160; 60 g of peptone in 700 ml of H2O, and autoclave. Add 300 ml of filter sterilized 20% galactose (wt/vol)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;galactose should not be autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

probing high-density functional protein microarrays to detect protein-protein interactions

~ 4200 rekombinant maya proteinleri içeren yüksek yoğunluklu fonksiyonel bir protein mikrodizileri okuması için V5-epitop etiketi ihtiva eden bir afinite saflaştınldı maya kinaz füzyon proteini kullanılarak kinaz, protein-protein etkileşimleri için incelenir. Saflaştırılmış kinaz bir kinaz-V5 füzyon GAL uyarımlı promotör altında yapıyı içeren bir plazmid yüksek kopya protein üretimi için optimize edilmiş bir maya suşu kültürü ile elde edilir. maya,% 2 galaktoz ile endüksiyon ile, ardından 6 saat boyunca nötr bir karbon kaynağı ile kısıtlayıcı ortamda yetiştirilir. Daha sonra, kültür hasat edilir ve kinaz deneyinde kullanılmak için yüksek ölçüde saflaştırılmış protein kinaz elde etmek üzere standart afinite kromatografik teknikleri kullanılarak saflaştırılır. Saflaştırılmış kinaz deneyi için uygun bir aralığı, kinaz tamponu ile seyreltilir ve protein mikro-dizileri, protein önce mikroarray ile hibridizasyon için bloke edilir. Hibritlemeden sonra, diziler monoklonal V5 antib ile sondalandıODY kinaz-V5 proteiniyle bağlanmış proteinleri belirlemek için. Son olarak, diziler, standart bir mikrodizi tarayıcısı kullanılarak tarandı ve veriler, in vivo aşağı doğru doğrulama için protein etkileşimleri belirlenen yüksek bir güven belirlemek için alt bilişim analiz 1,2 ekstre edilir.

Protein-protein etkileşimi aktivitesi Tda1-V5 protein kinaz füzyon yaklaşık 4,200 özgü S. ihtiva eden bir maya fonksiyonel bir protein mikrodizi karşı bir yem protein olarak inşa değerlendirmek için standart bir çipli okuyucu kullanılarak gözlenmiştir cerevisiae GST-füzyon proteinleri. GenePix yazılımı ile ayrıntılı sorgulama değişen şiddetlerde olayları bağlayıcı bir sürü gösterdi. afinite hedefine (V5-kinaz) bağlı bir monoklonal V5-Florofor konjuge antikor türetilen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Neredeyse tüm S. içeren protein mikrodiziler kullanarak cerevisiae proteom paralel protein-protein etkileşimleri, binlerce hızlı tarafsız sorgulama için incelenir. Bu yöntem, protein-küçük molekül, translasyon sonrası modifikasyon ve yüksek verimlilik Diğer tahliller için kullanılabilecektir.

Yüksek yoğunluklu Fonksiyonel Protein mikrodizileri Probing Protein-protein Etkileşimleri Algılama

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

probing-high-density-functional-protein-microarrays-to-detect-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.9K Görüntüleme.  Stanford University.  Neredeyse tüm S. içeren protein mikrodiziler kullanarak cerevisiae proteom paralel protein-protein etkileşimleri, binlerce hızlı tarafsız sorgulama için incelenir. Bu yöntem, protein-küçük molekül, translasyon sonrası modifikasyon ve yüksek verimlilik Diğer tahliller için kullanılabilecektir. 

Video: Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) for full-length transmembrane proteins. To this end, our lab developed the split-ubiquitin based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) system. This technology allows for the sensitive detection of transient and stable protein interactions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host organism. MYTH takes advantage of the observation that ubiquitin can be separated into two stable moieties: the C-terminal half of yeast ubiquitin (Cub) and the N-terminal half of the ubiquitin moiety (Nub). In MYTH, this principle is adapted for use as a 'sensor' of protein-protein interactions. Briefly, the integral membrane bait protein is fused to Cub which is linked to an artificial transcription factor. Prey proteins, either in individual or library format, are fused to the Nub moiety. Protein interaction between the bait and prey leads to reconstitution of the ubiquitin moieties, forming a full-length 'pseudo-ubiquitin' molecule. This molecule is in turn recognized by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes, resulting in cleavage of the transcription factor, and subsequent induction of reporter gene expression. The system is highly adaptable, and is particularly well-suited to high-throughput screening. It has been successfully employed to investigate interactions using integral membrane proteins from both yeast and other organisms.

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

MYTH allows the sensitive detection of transient and stable interactions between proteins that are expressed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been successfully applied to study exogenous and yeast integral membrane proteins in order to identify their interacting partners in a high throughput manner.

Split-Ubiquitin Dayalı Membran Maya İki Hybrid (MİT) Sistemi: protein-protein etkileşimleri belirlenmesi için güçlü bir araç

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput ...

Biyoloji

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of methodological options for addressing molecular interactions in cells have been developed, but most of these methods suffer from being rather indirect and therefore hardly quantitative. On the contrary, a few high-end quantitative approaches were introduced, which however are difficult to extend to high throughput. To combine high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information, we recently developed a new concept for identifying protein-protein interactions (Schwarzenbacher et al., 2008). Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the design and the construction of this system which allows for analyzing interactions between a fluorophore-labeled protein ("prey") and a membrane protein ("bait") in-vivo. Cells are plated on micropatterned surfaces functionalized with antibodies against the bait exoplasmic domain. Bait-prey interactions are assayed via the redistribution of the fluorescent prey. The method is characterized by high sensitivity down to the level of single molecules, the capability to detect weak interactions, and high throughput capability, making it applicable as screening tool.

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

This video shows experiments with subsequent analysis of protein-protein interactions by the use of micro-patterned surfaces. The approach offers the possibility to detect protein interactions in living cells and combines high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information.

Mikro desenli Yüzeyler, protein-protein etkileşimleri-vivo Algılama

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

Görüntüleme Protein-protein etkileşimleri In vivo</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

Dayanarak protein-protein etkileşimleri ve kimliği için bir protokol<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; K Metabolik Etiketleme, immünopresipitasyon, Kantitatif Kütle Spektrometrisi ve Affinity Modülasyon

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama akışı Sitometrik Analizi: Protein-protein etkileşim Eğitim Bir Yüksek Verimli Kantitatif Yöntemi

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

Kimyasal Dolayımlı Türler arası etkileşimleri tespit etmek Coculture kullanma

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

Tütün protoplastlarında ve Yapraklar Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama tarafından Visualized protein-protein etkileşimleri

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

Biyoparlaklık Rezonans Enerji Transferi kullanma Canlı Hücrelerde Protein-protein etkileşimleri araştıran

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

Peptit Diziler protein-protein etkileşim Siteleri belirlenmesi

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by providing improved methodology for the identification of inhibitors for such binding sites and which represent the majority of potential drug targets. The main goal of this paper is to provide a methodological overview of the use and application of the REPLACE strategy which involves computational and synthetic chemistry approaches. REPLACE is exemplified through its application to the development of non-ATP competitive cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. CDKs are frequently deregulated in cancer and hence are considered as important targets for drug development. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclin A in S phase has been reported to promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells in a p53 independent manner through the E2F1 pathway. Targeting the protein-protein interaction at the cyclin binding groove (CBG) is an approach which will allow the specific inhibition of cell cycle over transcriptional CDKs. The CBG is recognized by a consensus sequence derived from CDK substrates and tumor suppressor proteins termed the cyclin binding motif (CBM). The CBM has previously been optimized to an octapeptide from p21Waf (HAKRRIF) and then further truncated to a pentapeptide retaining sufficient activity (RRLIF). Peptides in general are not cell permeable, are metabolically unstable and therefore the REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) strategy has been applied in order to generate more drug-like inhibitors. The strategy begins with the design of Fragment ligated inhibitory peptides (FLIPs) that selectively inhibit cell cycle CDK/cyclin complexes. FLIPs were generated by iteratively replacing residues of HAKRRLIF/RRLIF with fragment like small molecules (capping groups), starting from the N-terminus (Ncaps), followed by replacement on the C-terminus. These compounds are starting points for the generation of non-ATP competitive CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics.

We describe implementation of the REPLACE strategy for targeting protein-protein interactions. REPLACE is an iterative strategy involving synthetic and computational approaches for the conversion of optimized peptidic inhibitors into drug like molecules.

Aracılığıyla DEĞİŞTİR Protein-protein etkileşimleri İnhibitörlerinin Geliştirilmesi: Tasarım ve Geliştirme Olmayan ATP Rekabetçi CDK inhibitörleri Uygulama

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by ...