Name: physical, chemical and biological characterization of six biochars produced for the remediation of contaminated sites
Uploaded: 2014-11-28T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the Government of Canada&#8217;s Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) Applied Research and Commercialization Extension to Queen&#8217;s University (Dr. Allison Rutter and Dr. Darko Matovic). Sincerest thank you to Burt&#8217;s Greenhouses (Odessa, ON) for providing the biochars. Special thanks to Yuxing Cui of the CBRN Protection Group at RMC and staff of the ASU and Zeeb Lab for their ongoing support.

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Protokolde belirtilen yöntemlerin tümü, dikkatli bir şekilde doğrulanır ve geniş bir topraklar için kullanılmıştır. Biyokömür karakterizasyonu henüz emekleme aşamasında olduğu gibi, karbon-zengin substrat için bu yöntemlerin etkinliği büyük ölçüde bilinmeyen oldu. Bu yöntemler kendileri yeni olmamasına rağmen yüzden, rutin biyokömür karakterize etmek için bunların bir uygulamadır. Kalite güvence / kalite kontrol açısından, tespit sınırlarının altında olan boşlukları veya sta...

Biochar organik madde 1 pirolizi sırasında üretilen bir C-zengin yan ürünüdür. Faiz, hem kamuya ve akademik, topraklara biyokömür ekleyerek, toprak kalitesi ve bitki büyümesini 2, 3 geliştirmek için yeteneği kaynaklanıyor, sürdürülebilir atık aynı anda sunan alternatifler iken karbon 4, ve SORB zararlı kirleticiler 2, 3, 5-7 çekilmek piroliz ile yönetim ve enerji üretimi. Biochars farklı piroliz sistemleri aracılığıyla dünya çapında çok sayıda şirket ve kuruluşlar tarafından üretilmektedir. Biyokömür üretimi için kullanılan malzemeler odun yongaları, hayvan gübresi ve inşaat atıkları 1 arasında (bunlarla sınırlı değildir). Bu farklılıklar dolayısıyla, substratları geliştirmek uzun vadeli istikrarı teşvik etmek ve sorpsiyon yeteneklerini artırmak için yeteneklerini biochars &#39;fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerini değiştirmek ve beklenmektedir. Buna ek olarak, piroliz işlemi sırasında biyokömür may istemeden kontamine hammaddelerin veya uygunsuz piroliz koşulları sonucunda metaller, PAH ve PCB ile kirlenebilir. Bu nedenle, biyokömür bir toprak ıslah çevreye büyük bir ölçekte uygulanabilmesi için, Uluslararası Biochar Girişimi önerdiği kir, özgül yüzey alanı, katyon değiştirme kapasitesi, solucan kaçınma ve çimlenme ve diğerleri için biochar dikkatlice karakterize edilmesi (IBI) yapılmalıdır. 2013 yılında, ilk Standart Ürün Tanımı ve biyokömür fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri için standartlar belirleyen Biochar, Ürün Test Kuralları, yayınlanan ve kamuya açık yapıldı. Araştırma Odessa ticari sera üretilen bu biyokömür göstermiştir, ON, Kanada ölçüde yoğun bozulmuş toprak ve sorb kalıcı organik kirleticiler gibi PCB 2, 3 gibi (KOK) bitki büyümesini artırmak için yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu biyokömür üçten üretilmiştirüretilen ısı, kış aylarında sera işlemi ısıtmak için kullanılan bir kazan sistemi ile farklı besleme stokları (yani organik madde kaynakları). Bu çalışma karakterizasyonu bir biyokütle kazanında biochar üretimi ile ilişkili verilerin ve bir toprak ıslah olarak biochar kullanımını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı iyice fiziksel, kimyasal ve Standart Ürün Tanımı ve Ürün Testleri Kuralları (Versiyon 1.1) (2013) yılında IBI tarafından belirlenen standartlara göre altı biochars biyolojik özelliklerini karakterize etmektir. Bu özellikler tarım değişiklikler her biochar performansı ve kirletici SORB yeteneklerine, mümkünse, bağlı olacaktır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Biochar</td><td>Burt&#039;s Greenhouses</td><td></td><td>All six biochars were produced at Burt&#039;s Greenhouses via BlueFlame Boiler system</td></tr><tr><td>NaOAc</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E124-4</td><td>Dissolving 136.08 g of NaOAC&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O in 750 ml distilled, deionized water (DDI water)</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A38-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS284-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A416P4</td><td>80% IPA: 800 ml IPA with 200 ml DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A649500</td><td>Dissolving 5.35 g NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl into 1 L DDI water.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Alumminum Drying Pan</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-732-110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drying Oven</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>508N0024</td><td>200 &amp;deg;C for 2 hr.</td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-595A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler</td><td>1113032410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saturating Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex</td><td>Barnstead/Thermolyne</td><td>871000536389&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>International Equipment Company</td><td>24372808</td><td>3,000 x g for 5 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Rinsing Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Ricca Chemistry Company)</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conductivity Meter</td><td>WESCAN</td><td>88298</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Replacing Solution</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ICP-AES</td><td>Varian</td><td>EL00053841</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASAP 2000 Surface Area Analyser&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cavlon</td><td>885</td><td>Degassing at 120 &amp;deg;C for a minimum of 2 hr.</td></tr><tr><td>Muffle Furnace</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>806N0024</td><td>Heat for 16 hr covering at 420 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>pH Meter</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1230185263</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>2288926</td><td>4.7 mm sieve being at the top.</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve Skaker</td><td>Meinzer II</td><td>0414-02</td><td>Shake for 10 min.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Sulphate</td><td>VWR</td><td>EM-SX0761-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ottawa Sand</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S23-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soxhlet Apparatus</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>09-557A</td><td>4&amp;nbsp;hr at 4&amp;ndash;6&amp;nbsp;cycles/hr.</td></tr><tr><td>DCBP</td><td>Suprlco Analytical</td><td>48318&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>40042-40855-U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph Micro 63 Ni ECD</td><td>Agilent</td><td>US00034778</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Helium</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-NIT1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-HEL1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mortor and Pestle</td><td>Fisher Scientific (CoorsTeh)</td><td>12-948G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>351288212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 40 Filter Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td><td>09-845A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quartz/Nickel weigh boats</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-474-210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMA-80</td><td>ATS Scientific</td><td>5090264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98&amp;#8211;99% Formic Acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>33015-1L</td><td>1 L volumetric filled to 750 ml with DDI water add 20 ml formic acid and fill to volume with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator</td><td>Fisher Sientific</td><td>15338284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotating Shaker</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific (Innova 2100)</td><td>14-278-108</td><td>1 hr at 200 rpm.</td></tr><tr><td>No. 42 Filter Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td><td>09-855A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WhirlPacks</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R55048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophospahte</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>181525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 M KCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P282100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>03-337-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PX05115</td><td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Colour Reagent</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>361028260</td><td>Allow to warm up to room temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Colorimeter</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-642-400</td><td>Turn on to let the lamp warm up and run for 5 min.</td></tr><tr><td>ASEAL Auto Analyzer 2</td><td>SEAL</td><td>4723A12068</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liquified Phenol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>MPX05115</td><td>Alkaline Phenol: Measure 87 ml of liquefied phenol into 1-L volumetric filled 2/3 with DDI water. Add 34 g NaOH, make up to volume with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S318-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Bleach</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td>Hypochlorite Solution: Using 100-ml graduated cylinder measure 31.5 ml of commercial bleach and fill to 100 ml with DDI water.</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH Pellets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S320-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disodium EDTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E5124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hyprchlorite</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS290-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton (10%)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP151-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Nitroprusside</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S350-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Salts</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A637-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenoxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC388611000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eisenia Fetida</td><td>The Worm Factory</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spade</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bucket</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potting Soil</td><td>Retail Store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avoidance Wheel</td><td>Environment Canada</td><td></td><td>Constructed by a modified design from Environment Canada&amp;rsquo;s Acute Avoidance Test.</td></tr><tr><td>Alumminum Foil</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>01-213-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-757-11</td><td>8.5 cm in diameter.</td></tr><tr><td>Pumpkin Seeds</td><td>Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td><td>2055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alfalpha Seeds</td><td>Ontario Seed Company (OSC)</td><td>6675</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge Tubes (30 ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>22-038-906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beakers (50&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>02-540G</td><td>Oven dry at 105 &amp;#176;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Beakers (30&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>20-540C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Erlenmeyer Flasks (125&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>S76106C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Volumetric Flask (100&amp;nbsp;ml)</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Pyrex)</td><td>10-211C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Estuarine Sediment</td><td>National Insititute of Standards</td><td>1546A</td><td>Standard Reference Material</td></tr><tr><td>Bleach</td><td>Clorox Ultra (5&amp;#8211;10% sodium hypochlorite)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

physical, chemical and biological characterization of six biochars produced for the remediation of contaminated sites

biochar fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri mümkün özel fonksiyonlar (örneğin karbon haciz, toprak kalitesi iyileştirmeleri, ya da kirletici soğurma) ile biochars mühendisi yapım, hammadde kaynakları ve üretim koşullarına bağlı olarak değişir. 2013 yılında, Uluslararası Biochar Girişimi (IBI) onların Standart Ürün Tanımı ve biochar fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri standartlarını belirlemek Ürün Test Kuralları (Versiyon 1.1) kamuya açık yaptı. Üç farklı hammaddelerden ve iki sıcaklıkta yapılan altı biochars bir toprak ıslah olarak kullanımları ile ilgili özellikleri için analiz edildi. Protokol besleme malzemelerinden üretilebilir ve biochars analizini tarif eder ve aşağıdakileri içerir: katyon değiştirme kapasitesi (MSK) özgül yüzey alanına (SSA), organik karbon (OC) ve nem yüzdesi, pH, parçacık boyutu dağılımına sahiptir ve ve elementel analizi. Ayrıca besleme malzemelerinden üretilebilir ve biochar analizleri protokolde de tarifpolisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH), poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB), metaller ve cıva gibi besinlerin (azot gibi fosfor, nitrit ve nitrat ve amonyum) dahil olmak üzere kirletici s. protokol aynı zamanda biyolojik test prosedürleri, solucan kaçınma ve çimlenme deneyleri kapsamaktadır. Kalite güvence / kalite kontrol (QA / QC) boşlukları, çiftleri, standartlar ve referans malzemelerin sonuçları dayanarak, tüm yöntemler biyokömür ve besleme maddeleri ile kullanım için yeterli belirlendi. Tüm biochars ve besleme stokları IBI tarafından belirlenen kriter içinde iyi ve inşaat atık malzemelerden üretilen biochar durumlar dışında biochars arasında küçük farklılıklar vardı. (Alt biochar olarak anılacaktır) bu biyokömür arsenik, krom, bakır ve kurşun yüksek düzeyde olması kararlı ve solucan kaçınma ve çimlenme testleri başarısız oldu. Bu sonuçlara göre, eski biyokömür karbon s için bir toprak ıslah olarak kullanım için uygun olmazequestration, substrat kalite iyileştirmeleri veya iyileştirme.

IBI 13 tarafından belirlenen kriterlere bir karşılaştırma da dahil olmak üzere tüm sonuçların bir özeti Tablo 1 (özet), 2 (Yeni, Yüksek, Düşük, Üçüncü Hammadde ve Yüksek 2 biochars) ve 3 (Eski biyokömür) bulunabilir. 2012 ve 2013 (Tablo 2) kullanılan tüm biochars ve besleme stokları IBI tarafından belirlenen kriter içinde iyi ve biochars arasında küçük farklılıklar vardı. Alt biyokömür (Tablo 3),</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites at JoVE.com

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Biochar sürdürülebilir alt-tabaka kalitesi ve emdirmek kirletici karbon, tecrit geliştirmek yeteneğine sahip bir toprak ıslah olarak kullanılan bir C-zengin bir malzemedir. Bu protokol ortamında bu değişikliklerin büyük ölçekli uygulama öncesinde gerekli biochar karakterizasyonu için kullanılan 17 analitik yöntemler anlatılmaktadır.

Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve için üretilen Altı Biochars Biyolojik Karakterizasyonu Kontamine Siteleri İyileştirilmesi

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

physical-chemical-biological-characterization-six-biochars-produced

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

35.0K Görüntüleme.  Royal Military College of Canada.  Biochar sürdürülebilir alt-tabaka kalitesi ve emdirmek kirletici karbon, tecrit geliştirmek yeteneğine sahip bir toprak ıslah olarak kullanılan bir C-zengin bir malzemedir. Bu protokol ortamında bu değişikliklerin büyük ölçekli uygulama öncesinde gerekli biochar karakterizasyonu için kullanılan 17 analitik yöntemler anlatılmaktadır. 

Video: Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

Single-plant, Sterile Microcosms for Nodulation and Growth of the Legume Plant Medicago truncatula with the Rhizobial Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Rhizobial bacteria form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of compatible host legume plants. One of the most well-developed model systems for studying these interactions is the plant Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong A17 and the rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Repeated imaging of plant roots and scoring of symbiotic phenotypes requires methods that are non-destructive to either plants or bacteria. The symbiotic phenotypes of some plant and bacterial mutants become apparent after relatively short periods of growth, and do not require long-term observation of the host/symbiont interaction. However, subtle differences in symbiotic efficiency and nodule senescence phenotypes that are not apparent in the early stages of the nodulation process require relatively long growth periods before they can be scored. Several methods have been developed for long-term growth and observation of this host/symbiont pair. However, many of these methods require repeated watering, which increases the possibility of contamination by other microbes. Other methods require a relatively large space for growth of large numbers of plants. The method described here, symbiotic growth of M. truncatula/S. meliloti in sterile, single-plant microcosms, has several advantages. Plants in these microcosms have sufficient moisture and nutrients to ensure that watering is not required for up to 9 weeks, preventing cross-contamination during watering. This allows phenotypes to be quantified that might be missed in short-term growth systems, such as subtle delays in nodule development and early nodule senescence. Also, the roots and nodules in the microcosm are easily viewed through the plate lid, so up-rooting of the plants for observation is not required.

Single-plant, Sterile Microcosms for Nodulation and Growth of the Legume Plant Medicago truncatula with the Rhizobial Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Growth of Medicago truncatula plants in symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti in individual, sterile microcosms made from standard laboratory plates permits frequent examination of root systems and nodules without compromising sterility. Plants can be maintained in these growth chambers for up to 9 weeks.

Nodülasyona ve Baklagil Bitki Büyüme için tek-bitki, Steril Mikrokozmoslar<em&gt; Medicago truncatula</em&gt; Rhizobial Symbiont ile<em&gt; Sinorhizobium meliloti</em

Rhizobial  bacteria form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of compatible host  legume plants.  One  of the most well-developed model systems ...

Çevre

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

Biyoenerji Üretimi Entegre Anaerobik Sindirim ve Hidrotermal karbonizasyon Değerlendirilmesi

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

Bitkisel Hücreler Hedefli lizis ile Çevre Örneklerden endosporlar Fiziksel İzolasyonu

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Suda Pestisitlerin İzleme Karakterizasyonu ve Pasif Numune Uygulama

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as char and soot. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment due to its long persistence, and its abundance might even increase with the projected increase in global wildfire activity and the continued burning of fossil fuel. PyC is also increasingly produced from the industrial pyrolysis of organic wastes, which yields charred soil amendments (biochar). Moreover, the emergence of nanotechnology may also result in the release of PyC-like compounds to the environment. It is thus a high priority to reliably detect, characterize and quantify these charred materials in order to investigate their environmental properties and to understand their role in the carbon cycle.
Here, we present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, which allows the simultaneous assessment of PyC&#39;s characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) on a molecular level. The method is applicable to a very wide range of environmental sample materials and detects PyC over a broad range of the combustion continuum, i.e., it is sensitive to slightly charred biomass as well as high temperature chars and soot. The BPCA protocol presented here is simple to employ, highly reproducible, as well as easily extendable and modifiable to specific requirements. It thus provides a versatile tool for the investigation of PyC in various disciplines, ranging from archeology and environmental forensics to biochar and carbon cycling research.

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

We present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for assessing pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the environment. The compound-specific approach uniquely provides simultaneous information about the characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) of PyC.

Karakterizasyon, benzen polikarboksilik asitler kullanılarak Pirojenik karbon miktarının ve Bileşik özgü izotopik Analizi (BPCA)

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as ...

Kimya

Büyük Bir Biyokömür Fırınının İşletilmesi ve En İyi Uygulamaların Uygulanması

Big Box Biochar Kiln Operation and Best Practices

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This approach is based on technology used by charcoal makers for centuries but with a modern, mechanized approach. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. This article will outline Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs. 
Biochar production requires a low oxygen burning environment, and the Big Box kilns use a flame-cap (sometimes referred to as a flame-curtain) method to burn material with limited smoke production. These kilns have been designed to be easily transferred to the site using an adequately rated trailer. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. The author is not aware of a more accessible means for people to sequester durable carbon on the farm, ranch, or in the backyard. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs.

Biochar Üretimi için Big Box Biochar Fırınının Kurulumu

The Utah Biomass Resources Group (UBRG) has scaled-up simple biochar kilns in an innovative approach to hazardous fuel reduction and biochar production using metal boxes, called Big Box kilns, that allow for in-woods biochar production. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln operation and best practices.

Big Box Biochar Fırın Çalışması ve En İyi Uygulamalar

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This ...

Yerinde biyokömür üretimi yoluyla karbon tutma ve toprak iyileştirme

Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to avoid expensive and carbon-intensive processing (chipping) and transportation costs, is to process it onsite. However, conventional burn piles have destructive impacts on forest soil and provide no benefits other than fuel reduction. Converting forest slash to biochar onsite has many ecological advantages over the current practice of slash disposal by incineration in burn piles, including reduced soil heating and particulate emissions, along with multiple benefits of the biochar to forest soil health and water holding capacity when left in place. Making biochar onsite in the woods is a way to return a pyrogenic carbon component to forest soils that has been missing due to the recent history of fire suppression. Biochar is also a leading method of carbon removal and sequestration for climate change mitigation. In this study, we document a method for making biochar using a portable biochar kiln. This low-cost method utilizes hand crews equipped with water for quenching kilns before the biochar burns to ash. Simple techniques for quantifying and characterizing the biochar produced are incorporated into the method for the purpose of measuring impact and qualifying for carbon removal certificates to help pay for the cost of the work. We describe the CM002 Component Methodology that provides standardized procedures for the quantification of GHG benefits during three stages of the process: waste biomass sourcing, biochar production, and biochar soil application. The CM002 Methodology is based on international best practices, including the most recent VCS methodology VM0044 Standards and EBC C-Sink Artisan Standards. Reliable quantification methods utilizing appropriate safety factors are the first essential step toward eligibility for carbon removal finance.

Yazar Spot Işığı: Ormancılıkta odunsu döküntü yakma için yerinde biyokömür üretimi 

New methods for disposing of forestry slash piles in place produce pyrogenic carbon for restoring forest soil health and for carbon removal and sequestration. Here, we present a biochar production method integrating a new carbon removal accounting methodology and a digital application.

Portatif alev kapaklı fırınlar kullanarak ormanda biyokömür üretmek, karakterize etmek ve ölçmek

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to ...

Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve için üretilen Altı Biochars Biyolojik Karakterizasyonu Kontamine Siteleri İyileştirilmesi

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Big Box Biochar Fırın Çalışması ve En İyi Uygulamalar

Big Box Biochar Fırın Çalışması ve En İyi Uygulamalar

Big Box Biochar Fırın Çalışması ve En İyi Uygulamalar

Portatif alev kapaklı fırınlar kullanarak ormanda biyokömür üretmek, karakterize etmek ve ölçmek

Portatif alev kapaklı fırınlar kullanarak ormanda biyokömür üretmek, karakterize etmek ve ölçmek