This work was funded by start-up funds provided to Dr. Silviya Zustiak by Saint Louis University as well as by a President&#8217;s Research Fund (PRF) grant awarded to Dr. Silviya Zustiak by Saint Louis University. We thank Naveed Ahmed and Keval Shah for technical assistance.

Hidrojel-ilişkili Çözümleri ve Alikot 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Poliakrilamid jel ön-madde çözeltisinin hazırlanması. <ol><li> Akrilamid, (A) karıştırılarak poliakrilamid jel ön-madde solüsyonu hazırlayın (w / v% 40, E r 71,08 g / Mol) ve çapraz bağlayıcı bisakrilamid (B), (a / h% 2, E 154,17 g / mol r), ve tespit edilen Tablo 1 &#39;de belirtilen hacim yüzdeleri ile iyonize su. NOT: Bu çözümler büyük partiler halinde hazırlanır ve birkaç aya kadar 4 ° C &#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. <ol><li> DİKKAT: Akrilamid inhalasyon veya sindirim üzerine toksik olan, özellikle toz biçiminde olduğunda: bu durumda, tercihan, toksisite riskleri azaltmak / v solüsyonu ağırlık% 40 kullanılır. Eldiven, gözlük, ve bir laboratuvar önlüğü gibi, koruyucu giysiler giyerek sadece süre taşıyınız. Buzdolabında bir ışık dayanıklı, sıkıca kapalı bir kapta saklayın (&lt;23 ° C, bölgeyi iyi havalandırılmış). </li><li> DİKKAT: Bis-akrilamid, özellikle, inhalasyon ya da sindirim üzerine toksikzaman toz biçiminde: bu durumda, tercihan, toksisite riskleri azaltmak / v solüsyonu% 2 w kullanılır. Eldiven, gözlük, ve bir laboratuvar önlüğü gibi, koruyucu giysiler giyerek sadece süre taşıyınız. Buzdolabı (&lt;4 ° C, iyi havalandırılmış alan) bir ışık dayanıklı, sıkıca kapalı bir kapta saklayın. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Hazırlama ve N -Sulfosuccinimidyl-6- (4&#39;-azido-2&#39;-nitrofenilamino) heksanoat kullanım bölümü (Sülfo-SANPAH, E 492,40 g / mol r). DİKKAT: Sulfo-SANPAH Ciddi göz tahrişine neden olur; eldiven ve uygun göz ve yüz koruması ile anlaştım. Mağaza aldıktan sonra -20 ° C&#39;de ve önceki şişelemeden. <ol><li> Sülfo-SANPAH saklamak için: 50 mg / ml dimethylsulfoxane (DMSO) içinde Sülfo-SANPAH çözülür. Tüp başına 20 ul 50 mikro santrifüj tüplerine stok çözeltisi alikosu. Kuru buz veya sıvı azot içinde hızlı dondurma -80 ° C&#39;de ve mağaza (maksimum çapraz bağlayıcı verimliliği korumak için bir seçime bağlı, fakat tercih edilen bir aşaması). NOT: tümbölenler can birkaç ay boyunca saklanabilir. </li><li> Sülfo-SANPAH kullanmak için: kısım kısaca çözülme ve deiyonize su içinde 480 ul seyreltin. Hemen kullanın. Sulfo-SANPAH suda hızlı hidrolize: bu nedenle hızlı bir şekilde yukarıdaki tüm adımları gerçekleştirmek için dikkat çekmek. </li></ol></li><li> Amonyum persülfat (M r 228,18 g / Mol) alikotları hazırlanması. NOT: Amonyum persülfat göz, cilt ve solunum tahriş olmasına neden olur. Işlerken uygun kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanın. Bir kimyasal davlumbaz amonyum persülfat tozu Kolu. Kuru, iyi havalandırılan bir yerde saklayın tozu. Aliquoted sonra, seyreltik çözelti çalışma tezgahı üzerinde kullanılabilir. <ol><li> Ağ / hac% 10&#39;luk bir nihai amonyum persülfat konsantrasyonu elde etmek için deiyonize su içinde amonyum persülfat çözülür. -20 ° C&#39;de kısım ve mağaza. Kullanımdan hemen önce çözülme. </li></ol></li><li> Kolajen Tip I çözeltisinin hazırlanması. <ol><li> Böylece stok seyreltilmesi ile 0.2 mg / ml kollajen çözüm hazırlayınpH 7.4 1 x fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS) içinde dökülmesinden. Buz kısaca Mağaza veya seyreltme üzerine hemen kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hidrojel Hazırlık (Şekil 1&#39;e bakın) <ol><li> Hidrofobik cam slaytların hazırlanması. <ol><li> Bir cam plaka üzerine bir hidrofobik çözeltisinin bir kaç damla yerleştirin ve yüzey boyunca yaymak için kağıt mendil kullanmayın. Hava kurumasını bekleyin ve hidrofobik kaplama bile dışarı tekrar kağıt mendil ile silin. NOT: oda sıcaklığında bir yanıcı kabine saklayın hidrofobik bir çözüm. Kullanırken kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanın. Iyi havalandırılan bir alanda çalışın. </li></ol></li><li> Esnek plastik destek hazırlanması. <ol><li> Hidrofobik kaplı cam plakanın boyutuna uyacak şekilde esnek plastik desteği kesti. </li><li> Hafifçe böyle bir neşter gibi keskin bir aletle yüzeyi çizilmeye esnek plastik destek hidrofobik yan işaretleyin. NOT: jel kez - tamamen şeffaf - kurur, Çizikleri esnek plastik destek tarafı jel içeren ayırt yardımcı olacaktır. Not: esnek plastik destek, bir hidrofobik ve hidrofilik bir tarafa sahiptir. Bir kez yatırılır, poliakrilamid kalıcı kolay sonraki hidrojel kullanımını kolaylaştırır plastik desteğin hidrofilik tarafına yapışır. </li></ol></li><li> Jel Hazırlanması (örneğin, miktarlar 5 ml jel prekürsör çözeltilerinde için verilmiştir). Not: jel başlangıç ​​kalınlığı, 0.5 mm olduğunda 5 mi ~ 40 jeller üretmek için yeterli olacaktır. Jel kalınlığı azalır, daha fazla jeller elde edilebilir. <ol><li> 50 ml&#39;lik konik bir tüp içinde arzu edilen nihai konsantrasyonu (Tablo 1) poliakrilamid ön-madde çözeltisi 4972,5 ul koyun. Açılan bir kapakla 30 dakika boyunca bir gaz tahliye açıklığının yerleştirin. NOT: Oksijen serbest radikal tuzak gibi davranır ve mevcut, polimerizasyonu inhibe eder. </li><li> Amonyum persülfat ağ / hac% 10, 25 ul ekle nihai elde etmek için (1.3 noktasına bakınız)% 0.05 amonyum persülfat konsantrasyonu. </li><li> N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-tetrametiletilendiamin 2.5 ul ekle% 0.5 bir son TEMED konsantrasyon elde etmek için gazı giderilmiş jel çözeltisine (TEMED, E 116,24 g / mol r). NOT: Mağaza TEMED oda sıcaklığında bir yanıcı kabine içinde. Uygun kişisel koruyucu ekipman giyen zaman kimyasal davlumbaz taşıyınız. Bu yüksek ölçüde hava ve neme duyarlı olduğu gibi sıkı bir atıl gaz altında kapalı tutun. </li><li> 5 kez - aşağı yukarı 3 pipetleme ve hafifçe karıştırın çözüm. Jel habercisi çözüm içine oksijen difüzyon önlemek için vorteks etmeyin. </li><li> Hidrofobik kaplamalı cam slayt ile esnek plastik destek ve sandviç hidrofilik yüzüne jel çözümü Pipet. Istenilen kalınlıkta (örneğin, 0.5 mm), silikon ayırıcılar ile iki slayt ayırın. Jelleşme bir göstergesi olarak kullanmak için 50 ml konik bir tüp içinde bir polimer ön-madde ile az bir miktar (~ 100 ul) bırakın. NOT:Herhangi bir boşluk kullanılabilir. 120 um - Örneğin, Parafilm tek bir şerit, bir son 100 şişmiş jel kalınlığı sağlar. </li><li> Polimerizasyon üzerine düz bir hidrojel yüzeye tespit esnek plastik destek / jel sandviç üstüne başka bir cam plaka yerleştirin. </li><li> Arzu edildiği takdirde daha az zaman daha yüksek bir ağırlık% &#39;si arasında jeller için kullanılabilir olmasına rağmen, jel, 45 dakika boyunca polimerize olsun. Jel polimerize olduğunu tespit etmek için, 50 ml konik tüp içinde kalan çözümü gözlemlemek; Geri kalan çözelti, jel ise, o zaman cam plaka üzerine jelasyon de başlatılmıştır olasıdır. Bununla birlikte, kalıp erken açılması tam bir polimerizasyonu engellemek unutmayın. </li><li> Jel oluşturulduktan sonra, üstte kovalent bağlı bir poliakrilamid jeli ile esnek plastik destek soyulabilir ve kuru hava jel tarafı yukarıya ayarlanır. Not: konveksiyon veya sıcak kurutma bu basamağını hızlandırmak için kullanılabilir. Esnek plastik destek üzerine kurutulmuş sonra, jel deposu olabilirsüresiz d. <ol><li> Poliakrilamid jeller kabarcıkları nedeniyle formu vermedi esnek plastik desteği, herhangi bir çıplak noktalar işaretleyin. Jel kuruduktan sonra bu esnek plastik desteği ile uyum gibi işaretle jel hala sulu ise. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. multiwell plaka Meclisi, Kollajen Kaplama ve Sterilizasyon <ol><li> Multiwell plakası montaj. <ol><li> Bir kez kurutulduktan sonra, arzu edilen şekillerde PA jeller kesti. <ol><li> 96 oyuklu bir plaka için, ~ 6 mm bir çapı olan bir ağır-iş delik kullanımı. Kare veya dikdörtgen şekiller halinde jeller kesmek için bir ağır kağıt kesici kullanın. Seçenek olarak ise, makas kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Üreticinin talimatlarına uygun olarak 96-çukurlu plaka başına PDMS yaklaşık 500 ul hazırlayın. Çok oyuklu bir plaka tabanına jeller tutkal için, her bir göze merkezinde küçük damlacık polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS), (± 5 ul) yerleştirin. Forseps kullanarak, bir poliakrilamid yerleştirinaşağı her iyi, esnek plastik destek tarafında e jel. PDMS, tedavi, 4 saat, en az 37 ° C &#39;de Prefabrik levha bırakmak için izin verilmesi. </li></ol></li><li> Poliakrilamid jellerin Kollajen kaplama. <ol><li> Bir transfer pipet, küçük bir miktar koyun - sülfo-SANPAH (7 8 ul) jel yüzeyi eşit şekilde kaplamak için yanlara iyi ve girdap her (1.2.2 noktasına bakınız). Sülfo-SANPAH suda stabil olmadığından derhal çalışın. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca - (365 nm, yoğunluk = 37 mW λ = 302), yüksek yoğunluklu UV lambası altında plaka yerleştirin. Aşırı sülfo-SANPAH kaldırmak için PBS ile jeller durulayın. </li><li> 50 ul 0.2 mg Pipet / ml kolajen Tip I çözelti, her oyuğa (1.4 noktasına bakınız). 4 ° C&#39;de en az 2 saat ya da O / N, oda sıcaklığında kapalı plaka bırakın. NOT: kolajen kaplama sürecini hızlandırmak için, bir transfer pipet kollajen çözümü eklemek için kullanılabilir. Genellikle, 1 - çözümün 2 damlacıkları tamamlamak için yeterli olmalıdırly jel yüzeyini kaplayan. </li><li> Kollajen bağlanmasını sağlamak üzere, en az 2 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında plaka bırakın. </li><li> 2 saat boyunca bir doku kültür başlığı içinde fazla kolajen çözeltisi çıkarın ve UV (λ = 200 nm) altında sterilize etmek için PBS ile durulayın. </li><li> Nemlendirmek ve dengelenmeye O / N (orta bileşim için bölüm 4.1 bakınız) tam orta jeller bekletin. Hücre kadar 2 gün boyunca buzdolabında hemen veya mağaza ekim için kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol> Pensilvanya Sertlik Testi 4. Hücre Tohumculuk Not: ortak memeli hücre çizgileri için tipik olmakla birlikte, bu bölümde tarif protokolü özellikle meme kanseri MDA-MB-231 hücre çizgisi ile birlikte kullanılır (bakınız Şekil 4 ve 5). <ol><li> 37 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca,% 5 tripsin / EDTA maruz bırakılarak doku kültür şişesi ile ilgili hücreler toplanır. Kültür şişesi alanının her cm 2 başına tripsin / EDTA ~ 80 ul kullanın; Örneğin fo tripsin / EDTA 2 ml kullanmakra T25 hücre kültürü şişesi. Yeniden askıya arzu edilen bir nihai hücre konsantrasyonunda% 10 cenin sığır serumu (FBS) ve% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ile desteklenmiş tam ortam içinde toplanan hücreler. Hesap zamanı iki katına hücrenin yanı sıra hücreler tahlil numaralı seribaşı olacak zamanın uzunluğu dikkate alındığında, uygun bir alt birleşik hücre konsantrasyonunu seçin. Eklenen ortam tamamen hidrojeller batığın için yeterli olduğundan emin olun. Not: hidrojeller ortam içinde önceden-dengelenmiş olan bu yana yeterli olmalıdır 100 ul hacim (3.2.6 aşama bakınız). Jeller, önceki adımda ortam içinde önceden-dengelenmiş olan bu yana çukurlu bir levha için kullanılan tipik ortam hacimleri için yeterli olmalıdır. NOT: deney herhangi bir bağlantı bağımlı bir hücre tipi için uygun olacaktır. <ol><li> Bir hemasitometre kullanarak bir ters mikroskop altında hücre sayısı. Yük 10 her hemasitometre portuna hücre süspansiyonu ul ve en az 8 kadran hücre sayısını ortalama. Almak içinNihai hücre konsantrasyonu, 10 4 hücre sayısını çarpın. NOT: Her hemasitometre kadranda hücre sayısı 20 olduğunda iyi hücre sayımı sonuçları elde edilir - 50. </li></ol></li><li> Kültür, 37 ° C&#39;de, nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde PA sertlik deneyi üzerine hücre ve% 5 CO2. 3 gün - her 2 ortamı değiştirmek. 5 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de% 5 tripsin / EDTA maruz bırakılarak gerektiğinde hücreler toplanır. Doku kültür şişesi cm2 tripsin / EDTA ~ 80 ul kullanın. Biraz yanlara çukurlu plaka devrilme ve hidrojel dokunmadan aksine, her bir yan duvarına üzerine pipet dokunarak aspire veya pipet orta: Tüm hücre manipülasyon adımları sırasında, özel hidrojel yüzeyi bozmayacak özen gösterin. NOT: standart doku kültürü taşıma sırasında hidrojel yüzeye zarar vermemeye özel özen dışında, hücreler üzerinde seribaşı sanki sertlik deneyi aynı şekilde manipüle edilebilir üzerine numaralı seribaşınormal bir çok-yuvalı plaka. </li></ol> Pensilvanya Sertlik Testi üzerine Tohumlu Hücre 5. Görüntüleme <ol><li> Doğrudan PA sertlik deneyi Görüntü hücreleri. NOT: Herhangi bir mikroskop - ters, floresan veya konfokal, hücre görüntüleme için kullanılabilir. Not: sertlik deneyi oluşturmak için kullanılan esnek bir plastik destek tamamen saydam olan ve autofluoresce veya hücre görüntüleme ile karışmaz. Bununla birlikte, esnek plastik desteğin kendisi şeffaf olsa bile, görüntüleme yetenekleri amacı çalışma mesafesi ile sınırlı olacaktır. Esnek plastik destek keskin yüksek büyütme için azalan, 0.23 mm kalınlığında ve 10X objektif bir tipik çalışma mesafesi ~ 4 mm vardır. <ol><li> Canlı hücre görüntüleme için, mikroskop plaka tutucu ve görüntüde pozisyon PA sertlik deneyi. 2 saat altında görüntüleme oturumları tutun, ya da daha uzun görüntüleme kez bir çevre odasına sahip bir mikroskop kullanmak. </li><li> Ne zaman canlı hücre imyaşlanma amaç değil,% 0.1 deterjan ile takviye% 4 formaldehit çözeltisi içinde hücreler düzeltmek. 2 saat içinde en az oda sıcaklığında sabitleyici hücreleri bekletin. PBS ile iki kez durulayın. Belirlenmiş bir çöp bidonuna sabitleyici atık atın. Not: Hücreler hemen görüntülenebilir ya da 2 hafta süre ile, 4 ° C&#39;de PBS içinde batık saklanan. DİKKAT: Formaldehit Teneffüs ve temas halinde toksiktir. Bir kimyasal davlumbaz eldiven kullanınız. NOT: Belirli fiksatifler bazı hücre proteinlerini zarar nedeniyle Hücre tespit protokolü, daha sonra hücre boyama ve işleme protokolleri dayalı seçilmelidir. </li><li> Floresan görüntüleme için, leke multiwell plaka doğrudan istenen hücre boyası ile hücrelerin sabit. Görüntü hemen. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Başlangıçta elektroforez için geliştirilen Poliakrilamid jeller, 28 şimdi rutin hücre morfolojisi, hareketliliği ve diğer hücre özellikleri arasındaki iletişimi 3,24,29 tarihinde substrat sertlik etkilerini incelemek için hücre kültürü substrat olarak kullanılır. (Şekil 2, Tablo 1 &#39;de referans 17,25,26 bakınız) polimer ön-madde konsantrasyonu basit bir değişiklikle - (300 kPa 0.3) 1 Poliakrilamid alt-tabaka sertliğinin manipülas...

Vücutta en dokular ~ 1 GPa arasında bir elastisite modülüne sahiptir 0.1 kPa ila yumuşak kıkırdağın 100 kPa beyin, ancak, in vitro hücre araştırmalarında en doku kültür polistiren (TCP) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir arasında değişen bir Young modülüne sahip yumuşak viskoelastik malzemelerdir . 1 Bu sertlik uyumsuzluğu ölçüde hücreler çevrelerine cevap şeklini etkiler. Araştırma artan vücut, 2,3 kök hücreler de dahil olmak üzere. Bunun sonucunda 4 farklı hücre tiplerinin kaderi üzerinde tabaka sertlik etkisi açıklık böylece adanmış, birden hidrojeller sertlik-bağımlı hücre anlaşılmasına yardım için geliştirilmiştir Yüzey sertliği hücre kaderi üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu kanıtlar büyürken poliakrilamidin (PA), 5-7 polietilen glikol (PEG), 8,9 polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS), 10 ve aljinat içeren biyoloji. 11, en ​​çalışmalar yürütülmektedir s az sayıda küçük ölçekliörnekleri şunlardır:. Hücre tipleri veya çevresel koşullar nadir bir dizi için substrat sertlik etkisi sistematik, çok boyutlu çalışmalar. 12 Çok ümit vaat eden yüksek verimli hidrojel teknolojisi PEG-bazlı microarrays, sertlik microrods çapı ve yüksekliği ile modüle edilen agaroz hidrojel mikro, 14 ya da mikro ve nano çubuklar üretim için 13 mikroakışkan cihazlar da dahil olmak üzere, geliştirilmiştir. 15 Ancak , teknolojileri, yüzeyler sofistike ve laboratuvarların sınırlı sayıda mevcuttur hazırlamak. Sertliği modüle hücre yanıtları kapsayan pek çok araştırma uygulanması, aynı zamanda Young&#39;ın modülü, yani 0.3 fizyolojik olarak uygun bir aralığı gösteren sadece ucuz ve basit değildir, poliakrilamid (PA) jelleri kullanan -. 300 kPa 16-22 Ancak, PA imalatı için yöntem Mevcut Hücre kültürü için jeller, emek yoğun ve dolayısıyla hazırlık vardırKüçük gruplar halinde ared. Hücre alt-tabakalar olarak PA jellerin hazırlanması ile ilgili zorluklardan bazıları jeller hazırlanacak olması şartı kaynaklanmaktadır: 1) oksijen yokluğunda tam polimerizasyona olanak sağlamak için, 2), düz ve pürüzsüz bir yüzeye sahip tek tip hücre olanak sağlamak üzere eki ve yayma, ve 3) kalıcı yüzen önlemek için hücre kültürü çanak altına yapıştırılmıştır. Çeşitli gruplar, büyük gruplar halinde hücre kültürü için PA jeller üretmek için çalıştılar. Semler ve diğ., Bir delikli zımba ile daha sonra &quot;kesme&quot; ve 96 oyuklu plakalara yerleştirildi PA jeller hazırlanmış kalın levhalar. 23 Bununla birlikte, bu yöntem, katı jeller, örneğin,&gt; 1 kPa bir Young modülü de, yumuşak, çünkü sınırlıdır jeller, kesmek zor, ve kolayca zarar &quot;yapışkan&quot; bulunmaktadır. MIH ve diğ., Jeller, doğrudan bir cam alt oyuklu bir plaka içinde polimerize edilmesini sağlar, daha gelişmiş bir teknik geliştirdi. <skadar&gt; 6 Bu fonksiyonlaşmış cam alt tabak içine jel çözümleri dökme ve özel coverglass dizi ile &quot;sandviç&quot; tarafından jeller oluşturarak elde edildi. 6 olsa çok umut verici, hafif kenar etkileri hala bu teknikle gözlendi. Ayrıca, teknik, birçok laboratuvarlar yanı sıra pahalı cam alt çukurlu plakalara hemen erişilebilir bir özel tasarlanmış bir dizi gerektirir. Bu kağıt kolayca herhangi bir laboratuar tarafından kabul edilebilir bir multiwell plaka PA jeller araya için basit ve ucuz bir şekilde anlatılmaktadır. Itici PA jeller olan bir hidrofobik on, ve kovalent birikmesi üzerine PA jel bağlayan hidrofil bir on, - Burada, esnek bir plastik destek iki tarafı sahip olan kullanılır. PA jel yaprak esnek plastik bir desteğe tespit sürekli yatırılır ve sonra, herhangi bir kalınlığı ya da sertlik jeller kullanım ve arzu edilen herhangi bir şekil olarak kesilmesi mümkün kılar. Bu yakloach bir PA bağlayıcı çözelti ile, cam lamelleri ya da pahalı cam alt çukurlu plakaların kuyu ya aksi takdirde piyasada mevcut değil boyutlarda özel plastik &#39;lamelleri&#39; üreten, aynı zamanda cam yüzeyler-tedavi öncesi gerekliliğini ortadan kaldırır sadece sıkıcı ve zaman alıcı bir adım. Son olarak, tek tip PA jeli yaprak büyük partiler halinde hazırlandı ve birkaç ay süreyle de hidratlanmamış saklanabilir. Özetle, burada sunulan tahlil çeşitli yönleriyle mevcut yöntemlere göre bir gelişmedir. İlk olarak, çok oyuklu bir plaka montaj işlemi verimli ve gerekli malzemelerin toplam maliyeti düşüktür. İkinci olarak, hidrojeller tek bir homojen jel, film içinde büyük partiler halinde üretilmektedir. Son olarak, ticari olarak temin edilebilir, yalnızca malzeme gerekmektedir. Analizin yarar hücre morfolojisi üzerinde alt-tabaka sertliğinin etkisinin incelenmesi ve alan yayılması ile görüntülenmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="898">
	<tbody>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Reagents</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">40% Acrylamide</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">161-0140</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">2% Bis-acrylamide</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">161-0142</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Ammonium Persulfate</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">TEMED</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">T9281</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Sulfo-SANPAH</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Collagen Type 1, from Rat tail, 3.68 mg/mL</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">354236</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hydrophobic solution - Repel Silane&#160;</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">PBS (1x), pH 7.4</td>
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			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Polydimehylsiloxane (PDMS) [Slygard 182 Elastomer Kit]</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">3097358-1004</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tyrpsin/EDTA (10x)</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">44174</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">RPMI-1640 Medium (1x)</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">SH30027-02</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SH30073-03</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1670046</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Detergent - Triton-X</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">T8787</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Formaldehyde 37% Solution</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">F1635</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">BSA-based cell adhesion blocking kit - ECM Cell Adhesion Array Kit</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Chemicon International</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ECM540</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Disposable lab equipment</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">flexible plastic support - GelBond PAG Film for Polyacrylamide Gels</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">309819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Glass Plates</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Slumpys</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GBS4100SFSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">50 mL Conicals</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3181345107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">15 mL Conicals</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Micro centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">2 mL: 02681258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">96-well plate (flat bottom)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">12565501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:303px;">Disposable Pipettes (1 mL, 2mL, 5mL, 10mL, 25 mL, 50mL)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1 mL: 13-678-11B, 2mL: 05214038, 5mL(FALCON): 357529, 10mL: 13-678-11E, 25mL: 13-678-11, 50mL: 13-678-11F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Glass Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5 3/4&#34;: 1367820A, 9&#34;:136786B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette Tips (1-200uL, 101-1000uL)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">2707509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Plastic Standard Disposable Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">13-711-9D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">PARAFILM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">PM992</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Powder Free Examination Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Quest</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">92897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Silicone spacers - Silicone sheet, 0.5 mm thick/13 cm x 18 cm</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Grace Bio-Labs</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JTR-S-0.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Large/non-disposable lab equipment</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Light and Flourescent Microscope (Axiovert 200M)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3820005619</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope Software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AxioVision Rel. 4.8.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">UV oven</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">UVITRON</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">UV1080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Vacuum chamber/degasser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">BelArt</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">999320237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Vacuum pump for degasser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">KNF Lab</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5097482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tissue Culture Hood</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NUAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NU-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Chemical Fume Hood</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">KEWAUNEE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">99151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Inverted Microscope (Axiovert 25)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">663526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NUAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NU-8500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette Aid</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Drummond Scientific Co.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">P-76864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bright-Line</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">383684</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple polyacrylamide-based multiwell stiffness assay for the study of stiffness-dependent cell responses

Currently, most of the in vitro cell research is performed on rigid tissue culture polystyrene (~1 GPa), while most cells in the body are attached to a matrix that is elastic and much softer (0.1 &#8211; 100 kPa). Since such stiffness mismatch greatly affects cell responses, there is a strong interest in developing hydrogel materials that span a wide range of stiffness to serve as cell substrates. Polyacrylamide gels, which are inexpensive and cover the stiffness range of all soft tissues in the body, are the hydrogel of choice for many research groups. However, polyacrylamide gel preparation is lengthy, tedious, and only suitable for small batches. Here, we describe an assay which by utilizing a permanent flexible plastic film as a structural support for the gels, enables the preparation of polyacrylamide gels in a multiwell plate format. The technique is faster, more efficient, and less costly than current methods and permits the preparation of gels of custom sizes not otherwise available. As it doesn&#8217;t require any specialized equipment, the method could be easily adopted by any research laboratory and would be particularly useful in research focused on understanding stiffness-dependent cell responses.

Poliakrilamid (PA) hidrojelleri yaygın sertlik bağımlı hücre tepkileri test etmek için kullanılır. 17,24 akrilamid, (A) ve bis-akrilamid (B) bir çok yumuşak dokuların sertlik aralığı içinde yayılan PA jeller yapabilir çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda karıştırarak gövde - 0.3 -.. Burada 300 kPa Young modülü 1 Bununla birlikte, bunlar, poliakrilamid jellerin hazırlanması sıkıcı ve zaman genellikle, örneğin, ilaç tarama gibi &quot;yüksek verim&quot; uygulamalarda faydaların...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple Polyacrylamide-based Multiwell Stiffness Assay for the Study of Stiffness-dependent Cell Responses at JoVE.com

Simple Polyacrylamide-based Multiwell Stiffness Assay for the Study of Stiffness-dependent Cell Responses

Here, a method that enables quick, efficient, and inexpensive preparation of polyacrylamide gels in a multiwell plate format is described. The method does not require any specialized equipment and could be easily adopted by any research laboratory. It would be particularly useful in research focused on understanding stiffness-dependent cell responses.

Basit Poliakrilamid-tabanlı Sertlik bağımlı Hücre Yanıtların Çalışmaları multiwell Sertlik Deneyi

Currently, most of the in vitro cell research is performed on rigid tissue culture polystyrene (~1 GPa), while most cells in the body are attached to a ...

simple-polyacrylamide-based-multiwell-stiffness-assay-for-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

19.4K Görüntüleme.  Saint Louis University. Here, a method that enables quick, efficient, and inexpensive preparation of polyacrylamide gels in a multiwell plate format is described. The method does not require any specialized equipment and could be easily adopted by any research laboratory. It would be particularly useful in research focused on understanding stiffness-dependent cell responses.

Video: Simple Polyacrylamide-based Multiwell Stiffness Assay for the Study of Stiffness-dependent Cell Responses

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue (EHT)

Various techniques of cardiac tissue engineering have been pursued in the past decades including scaffolding strategies using either native or bioartificial scaffold materials, entrapment of cardiac myocytes in hydrogels such as fibrin or collagen and stacking of myocyte monolayers 1. These concepts aim at restoration of compromised cardiac function (e.g. after myocardial infarction) or as experimental models (e.g. predictive toxicology and substance screening or disease modelling). Precise monitoring of cell survival after implantation of engineered heart tissue (EHT) has now become possible using in-vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) techniques 2. Here we describe the generation of fibrin-based EHT from a transgenic rat strain with ubiquitous expression of firefly luciferase (ROSA/luciferase-LEW Tg; 3). Implantation is performed into the greater omentum of different rat strains to assess immune responses of the recipient organism following EHT implantation. Comparison of results generated by BLI and the Enzyme Linked Immuno Spot Technique (ELISPOT) confirm the usability of BLI for the assessment of immune responses.

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue EHT

This video demonstrates the use of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to study immune responses after implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue (EHT) in rats.

Engineered Kalp Doku İmplantasyonu takiben İmmün Yanıtların Değerlendirilmesi (EHT) Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme

Various techniques of cardiac tissue engineering have been pursued in the past decades including scaffolding strategies using either native or ...

Biyomühendislik

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

3D parçacıklarının Üretimi için Basit Asma Bırak Hücre Kültürü Protokolü

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

Organotypic Collagen I Assay: A Malleable Platform to Assess Cell Behaviour in a 3-Dimensional Context

Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and metastasis of tumor cells. Migration has been studied on glass coverslips in order to make cellular dynamics amenable to investigation by light microscopy. However, it has become clear that many aspects of cell migration depend on features of the local environment including its elasticity, protein composition, and pore size, which are not faithfully represented by rigid two dimensional substrates such as glass and plastic 1. Furthermore, interaction with other cell types, including stromal fibroblasts 2 and immune cells 3, has been shown to play a critical role in promoting the invasion of cancer cells. Investigation at the molecular level has increasingly shown that molecular dynamics, including response to drug treatment, of identical cells are significantly different when compared in vitro and in vivo 4. 
Ideally, it would be best to study cell migration in its naturally occurring context in living organisms, however this is not always possible. Intermediate tissue culture systems, such as cell derived matrix, matrigel, organotypic culture (described here) tissue explants, organoids, and xenografts, are therefore important experimental intermediates. These systems approximate certain aspects of an in vivo environment but are more amenable to experimental manipulation such as use of stably transfected cell lines, drug treatment regimes, long term and high-resolution imaging. Such intermediate systems are especially useful as proving grounds to validate probes and establish parameters required to image the dynamic response of cells and fluorescent reporters prior to undertaking imaging in vivo 5. As such, they can serve an important role in reducing the need for experiments on living animals.

A method is described for the preparation of a 3-dimensional matrix consisting of collagen type I and primary human fibroblasts. This organotypic gel serves as a useful substrate to assess invasive cell migration because it mimics basic features of tissue stroma and is amenable to many forms of microscopy.

Organotipik Kollajen Ben Assay: 3-Boyutlu Bağlamında Hücre Davranışı değerlendirin A Dövülebilir Platformu

Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and ...

Cell-based Calcium Assay for Medium to High Throughput Screening of TRP Channel Functions using FlexStation 3

The Molecular Devices' FlexStation 3 is a benchtop multi-mode microplate reader capable of automated fluorescence measurement in multi-well plates. It is ideal for medium- to high-throughput screens in academic settings. It has an integrated fluid transfer module equipped with a multi-channel pipetter and the machine reads one column at a time to monitor fluorescence changes of a variety of fluorescent reagents. For example, FlexStation 3 has been used to study the function of Ca2+-permeable ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors by measuring the changes of intracellular free Ca2+ levels. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of nonselective cation channels that play important roles in many physiological and pathophysiological functions. Most of the TRP channels are calcium permeable and induce calcium influx upon activation. In this video, we demonstrate the application of FlexStation 3 to study the pharmacological profile of the TRPA1 channel, a molecular sensor for numerous noxious stimuli. HEK293 cells transiently or stably expressing human TRPA1 channels, grown in 96-well plates, are loaded with a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-4, and real-time fluorescence changes in these cells are measured before and during the application of a TRPA1 agonist using the FLEX mode of the FlexStation 3. The effect of a putative TRPA1 antagonist was also examined. Data are transferred from the SoftMax Pro software to construct concentration-response relationships of TRPA1 activators and inhibitors.

This video provides a detailed protocol for studying the pharmacological profile of human TRPA1 channels using FlexStation 3. The protocol covers details of cell preparation, dye loading and operation of the microplate reader, FlexStation 3.

FlexStation kullanarak 3 TRP Kanal İşlevleri Yüksek Verimli Tarama Orta Hücre tabanlı Kalsiyum Testi

The Molecular Devices' FlexStation 3 is a benchtop multi-mode microplate reader capable of automated fluorescence measurement in multi-well plates.  It is ...

Adhesion Frequency Assay for In Situ Kinetics Analysis of Cross-Junctional Molecular Interactions at the Cell-Cell Interface

The micropipette adhesion assay was developed in 1998 to measure two-dimensional (2D) receptor-ligand binding kinetics1. The assay uses a human red blood cell (RBC) as adhesion sensor and presenting cell for one of the interacting molecules. It employs micromanipulation to bring the RBC into contact with another cell that expresses the other interacting molecule with precisely controlled area and time to enable bond formation. The adhesion event is detected as RBC elongation upon pulling the two cells apart. By controlling the density of the ligands immobilized on the RBC surface, the probability of adhesion is kept in mid-range between 0 and 1. The adhesion probability is estimated from the frequency of adhesion events in a sequence of repeated contact cycles between the two cells for a given contact time. Varying the contact time generates a binding curve. Fitting a probabilistic model for receptor-ligand reaction kinetics1 to the binding curve returns the 2D affinity and off-rate.
The assay has been validated using interactions of Fc&gamma; receptors with IgG Fc1-6, selectins with glycoconjugate ligands6-9, integrins with ligands10-13, homotypical cadherin binding14, T cell receptor and coreceptor with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes15-19.
The method has been used to quantify regulations of 2D kinetics by biophysical factors, such as the membrane microtopology5, membrane anchor2, molecular orientation and length6, carrier stiffness9, curvature20, and impingement force20, as well as biochemical factors, such as modulators of the cytoskeleton and membrane microenvironment where the interacting molecules reside and the surface organization of these molecules15,17,19.
The method has also been used to study the concurrent binding of dual receptor-ligand species3,4, and trimolecular interactions19 using a modified model21.
The major advantage of the method is that it allows study of receptors in their native membrane environment. The results could be very different from those obtained using purified receptors17. It also allows study of the receptor-ligand interactions in a sub-second timescale with temporal resolution well beyond the typical biochemical methods.
To illustrate the micropipette adhesion frequency method, we show kinetics measurement of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) functionalized on RBCs binding to integrin &alpha;L&beta;2 on neutrophils with dimeric E-selectin in the solution to activate &alpha;L&beta;2.

Adhesion Frequency Assay for In Situ Kinetics Analysis of Cross-Junctional Molecular Interactions at the Cell-Cell Interface

An adhesion frequency assay for measuring receptor-ligand interaction kinetics when both molecules are anchored on the surfaces of the interacting cells is described. This mechanically-based assay is exemplified using a micropipette-pressurized human red blood cell as adhesion sensor and integrin &alpha;L&beta;2 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as interacting receptors and ligands.

Yapışma için Frekans Testi Yerinde</emHücre-Hücre Arayüz Çapraz Junctional Moleküler Etkileşimler> Kinetik Analizi

The micropipette adhesion assay was developed in 1998 to measure two-dimensional (2D) receptor-ligand binding kinetics1. The assay uses a human red blood ...

Micropipette Aspiration of Substrate-attached Cells to Estimate Cell Stiffness

Growing number of studies show that biomechanical properties of individual cells play major roles in multiple cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell-cell interactions. The two key parameters of cellular biomechanics are cellular deformability or stiffness and the ability of the cells to contract and generate force. Here we describe a quick and simple method to estimate cell stiffness by measuring the degree of membrane deformation in response to negative pressure applied by a glass micropipette to the cell surface, a technique that is called Micropipette Aspiration or Microaspiration.
Microaspiration is performed by pulling a glass capillary to create a micropipette with a very small tip (2-50 &mu;m diameter depending on the size of a cell or a tissue sample), which is then connected to a pneumatic pressure transducer and brought to a close vicinity of a cell under a microscope. When the tip of the pipette touches a cell, a step of negative pressure is applied to the pipette by the pneumatic pressure transducer generating well-defined pressure on the cell membrane. In response to pressure, the membrane is aspirated into the pipette and progressive membrane deformation or "membrane projection" into the pipette is measured as a function of time. The basic principle of this experimental approach is that the degree of membrane deformation in response to a defined mechanical force is a function of membrane stiffness. The stiffer the membrane is, the slower the rate of membrane deformation and the shorter the steady-state aspiration length.The technique can be performed on isolated cells, both in suspension and substrate-attached, large organelles, and liposomes.
Analysis is performed by comparing maximal membrane deformations achieved under a given pressure for different cell populations or experimental conditions. A "stiffness coefficient" is estimated by plotting the aspirated length of membrane deformation as a function of the applied pressure. Furthermore, the data can be further analyzed to estimate the Young's modulus of the cells (E), the most common parameter to characterize stiffness of materials. It is important to note that plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells can be viewed as a bi-component system where membrane lipid bilayer is underlied by the sub-membrane cytoskeleton and that it is the cytoskeleton that constitutes the mechanical scaffold of the membrane and dominates the deformability of the cellular envelope. This approach, therefore, allows probing the biomechanical properties of the sub-membrane cytoskeleton.

Here we describe a quick and simple method to measure cell stiffness. The general principle of this approach is to measure membrane deformation in response to well-defined negative pressure applied through a micropipette to the cell surface. This method provides a powerful tool to study biomechanical properties of substrate-attached cells.

Substrat bağlı Hücrelerinin Mikropipet Aspirasyon Hücre Rijitlik tahmin etmek

Growing number of studies show that biomechanical properties of individual cells play major roles in multiple cellular functions, including cell ...

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are an attractive model system for live imaging due to their translucent cuticle and powerful genetics. This protocol describes how to utilize a single-layer PDMS device, called the &#39;larva chip&#39; for live imaging of cellular processes within neurons of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae.

Canlı Görüntüleme ve Yaralanma Yanıtları Çalışması için Mikroakiskan Chips kullanma<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Collagen is a core component of the ECM, and provides essential cues for several cellular processes ranging from migration to differentiation and proliferation. Provided here is a protocol for embedding cells within 3D collagen hydrogels, and a more advanced technique for generating randomized or aligned collagen matrices using PDMS microchannels.

3D Etkileşimleri Çalışmaları 3D Kollajen jeller ve Mikrokanallarda Hazırlanması<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices cannot be worn under everyday conditions. Therefore, textiles are commonly considered the best substrate to accommodate electronic devices in wearable use. In this paper, we describe how to selectively pattern organic electroactive materials on textiles from a solution in an easy and scalable manner. This versatile deposition technique enables the fabrication of wearable organic electronic devices on clothes.

In this paper, we present a protocol to selectively deposit organic materials on textiles, which allows for the direct integration of organic electronic devices with wearables. The fabricated devices can be fully integrated in textiles, respecting their mechanical appearance and enabling sensing capabilities.

Tekstil Organik Elektronik Cihazlar Basit ve Ölçeklenebilir Fabrikasyon Yöntemi

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices ...

3D Analysis of Multi-cellular Responses to Chemoattractant Gradients

Various limitations of 2D cell culture systems have sparked interest in 3D cell culture and analysis platforms, which would better mimic the spatial and chemical complexity of living tissues and mimic in vivo tissue functions. Recent advances in microfabrication technologies have facilitated the development of 3D in vitro environments in which cells can be integrated into a well-defined extracellular matrix (ECM) and a defined set of soluble or matrix associated biomolecules. However, technological barriers have limited their widespread use in research laboratories. Here, we describe a method to construct simple devices for 3D culture and experimentation with cells and multicellular organoids in 3D microenvironments with a defined chemoattractant gradient. We illustrate the use of this platform for analysis of the response of epithelial cells and organoids to gradients of growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF gradients were stable in the devices for several days leading to directed branch formation in breast organoids. This analysis allowed us to conclude that collective gradient sensing by groups of cells is more sensitive vs. single cells. We also describe the fabrication method, which does not require photolithography facilities nor advanced soft lithography techniques. This method will be helpful to study 3D cellular behaviors in the context of the analysis of development and pathological states, including cancer.

We describe a method to construct devices for 3D culture and experimentation with cells and multicellular organoids. This device allows analysis of cellular responses to soluble signals in 3D microenvironments with defined chemoattractant gradients. Organoids are better than single cells at detection of weak noisy inputs.

Chemoattractant degradelere Multi-hücresel tepkiler 3D Analizi

Various limitations of 2D cell culture systems have sparked interest in 3D cell culture and analysis platforms, which would better mimic the spatial and ...