Bu çalışma Hilary Craft ve Sir Douglas Myers ile anılmayı İmparatorluk BRC, Sağlık Araştırmaları Ulusal Enstitüsü ve Eylem Karşı Kanser tarafından desteklenmektedir.

prosedürler aşağıda etik Imperial College, Londra tarafından onaylanmıştır. İnsan Göğüs Kanseri Hücre Hatlarında Primer Mammospheres 1. Üretim NOT: Bir steril kültür kaputu altında aşağıdaki adımları uygulayın. <ol><li> Mammosphere Ortam, 2 mM L-glutamin ile desteklenmiş DMEM / F12, 100 U / ml penisilin, 100 U / ml streptomisin ihtiva eden hazırlayın. 10 ng / ml yeniden birleştirici insana ait bazik fibroblast büyüme faktörü (bFGF R &amp; D Systems) ve 1 x B27 ek, 20 ng / ml yeniden birleştirici insan epidermal büyüme faktörü (EGF Sigma) ilave edilerek, kullanımdan hemen önce komple ortamı hazırlar. </li><li> (Ya da seçtiğiniz bir meme kanseri hücre hattı,% 70-80 izdiham) yapışık MCF-7 veya MDA-MB-231 hücreleri içeren bir şişeye aspire medya, 1x PBS içinde iki kez yıkayın ve hücreleri trypsinize. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında, 200 x g&#39;de santrifüje hücreleri. Mammosphere medya 1-5 ml Durusu süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri. Pipet40 mikron hücre süzgeç kapağı filtresi yukarı ve aşağı ve gerekli kullanım halinde tek hücre süspansiyonu elde etmek. Tek bir hücre süspansiyonu (değilse, 3 kez hücre süspansiyonu kadar şırınga için bir 25 G iğne kullanımı) oluşmuştur emin olmak için, bir hemasitometre kullanarak. </li><li> FACS ile gerekli izole CD44 + CD24- hücresel alt kümesi, anti-CD24-fikoeritrin (PE) ve bir anti-CD44-floresin izotiyosiyanat (FITC) ile monoklonal antikorlar 9 kullanarak edin. Alternatif olarak, bir manyetik aktive hücre sıralama, anti-CD44 ve üreticinin talimatlarına göre, anti-CD24-biotin kombine mikro ile (MACS) sistemi kullanılarak bu nüfusu izole. LD sütunlarını kullanarak LS sütunları kullanarak pozitif seçim ve negatif seçim yapın ve 17 flow sitometri tüm izole hücrelerin fenotipleri onaylayın. </li><li> Tripan mavisi kullanarak, ml başına canlı hücre sayısını hesaplayın. Not: Hücre canlılığı hemocy ızgaralara içindeki hücrelerin toplam sayısı ile bölünmüş canlı hücre sayısı olarak hesaplanmıştırtometre. Tripan mavisi almak hücreler canlı olmayan olarak kabul edilir. Aşağıdaki prosedür tam olarak yaşayabilir hücrelerin oranını belirlemek için kullanılır. <ol><li> PBS içinde tripan mavisi bir% 0.4 çözelti hazırlayın. Hücrelerin 1 ml tripan mavi stok solüsyonu 0.1 ml ilave edilir. Hemasitometre yükleyin ve düşük büyütmede mikroskop altında incelemek hemen. Toplam hücre sayısı ve mavi boyama hücreleri sayın. Canlı hücreler, = [1,00 - (mavi hücre sayısı ÷ toplam hücre sayısı)] x 100. </li><li> Kültür ml&#39;si başına canlı hücre sayısını hesaplamak için aşağıdaki formül kullanılır. Seyreltme faktörü düzeltmek için unutmayın. 10 4 x 1.1 = hücre / ml kültüre x canlı hücre sayısı </li></ol></li><li> 6-çukurlu ultra-düşük yapışkan bir plakanın her bir tam mammosphere ortam, 2 ml hücre önceden belirlenmiş bir miktarda yeniden süspanse edin. tohum yoğunluğu normalde 500-4,000 hücre / cm oyuk başına 2 hücresidir. İsteğe bağlı kullanım loW ek 24 oyuklu plakalar ortam, 0.5 ml, aynı yoğunlukta tohum hücreleri ise. NOT: Bu ilgi her hücre hatları için ekim yoğunluğu ve kültür zaman optimizasyonu öneririz. </li><li> Özellikle ilk 5 gün büyümesi aşamasında plakalar bozmadan (hücre hattı ve mammospheres boyutuna bağlı olarak), 5-10 gün boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de ve% 5 CO2 seviyesinde ultra düşük bağlanma 6 oyuklu inkübe . </li></ol> İnsan Meme Kanseri Klinik Örneklerden İlköğretim Mammospheres 2. Nesil Not: İnsan göğüs kanser dokusu göğüs tümörlerinin çıkarılması için cerrahi geçiren hastaların elde edilebilir. 100 E / ml penisilin ve 100 U / ml streptomisin ihtiva eden kültür ortamı içinde 50 ml steril tüplerde kadar, 24 saat boyunca buz üzerinde saklayın dokusudur. Bir steril kültür kaputu altında aşağıdaki adımları uygulayın. <ol><li> Küçük bir ortam hacmi ile 100 mm doku Petri kabı içine örnek aktarın. RemovSteril makas, scapel ve cımbız kullanarak e yağ dokusu. </li><li> DMEM / F12 2-3 ml ekleyin ve hiçbir büyük parçalar kalmayıncaya kadar steril bir scapel veya jilet ile 1 mm 3 parçaya örnek kıyma. </li><li> Doku parçaları süspanse proteolitik enzimler (3000 U / ml kolajenaz ve 1000 U / ml hiyaluronidaz) ihtiva eden 10 mi DMEM önceden ısıtılmış ve doku parçaları sindirilir kadar bir döner sallayıcı içinde 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. Genellikle tam sindirim 1-3 saat sürer. Tümörlerin patolojik özelliklerine göre sindirim süresini ayarlayın. (Örneğin meme adenokarsinomu daha kırılgan ve daha kısa sindirim zamana ihtiyacı müsinöz karsinom göre sindirimi genellikle zordur). Hemasitometre altında 20 ul süspansiyon gözlemleyerek sindirim her ½ saat derecesini değerlendirin. </li><li> Parçaları daha sonra, 5 dakika boyunca tortu oda tem olarak 10 dakika süreyle 200 x g&#39;de 15 ml konik bir polipropilen tüp ve santrifüj süpernatan transfer etmek içinsıcaklık. Mammosphere medya 5 ml - dikkatlice 1 süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon hücrelerini süzün. </li><li> Elde edilir ve tek hücre süspansiyonları plaka hücre hatları için, yukarıda tarif edilen adımları 1.1-1.4 izleyin. Gerekirse 25 G ile hücre hasar hücreleri sınırlamak için 2 kez fazla şırınga geçirin. </li></ol> 3. Mammosphere Verimliliği (%) hesaplanması Şekillendirme <ol><li> Kültür döneminden sonra, 40X büyütmede mikroskop altında mammospheres (fazla 40 um) çapı sayılır. Dijital görüntü 5 rastgele bir ışık mikroskobu dijital kamera kullanarak alanlar ve satın alma yazılımı kullanarak mammospheres boyutunu belirler. Herhangi bir resim Analizi Yazılım kullanın. </li><li> Aşağıdaki denklem kullanılarak Mammosphere Şekillendirme Verimliliği (MFE%) hesaplayın: MFE (%) = (kuyu başına mammospheres içinde) / (oyuk başına tohumlanmış hücrelerin içinde) x 100 </li></ol> Kendini yenileme Değerlendirme Mammospheres 4. Seri Pasajlanması <ol><li&gt; Pipet bir 15 ml tüp içine, her kuyudan mammospheres ihtiva eden ortam. PBS ile kuyu yıkayın ve toplanan medya ekleyin. Oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika boyunca 115 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatant atılır ve önceden ısıtılmış% 0.5 tripsin /% 0.2 EDTA, 500 ul pelletini. 2-3 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> Tripsin nötralize etmek için FCS 500 ul ekleyin. 5 dakika boyunca 500 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. Küreleri parçalamak için aşağı mammospheres medya, pipet yukarı 100 ul süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon pelet atın ve. </li><li> Hemasitometre ile hücre sayımı ve hücreler, tek bir hücre süspansiyonu olup olmadığını belirlemektedir. Bir 25 G geçmesine değilse tek hücre elde etmek için 3 kez şırınga. Birincil oluşturmada kullanılan aynı yoğunlukta bir ultra düşük bağlanma 6 oyuklu bir plakaya hücreleri Tohum. </li><li> 5-10 gün sonra, küreler&gt; 40 um saymak ve daha önce bildirilen formülü kullanarak küre oluşturan verimliliği hesaplamak. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this article.

Birincil ve ikincil mammospheres Başarılı değerlendirme hücreleri az küre agregasyonu ile, tek klonlar formu mammospheres yeterince düşük yoğunluklarda kaplama olan dayanır. Bununla birlikte çok düşük yoğunluklarda, çok az mammospheres istatistiksel tedavisinin etkilerini ayırt oluşturabilir. Ekim yoğunluğu onların küre oluşturan verimlilikleri de önemli ölçüde değişebilir çünkü kullanılan her hücre hattı için optimize edilmelidir (Low-E-kaderin ifade olanlar daha az istikrarlı ve d...

kök benzeri kanser kök hücreleri tarafından başkanlığında tümör hücre soylarının varlığı büyük ölçüde tümör heterojenite anlayışımıza ekledi. Tümörlerde bazı fenotipik çeşitlilik genetik olarak farklı klonların klonal akıbet kaynaklanan yok iken, önemli bir bileşeni epigenetik farklılıklar sonucu görünür: kanser hücrelerinin spesifik genin aktivasyonu veya baskı yoluyla kök, atası ve farklılaşmış devletler arasında (geri dönüşümlü olarak bazen) geçiş yapabilirsiniz ifade programları 1-3. Bu, şu anda modüle faktörleri veren kanser, stromal ve bağışıklık hücrelerinin komşu parakrin sinyal ile bağlantılı olarak elde edilen otokrin sinyalli bir hücrede ifade edilen gen ekspresyon programı yansıtan hücre iç ve dış faktörler yansıtır ve bu tür derecesi gibi microenviromental koşullar hipoksi 2,4,5. Yenilikçi soy izleme yaklaşımlar olsa dain vivo niş 6 varsayılan kanser kök hücrelerini incelemek için yeteneğimizi ilerleyen - 8, küre oluşturan deneyler, en az kullanılan deney koşulları altında, kök hücreleri gibi davranmaya meme kanseri hücrelerinin potansiyelini tahmin etmek popüler ve kullanışlı bir yaklaşım kalır. Genellikle daha mesenchymal- ve epitel karşılık önerilmiştir membran belirteçleri CD44 ve CD24 9 ve enzim ALDH (aldehit dehidrojenaz) aktivitesi seviyeleri, 10, belirteçlerin bunların ifadesi ile, temizleme kanser kök hücreleri için geriye dönük yöntem ile birlikte kullanılır benzeri kanser kök hücreleri sırasıyla 11. Küre oluşumu yaklaşım, ilk olarak epitel büyüme faktörü (EGF), 12 ilavesi ile yapışkan olmayan, serumsuz koşullarda tek klonlardan putatif kök hücrelerinin büyümesini sağlayan neurosphere deneyi geliştirildi, daha sonra yararlı normal ve kanserli uygulanan meme dokularında. <p claP = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; küre oluşturucu kurucu hücre kimliği ve küre kitle oluşturan karışık hücre tipleri, meme ya da deneylerde oluşturan diğer küre yapılabilir çıkarımlar için de geçerlidir. Düşünce Uzun vadeli sakin kemik niyetli kök hücreleri, in vivo aktivasyon lehine olacağını faktörlerin kesin kombinasyonu karşılaşmazsınız, G0 fazında dinlenmek için. mammosphere tahlil yerine mitoz bölünme için dengelisin ya da zaten 13 bölünmesi ya hücrelerin büyümesini sağlar. Bu progenitörler, bir gerçek hareketsiz hücre de, testte kullanılan EGF ve bazik fibroblast büyüme faktörü (bFGF), mitojen ile çoğalır hücre aşaması olabilir. Yine de, aktif kök hücre ilişkili sinyal bir dizi 14 yolaklarıyla içerirler. Buna ek olarak, bunların oluşum oranının fare ksenograftları 2,15,16 sınırlı seyreltme deneylerinde gücü ile ölçülen bölgeden alınan doku, tümöre neden olması ile de ilgilidir &lt;/ Sup&gt;. Burada tek hücrelerin izole edilmesi ve insan göğüs kanseri hücre çizgileri ve göğüs tümörlerinin klinik örneklerde her iki primer mammospheres oluşturmak için ayrıntılı protokolleri sağlar. Biz de kendini yenileme değerlendirmek için birincil mammospheres seri pasajlar gerçekleştirmek için nasıl ve küre farklı ekim yoğunlukları arasında karşılaştırma (Şekil 1 şemaya bakınız) izin veren verimliliği oluşturan hesaplamak için nasıl açıklar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1049">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:625px;">2mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:625px;">100U/ml Penicillin &#38; Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:625px;">20ng/ml recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:625px;">20ng/ml recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>233-FB-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:625px;">1x B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS);</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12399902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;0.5% trypsin-0.2%EDTA;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>59418C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">First Link UK</td>
			<td>02-00-850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>93595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Low attachment 6 well plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td>CLS3814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase type 1A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12443170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Sterile scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11758353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:625px;">Sterile micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mammosphere formation assay from human breast cancer tissues and cell lines

Sağlıklı dokuların, birçok kan ve katı maligniteler benzer şimdi daha farklılaşmış döl yol verirken kendine yenilemek kök benzeri kanser hücrelerinin bir alt kümesi olan, hiyerarşik olarak organize edilmesi düşünülmektedir. Anlama ve gelişmiş kemo ve olmayan kök tümör kitlesi ile karşılaştırıldığında radyo-dirence sahip olabilir meme kanserinde bu kanser kök hücrelerini hedefleyen, önemli bir araştırma alanı haline gelmiştir. Mammosphere deneyi de yaygın olarak geriye dönük sphere- tespit kabiliyeti için kullanılır hale gelmiştir: CD44, CD24, ve ALDH aktivitesi de dahil olmak üzere Marker prospektif, bağışıklık farelere implante edildiğinde gelişmiş tümör oluşum nedenlerinin göstermek hücreleri izole etmek için (FACS), flüoresans ile aktifleştirilen hücre kullanılarak değerlendirilebilir Tek kök hücre benzeri klonlarının gelişir hücreleri oluşturur. Burada hücre kuşakları ya da primer hasta numuneleri, bunların pasajlayarak ve küre f tahmin etmek için hesaplamalar mammospheres uygun kültür için yaklaşımlar anlatılmaktadıroluşturmayan verimlilik (SFE). Önce uygun planlama ve mammosphere deneylerin yorumunda önemli hususları ve tuzaklar tartışmak.

Farklı numuneler ya da farklı muamelelere tabi olan tohumlanmıştır ilk hücreler için normalize sonra meydana mammospheres&gt; 40 um sayı açısından değişiklik gösterebilir. Üç kez yetiştirilen her bir muamele için mammosphere oluşturucu etkinliği (MFE) hesaplayın. Bu durum, farklı tohum yoğunluğu ile deneyler karşılaştırılabilir sağlar. Veri en ideal pozitif ve negatif kontroller ile, bir çubuk grafikte görüntülenir ve üçlü kuyular arasında standart sapma gösteriyor. Sürekli% 60-80...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines at JoVE.com

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

İnsan Göğüs Kanseri dokuları ve hücre hatlarından gelen Mammosphere Oluşumu Testi

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

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33.0K Görüntüleme.  Imperial College London. Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Video: Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

İnsan Nöroendokrin Tümör Terapi Çalışmaları Üç Boyutlu Model İnsan nöroendokrin tümör hücre hatlarında

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

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Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries.
The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities.
Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.

A method to process human mammary surgical discard material is described. Processed tissue, in the form of organoids, can be stored frozen indefinitely or placed in culture for long-term growth. This method enables experimental examination of normal human epithelial cell biology, and the effects of exogenous perturbations.

Hücre Kültürü İnsan Azaltma Meme Cerrahisi ve Mastektomi Doku İşleme

Experimental  examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how  normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Birincil Preneoplastic Meme Epitel Hücrelerinin Time-lapse görüntüleme Meme Kanseri Genetik Fare Modelleri türetilen

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment resistance is thought to be the molecular complexity of the disease 1. Targeted therapy such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sunitinib have been utilized, but only 40% of patients will respond, with the overwhelming majority of these patients relapsing within 1 year 2. As such the question of intrinsic and acquired resistance in renal cell cancer patients is highly relevant 3.
In order to study resistance to TKIs, with the ultimate goal of developing effective, personalized treatments, sequential tissue after a specific period of targeted therapy is required, an approach which had proved successful in chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. However the application of such a strategy in renal cell carcinoma is complicated by the high level of both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which is a feature of renal cell carcinoma5,6 as well as other solid tumors 7. Intertumoral heterogeneity due to transcriptomic and genetic differences is well established even in patients with similar presentation, stage and grade of tumor. In addition it is clear that there is great morphological (intratumoral) heterogeneity in RCC, which is likely to represent even greater molecular heterogeneity. Detailed mapping and categorization of RCC tumors by combined morphological analysis and Fuhrman grading allows the selection of representative areas for proteomic analysis.
Protein based analysis of RCC8 is attractive due to its widespread availability in pathology laboratories; however, its application can be problematic due to the limited availability of specific antibodies 9. Due to the dot blot nature of the Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA), antibody specificity must be pre-validated; as such strict quality control of antibodies used is of paramount importance. Despite this limitation the dot blot format does allow assay miniaturization, allowing for the printing of hundreds of samples onto a single nitrocellulose slide. Printed slides can then be analyzed in a similar fashion to Western analysis with the use of target specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies, allowing for multiplexing. Differential protein expression across all the samples on a slide can then be analyzed simultaneously by comparing the relative level of fluorescence in a more cost-effective and high-throughput manner.

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

RPPA enables the protein expression of hundreds of samples, printed on nitrocellulose slides to be interrogated simultaneously, using fluorescently labelled antibodies. This technique has been applied to study the effect of drug treatment heterogeneity within clear cell renal carcinoma.

Bireysel Renal Hücreli Kanserlerde içinde Protein Ekspresyonu Varyasyon kaynakları için Ters Faz Protein Diziler (RPPA) ve Kullanımı

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment ...

Formation of Human Prostate Epithelium Using Tissue Recombination of Rodent Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme and Human Stem Cells

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems, which limit our ability to understand genetic and molecular events underlying prostate disease initiation. Toward developing better model systems for studying human prostate carcinogenesis, we and others have taken advantage of the unique pro-prostatic inductive potential of embryonic rodent prostate stroma, termed urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM). When recombined with certain pluripotent cell populations such as embryonic stem cells, UGSM induces the formation of normal human prostate epithelia in a testosterone-dependent manner. Such a human model system can be used to investigate and experimentally test the ability of candidate prostate cancer susceptibility genes at an accelerated pace compared to typical rodent transgenic studies. Since Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be genetically modified in culture using inducible gene expression or siRNA knock-down vectors prior to tissue recombination, such a model facilitates testing the functional consequences of genes, or combinations of genes, which are thought to promote or prevent carcinogenesis.
The technique of isolating pure populations of UGSM cells, however, is challenging and learning often requires someone with previous expertise to personally teach. Moreover, inoculation of cell mixtures under the renal capsule of an immunocompromised host can be technically challenging. Here we outline and illustrate proper isolation of UGSM from rodent embryos and renal capsule implantation of tissue mixtures to form human prostate epithelium. Such an approach, at its current stage, requires in vivo xenografting of embryonic stem cells; future applications could potentially include in vitro gland formation or the use of induced pluripotent stem cell populations (iPSCs).

To unravel the earliest molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation, novel and innovative human model systems and approaches are desperately needed. The potential of pre-prostatic urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM) to induce pluripotent stem cell populations to form human prostate epithelium is a powerful experimental tool in prostate research.

Kemirgen Ürogenital Sinüs mezenşimin ve İnsan Kök Hücre Doku Rekombinasyon kullanarak İnsan Prostat epiteli oluşumu

Progress in prostate cancer research is severely  limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-na&iuml;ve model systems,  which limit our ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Meme Kanseri Hücrelerinde östrojen düzenlenmiş microRNA profil

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Üç boyutlu (3D) Modeli Kullanılarak Meme Kanseri Hücre invazivliğinin Kantitasyonu

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

İnsan Hücre Lines Kemorezistans Yumurtalık Kanser Kök Hücreleri Zenginleştirme

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Bir<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Model İnsan Meme Hormon Eylem Eğitim için

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

Methods for Culturing Human Femur Tissue Explants to Study Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Metastatic Niche

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little is known about breast cancer cell properties and behaviors within the native microenvironment of human bone tissue.We have developed approaches to track, quantify and modulate human breast cancer cells within the microenvironment of cultured human bone tissue fragments isolated from discarded femoral heads following total hip replacement surgeries. Using breast cancer cells engineered for luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, we are able to reproducibly quantitate migration and proliferation patterns using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), track cell interactions within the bone fragments using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluate breast cells after colonization with flow cytometry. The key advantages of this model include: 1) a native, architecturally intact tissue microenvironment that includes relevant human cell types, and 2) direct access to the microenvironment, which facilitates rapid quantitative and qualitative monitoring and perturbation of breast and bone cell properties, behaviors and interactions. A primary limitation, at present, is the finite viability of the tissue fragments, which confines the window of study to short-term culture. Applications of the model system include studying the basic biology of&#160;breast cancer and other bone-seeking malignancies within the metastatic niche, and developing therapeutic strategies to effectively target breast cancer cells in bone tissues.

Protocols are described for studying breast cancer cell migration, proliferation and colonization in a human bone tissue explant model system.

Kültürleme İnsan Femur Doku Eksplantlarından yöntemleri Metastatik Niche Meme Kanseri Hücre Kolonizasyon Eğitim için

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little ...