Bu çalışma ile desteklenmiştir Hibe-Aid AA&#39;ya JSPS Fellows için; Hibeler-in-Aid Bilimsel Araştırmalar JSPS Fellows Yenilikçi Alanları (No. 4501 ve No. 25132712) TK üzerine tarafından; ve Azabu Üniversitesi. Şekil 2 tarafından verilen bir araştırma projesi hibe ile Kihara, T., Harada, T., ve Koshida, N. Gofret-uyumlu imalat ve nanokristal silikon ısının neden ultrason yayıcılar özellikleri yeniden basıldı edilir. Sensörler ve Aktüatörler A: Fiziksel, hacim 125, Elsevier, s. 426, (2006), Elsevier izniyle.

<html> Tüm işlemler Azabu Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından kabul edildi. Bütün deneyler, bir ses geçirmez bir hücre içinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1. Hayvan hazırlanması <ol><li> Kayıt için erkekler <ol><li> Çiftleşme yaşanan cinsel olgun erkek fareler edinin. </li></ol></li><li> Kadın Konular <ol><li> (- Eski 12 hafta genellikle 8) kafes başına 2 ila 5 littermates ile yer olan bakire dişi farelerin edinin. </li><li> McLean 21 göre, test öncesi östrus siklusunun fazını belirlemek için günlük vajinal smear edinin. Bakım sahte gebeliği önlemek için vajinal stimülasyon en aza indirmek için önlemler alınmalıdır. </li><li> Nelson 22 göre Giemsa ile leke leke ve varlığı ya da lökositler, kornifıye epitel hücreleri ve çekirdekli epitel hücrelerinin yokluğunda göre östrus döngüsü faz belirler. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Cihazlar (Şekil 1) _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figür 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> Şekil İki seçenek Testi Box ve Cihazların 1. şematik. Fareler kendileri ve nötr bölge arasında bulunan küçük kapıdan odaları A ve B erişebilirsiniz. İki seçim kutusu ve iki ultrason yayıcılar bir ses geçirmez odasının zemininde yerleştirilir. Mikrofon ses geçirmez odasının içine askıya alınır. Kısaltma:. PC, kişisel bilgisayar <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <ol><li> Kayıt için <ol><li> Bir USB A / D dönüştürücüsü kullanılarak bir PC&#39;ye ultrasonik kondansatör mikrofon bağlayın. </li><li> &quot;7&quot; A / D dönüştürücüsü kazanç düzeyini ayarlayın. </li><li> Ses yakalama yazılımı kullanarak 400 kHz örnekleme hızı ile 16-bit formatında dosyalar Tutanak akustik veriler. </li></ol></li><li> Oynatma için <ol><li> Bir D / kullanarak PC&#39;ye bağlayın A dönüştürücüUSB arabirimi. </li><li> Bir zayıflatıcı yoluyla D iki amplifikatörler / A dönüştürücü bağlayın. (Ikincisi cihaz aşırı önlemek için hizmet vermektedir.) </li><li> Her amplifikatör ultrason yayıcı bağlayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV Kayıt <ol><li> Yanağında bir 6 cm çapında delik ve 0.5 cm tel örgü ile kaplı delik olan bir bir küçük (17 x 10 x 11 cm) erkek fare veya orta ölçekli (21 x 14 x 13 cm) kafes yerleştirin. Orta ölçekli bir kafes kullanırken, alanını azaltmak için kafesin merkezi boyunca bir bölüm oluşturun. </li><li> Kayıtları kirletebilir hışırtı sesleri önlemek için kafes içinde yatak kullanmayın. </li><li> Örgü yanında bir mikrofon yerleştirin. </li><li> Adım 2.1 gösterilen kayıt kurulumu ile ultrasonik seslendirme izleme başlayın. </li><li> Erkek fare ile kafese ostrus veya diöstrüste ya bir cinsel olgun kadın fare yerleştirin. </li><li> 5 dakika - 3 Kayıt USVs. </li></ol> 4. Test Kutusu <ol><li> Akrilik kurulu (Şekil 1) kullanarak test kutusu oluşturun. Not: (x 20 35 ve x 20 cm yüksek) üç bölümlerinde ayrılmıştır Test kutusu: nötr bölge (15 x 20 cm) ve odalar A ve B (20 x 10 cm, her biri). Odalar A ve B&#39;nin her bir 0,5 cm tel örgü ile kaplıdır 4 cm çapında bir delik vardır. Delikler ve örgü nötr bölge ve odaların A ve B arasındaki odalar A ve B her iki ucunda olun kapıları (5 x 5 cm her) bulunur </li><li> Ses kaçak Her örgü çevresinde kutuya onları mühürleme, lastik levhalar kullanılarak, örgü bakan tarafı hariç, her ultrason yayıcı izole önlemek için. </li><li> Ses yalıtımı için odalar A ve B arasındaki duvarın her iki tarafında yerleştirin kurşun mühürler. </li></ol> 5. Ses Oynatma için hazırlanıyor <ol><li> Çalma Sounds Yaratılış <ol><li> Dijital ses düzenleme yazılımı kullanılarak kaydedilen dosyadan USV bir 20 saniye segmenti yakalayın. </li><li> Seçin ve hiçbir arka plan yakalamaimkb 20 saniye USV segmenti dosyasından (0.35 sn). Gürültü segmenti tekrarlayarak 20 sn arka plan gürültü dosyası oluşturun. </li><li> &quot;Sol kulakta&quot; ve diğer dosya için bir dosya ile tek bir stereo ses dosyası olarak dışa, aynı anda iki ses dosyalarını oynatmak için &quot;sağ kulak.&quot; </li><li> 40 kHz kesme gibi yüksek geçiren filtre kullanarak ses dosyalarını Filtre. </li><li> Post-processing yazılımında gürültü azaltma aracı kullanarak gürültüyü azaltın. Seçin ve gürültü azaltma profilinde hiçbir USVs içeren dosyanın bir bölümünü yakalama ve seviye 40 ile gürültü azaltma çalıştırın. </li></ol></li><li> Çalma Sounds kalibrasyonu <ol><li> Ultrason yayıcılar ve mikrofon arasındaki boşluk 10 cm olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Ultrason yayıcılar gelen ses basınç seviyelerini kalibre etmek için, Adım 2.1 anlatılan yapılandırmayı kullanarak ultrasonik izleme gerçekleştirin. Desibel mikrofon (dB) ses basıncı seviyesini ölçün. </li><li> Usizayıflatıcı ve amplifikatörler ng Adım 3 kaydedilen erkek USVs aynı ses basınç seviyesi ultrason yayıcılar tarafından oluşturulan USVs ses seviyesini ayarlamak. </li><li> İki ultrason yayıcılar ve USVs ve arka plan gürültüsü oluşan bir ses dosyası kullanırken, iki ultrason yayıcılar davranış testi yapmadan önce bir kalibrasyon sesi (örneğin, 75 kHz saf ton) kullanarak aynı ses basınç seviyesi sergiler onaylayın. </li><li> USVs iki akarsu oluşan bir ses dosyası üreten yaparken, testten önce, aynı seviyede iki üretilen ses basınç seviyelerini ayarlamak. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. İki seçenekli test <ol><li> Test kutusunun kafes arkasında ultrason yayıcılar yerleştirin. </li><li> Akrilik kurulu ile oda A ve B kapıları kapatın ve 30 dakika boyunca nötr bölgeye dişi konuyu alıştırarak. Fare kaçabilir önlemek için akrilik kurulu ile kutuyu örtün. </li><li> Bir CC kullanarak video kaydını başlatmakD kamera kutusunun üzerinde monte edilmiş. Fotoğraf makinesi (değil, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilen) her üç bölmeden alanı kaplamaktadır. </li><li> Kapıyı ve kapak kartını çıkarın ve kadın ses bölgeleri de dahil olmak üzere serbestçe deney kutusu, keşfetmenizi sağlayacak. </li><li> Kadın hem de kafesleri araştırmış ve nötr bölgeye geri döndü sonra, 5 ya da 10 dakika boyunca art arda 20 sn ses dosyası oynamaya başlayın. </li><li> 5 veya 10 dakika boyunca davranışsal izleme yapıyoruz. </li><li> Önceki konudan biriken istenmeyen koku ipuçları azaltmak% 70 etanol ile testler arasındaki deney kafesleri temizlemek için. </li><li> Ultrason yayıcılar A yerini Anahtarı ve B rastgele odaları A veya B yönünde içsel bir yan etkisini önlemek için önyargı </li></ol> 7. İstatistiksel Analizler <ol><li> Aşağıdaki parametreleri analiz, davranışsal olay puanlama yazılımı kullanarak: Her odada kayıtlarının toplam sayısını; Her orta bölgesinde toplam kalış süresi; Her ses bölgedeki toplam kalış süresi; veultrason vericisinin önünde her örgü arama toplam süresi. Şekil 1 &quot;orta bölge&quot; ve ne anlama geldiğini göstermektedir &quot;sesi bölge.&quot; Not: durumlarda fare iki bölge arasında bir ayrım çizgisinin (Şekil 1, kesikli çizgi), başın yönüne göre karar vermeden kalır burada. Baş örgü tarafı karşı karşıya, bu ses bölgesinde kalmak olarak puanlanır. </li><li> Her davranış parametre için, 0.05 anlamlılık düzeyinde odalar A yanıtları ve B bir Wilcoxon signed-rank testi kullanılarak, ya da eşleştirilmiş t-test karşılaştırın. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Genet. 20 (24), 4775-4785 (2011).</li><li>Ey, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+deficits+in+social+behaviors+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+later+generations+of+mice+lacking+neuroligin4.">Absence of deficits in social behaviors and ultrasonic vocalizations in later generations of mice lacking neuroligin4.</a> Genes Brain Behav. , (2012).</li><li>Roy, S., Watkins, N., Heck, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+analysis+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome+reveals+limited,+call+type+specific+deficits.">Comprehensive analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome reveals limited, call type specific deficits.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44816 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

Birçok hayvan tür içi iletişim için vokalizasyonlar kullanımı. Fare Mus musculus, iletişim sinyalinin önemli bir tip 20 kHz daha yüksek frekansları var ultrasonik sesler çıkarma (USVs) &#39;dir. Farelerde yaydığı USVs erkek-dişi, 1-4 kadın-kadın 1, 5, ve erkek-erkek 1, 6 etkileşimleri sosyal tanıma bir bileşeni olarak kabul edilir. USVs onlar onu yavru-alma davranışı artırır annelerinden, izole edildiğinde de yavruların yaydığı ve bu nedenle hayatta 7 yavru vardır. Çok sayıda rapor az 10 belgelenmiştir analiz ve fare USVs 8, 9, davranışsal tepkileri ve alıcı hayvanın nöral mekanizmalarını kategorize rağmen 11. Ikinci USVs çeşitli özellikleri biyolojik önemini açıklamak gereklidir. Bu mekanizmaları ortaya çıkarmak için, oynatma deneyi etkin bir yöntemdir. Yeni çalma çalışmaları dişi olduğunu ortaya koymuşturfareler USVs 12 çekici ve onların ebeveynleri 13, 14 farklı erkeklerden USVs tercih. Bu makalede, farelerde USV tercihini değerlendirmek için kullanılan oynatma testi açıklar. İki seçmeli test kutusu Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi olan iki farklı USVs, bir test muhafazanın iki bölmenin aynı anda oynatılabilir geliştirilmiştir. Test kutusunun Bu tür üç alt-haznelerde test alanı bölünerek ses kirlenmesini önler kurşun duvarlar kullanılmıştır. Ultrason yayıcılar dışında her oda bulunmaktadır. Odalar ve ultrason yayıcılar arasındaki duvarda tel örgü ile kaplı delikler vardır. Fareler üç oda serbestçe hareket ve ultrason yayıcılar tarafından kayıttan USVs yanıt sanki bir &quot;örgü arıyor&quot; davranışı gösterebilir. Bu testte, fareler, bir ses yayıcı veya başka yakın farklı süreli dönemler için kalır. Bu parametreler hassas bir measu elde etmek için kaydedilebilir<html> ses tercihi yeniden. Geri USVs oynatmak için, nanokristal silikon termo-akustik yayıcılar (yani, &quot;nc-Si yayıcı&quot;) daha önceki çalışmalarda 15-17 olarak kullanıldı. Bu cihazlar, bir ince film ısıtıcı elektrot, bir nano gözenekli silikon katman ve tek-kristalli silikon gofret oluşmaktadır. Dijital ses dosyası bir analog sinyale dönüştürülür ve daha sonra ısıtıcı elektrot geçirilir. Cihaz, düşük distorsiyon ile önemli ses basıncı içine çıkan voltaj bağımlı termal sinyalleri dönüştürür. Mekanik titreşimlerin bağlı ortak ses jeneratörleri, bir diyaframa gerek kalmadan sesi üretebileceği aksine bu cihaz, bu benzersizdir. Verici 20 160 kHz (Şekil 2) frekanslarda düz bir ses basınç düzeyi sergiler ve süresi, sıklığı ve ses basınç seviyesi 15, 18, ​​19 açısından çok doğru bir dijital kaydedilen fare USVs üretebilir. Şekil 3 de gösterilen temsili bir deneyde ve_content &quot;&gt;, C57BL / 6 (B6) dişi BALB / c (BALB) arasında değişen erkek USVs ve arka plan gürültüsünü seçmesine izin verildi. Buna ek olarak, Şekil 4 ila B6 ve BALB kadın seçilmesini Bir BALB ve B6 erkek eş zamanlı USV kayıttan yürütme, bir önceki çalışmada bildirildiği gibi 14. erkek USVs özellikleri B6 arasında farklılık ve BALB 20 suşları. Bu sonuçlara göre, USVs çekiciliği mevcut protokolü ile değerlendirilebilir gösterildiği gibi, hangi sesler, canlı birey kaydedilen akustik analiz ve diğer bireylere çalınır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Soundproof chamber</td>
			<td>Muromachi Kikai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0113-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middle cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0103-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>CM16/CMPA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A/D converter</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>UltraSoundGate116H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio software</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>RECORDER USGH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems</td>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nc-Si emitter</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D/A converter</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attenuator</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Yamatake</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC</td>
			<td>Windows 7 professional</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel&#174; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td>
			<td>original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &#38; Takeru Yamamoto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td>
			<td>Tokyo bouon</td>
			<td>TI-75BK B4</td>
			<td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&#38;ca=6&#38;p=3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsa&#39;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.09204.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

USVs Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilen tipik bir deneyde ses çalma olarak kullanıldı, bir BALB-erkek (20 saniyede 161 hece), hem de arka plan gürültü kaydedilir. Bu deneyde, 7 dişi B6 fareler 9 haftalık oldukları zaman kullanıldı . Sesleri oynatmak için kadın yanıtın test en süresini belirlemek için, davranışsal parametreler toplam 10 dk testi zaman ilk ve son beş dakika için ayrı ayrı analiz edildi. Birincisi, hiçbir yan bias.The sonuçları da arkaplan g?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Bir iki seçim Oynatma Testi kullanarak Fare Ultrasonik Seslendirme Tercihleri ​​belirlenmesi

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.0K Görüntüleme.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Video: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Fare ve Sıçanlarda Anksiyete Ardışık sokaklar Testi

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Davranış

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Farelerde Video Analiz Sistemi kullanma ve bağlamsal cued Korku Klima Testi

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

Stres Sosyal Boyutu: Trier Sosyal Sosyal Destek ve Sosyal Kimlik Deneysel manipülasyonları Testi Stres

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

Erkek Fare Ultrasonik Seslendirme (USV) Şarkılarından Yararlanma ve Analiz Etme

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

Psikofiziksel İzleme Yöntemi Çocuklarda ve Yetişkinlerde Tat Tercihler Tedbir için

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Kemirgen Psikomotor teyakkuz Testi (rPVT): Sıçan ve Farelerde Nörodavranışsal Performans değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Yeni nesne tanıma testi öğrenme ve hafıza farelerde incelenmesi için

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Uyuşturucu arayan farelerde şartına yer tercih paradigması kullanarak iade

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

Sosyal iletim gıda tercihleri davranışların değerlendirilmesi

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

Bir iki seçim Oynatma Testi kullanarak Fare Ultrasonik Seslendirme Tercihleri ​​belirlenmesi

Bir iki seçim Oynatma Testi kullanarak Fare Ultrasonik Seslendirme Tercihleri belirlenmesi