Name: introducing clicker training as a cognitive enrichment for laboratory mice
Uploaded: 2017-03-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Translational Animal Research Center of the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz. The authors are most grateful to Thomas Wacker for his technical support.

Etik Beyanı: fareler ve deneysel prosedürler ele ulusal Avrupa, ve hayvan bakımı için kurumsal kurallarına uygun olarak yapılmıştır. NOT: protokol hafta sonları (Cumartesi ve Pazar) sonları ile, müdahalelerin beş gün (Pazartesi-Cuma) içerir. protokol kolayca özel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için adapte edilebilir. 1. İkinci güçlendiricidir olarak uygun bir Ödül belirlenmesi NOT: Bu tür vakumlu gıda veya gıda güvenliği standartlarını karşılayan hayvan yemi olarak kullanımı gıda ödülleri. Örneğin, fındık, çikolata, sakızlı ayılar ya da kuru meyve çeşitleri uygundur. <ol><li> Farklı gıda ödülleri ev kafes içine (Şekil 1) (0.5 cm 3 adet) ile küçük bir Petri kabı yerleştirin. </li><li> 10 dakika sonra, kalanlar için kontrol edin. </li><li> Tüm ödülleri 10 dakika sonra yenirse bir tercih tahmin edilebilir kadar zaman aralığını kısaltmak. </li><li> Günlerde 4 ve 5 (ör Şubay ve Cuma), ödül kafes içinde tüm farelerin bir özenti kurmak için ev kafes tercih ( &quot;kazanan&quot;) ödül az miktarda ekleyin. </li><li> Fareler, fare tünellere alışık değilseniz, (en az 2 gün hafta sonu, örneğin eğitim, başlamadan önce) kafesine bir tünel ekleyin. </li><li> Tekrarlayın 1.2 adımları - 1.4 3 gün üst üste (Çarşamba örneğin, Pazartesi). </li></ol> 2. Clicker Eğitim <ol><li> Her antrenmandan için hazırlıklar NOT: Bir fare Bu protokolde kaldırdı gereken her zaman, sakin ve yumuşak bir şekilde kaldırın. yukarı kaldırmak için fare altında bir el koydu. İlk birkaç zamanlarda, fareler ajite olabilir, ama alışkanlık işlemi birkaç gün sonra bitmiş olacak. Bu adımı zorluklar yaratır, o 28 &quot;açık taraftan çukurluğu&quot; için protokol başvurmak için yararlıdır. <ol><li> yatak malzemesi ile bir kafes hazırlayın. </li><li> Transfer fare kafes sessiz bir yere eğitilmiş. </li><li> ödül hazırlayın ve bir zamanlayıcı ve hazır tıkırtı / hedef sopa kombinasyonu. NOT: fareler işleme alışmış ve zaten deneyci ile güvene dayalı bir ilişki var ise, fareler elle beslenebilir. Aksi takdirde, fareler deneyci bir mesafe tutabilir şekilde bir sopa veya forseps ödül veriyoruz. </li><li> Şimdi eğitim alanı olarak hizmet veren ev kafes, tüm nesneleri çıkartın (vb örneğin, fare evleri, yuva kurma malzeme.). </li><li> hazırlanmış bir kafese kafes arkadaşları aktarın. </li></ol></li><li> Tüm eğitim oturumları için geçerlidir genel kurallar NOT: Aşağıdaki genel kurallar tüm oturumlar için uygulamak ve protokol boyunca tekrar söz edilmeyecektir. <ol><li> 5 dakika için, her fare tren. 30-s eğitim ve 15-ler mola dönemleri arasında alternatif. </li><li> Fare, bir saniyeden daha artık ödül üzerine kemirmek edelim. Ardından, kafesin dışında (ödül) ile sopa. </li><li> ödüllendirme aşağıdaki deseni yürütün: 1 - davranış 10 performansları: her zaman ödüllendirin. 11 - davranış 21 performans: Her ikinci kez ödül. üzerinde davranış 22 performans: Her üçüncü kez ödül. </li><li> Eğitimin 4 dakika sonra, istenen davranışın sonraki performansı ikramiye ödül ile takviye edilmiştir. Fare üç kat daha uzun eskisinden daha gıda ödül kırdı izin verin. </li></ol></li><li> Eğitim oturumu 1. Gün: &quot;Gıda ödül ile ikincil reinforcer Bağlama&quot; <ol><li> 5 dakika, basın başlangıç ​​zamanlayıcı ayarlamak ve ev kafes fare tüneli ekleyin. NOT: Farelerin doğuştan thigmotaxis yararlanın ve sonraki bir duvarın (Şekil 2) tünel yerleştirin. İlk birkaç oturumları için, bu tünele giren fare olasılığını artıracaktır. </li><li> Fare tüneli denetler kadar bekleyin. En kısa sürede mous olarake tıklayın ve tünelin sonundaki ödül sunmak, tünel girer. </li><li> Tünelin otururken ödül fare yemi edelim. </li><li> Fare tünelde otururken 15 saniye boyunca sürekli tıklayınız. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare tüneli terk ederken, 3.2 adıma geri dönün. </li></ol></li><li> Eğitim oturumu Günleri 2-5: &quot;Bir tünelden Running&quot; <ol><li> 5 dakika, basın başlangıç ​​zamanlayıcı ayarlamak ve ev kafes fare tüneli ekleyin. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare tüneli girerken, tıklayın ve tünelin sonundaki ödül sunuyoruz. </li><li> Sürece fare tünelde olduğu gibi, tıklayın ve hemen aynı şekilde ödül sunuyoruz. </li><li> sonraki 30 saniye için bu işlemi tekrarlayın ve 15 s kafesin dışına tüneli almak için daha sonra duraklama. </li><li> Yine tünel ekleyin ve fare tüneli yeniden giriyor zaman hemen tıklayın. </li><li> Tünelin sonundaki ödül sunun. </li><li> Fare kadar 1 saniyeden kemirmeye izin verin. </li&gt; <li> ödül götürün. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare başlar yeniden girerken kendisi tarafından tüneli, tünelin (Şekil 3) sonunda önünde ödül sunuyoruz. </li></ol></li><li> Eğitim oturumu hafta 2: &quot;Bir hedef sopa ardından&quot; <ol><li> 5 dakika, basın başlangıç ​​zamanlayıcı ayarlamak ve kafes içinde hedef sopa sonunda dünya yerleştirin. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare dünyanın ilgi gösterdiği gibi, tıklayın ve dünya sonraki ödül sunmak (Şekil 4 ve 5). </li><li> onun burnu dünya dokunur sonra fare ödüllendirin. </li><li> Fare ödül için gerçekleştirilen eylemi bağlı olduğunda, eğitim oturumu (Şekil 6) boyunca dünyanın konumunu değiştirmek. </li><li> Bu son meydan karşılamak için fare için bekleyin. </li><li> kafeste dünya yerleştirin. </li><li> Fare dünya dokunur kısa bir süre önce, yavaş ve dikkatli 1 cm dünyanın konumunu değiştirmek. </li&gt; <li> Tıklayın ve fare mesafe geçti ve dünya dokunur eğer ödül. </li><li> Fare güvenilir aşağıdaki kadar bu işlemi tekrarlayın. </li><li> Yavaşça fare geçmeye vardır mesafeyi uzatmak. </li></ol></li><li> Eğitim oturumu hafta 3: &quot;deneycinin elinde hedef sopa ardından&quot; <ol><li> tıkırtı / hedef sopa kombinasyonu ve diğer elinizle ödül tutarken eğitim kafeste bir elini koyun. </li><li> 5 dakika, basın başlangıç ​​zamanlayıcı ayarlamak ve el sonraki hedef sopa sonunda dünya yerleştirin. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare dünyanın ilgi gösterdiği gibi, tıklayın ve dünya sonraki ödül sunuyoruz. </li><li> En kısa sürede fare bu zorluğu bir araya gibi, yakın el dünya birkaç adım taşıyın. </li><li> avucunun içine dünyayı yerleştirin. Tıklayın ve fare avucunun (Şekil 7) üzerinde otururken ödüllendiriyoruz. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Her cinsten 12 BALB / c kendilenmiş fareler bir grup ile tıkırtı eğitim protokolünün etkin bir şekilde uygulanması komplikasyonsuz olduğunu kanıtladı. Önceki çalışmalar çeşitli türleri ile tıkırtı eğitimin etkinliğini doğruladı ve biz farelere bu genişletilmiş. fareler laboratuvar hayvanlarında arasında en düşük geliştirilen memeliler gibi, kendi yetenekleri genellikle göz ardı edilir. Bu nedenle, verilerin en şaşırtıcı yönü eğitim başarısı neredeyse tüm fareler ile sağla...

Laboratuvar fareleri için yeni arıtma stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi laboratuvar hayvanları biliminin 1 3R yerine getirilmesi (yerine, azaltılması ve arıtma) katkıda zor bir iştir. arıtma alanındaki iyileştirmeler daha fazla deneysel amaçlar için kullanılan hayvanların milyonlarca refahına katkıda bulunabilir. Bu nedenle, yoğun araştırma alanında gereklidir. Bu aynı zamanda Avrupa Birliği Direktifi 2010/63 tanımlanmış bir amacıdır. 2010/63 / AB laboratuvar hayvanlarının yaşam boyu deneyimi gelişmiş olması gerektiğini işaret ve (Madde 3.7) 2 &quot;kuruluşlar alışkanlık ve eğitim hayvanlar için uygun programlar, prosedürler ve projenin uzunluğu kurar&quot; söyledi. onlar tuttu ve deneyler için yetiştirilen edilirken Laboratuvar hayvanları çok stresli durumları yaşayabilirsiniz. emek arasındaki Genellikle, etkileşimatory fareler ve sorumlu kişiler oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, güvene dayalı bir ilişki geliştirmek olamaz. Bu hayvanlar, 3, 4, 5, 6, davranış ve fizyolojisi, ve bu yüzden, refahı, zararlı olan işleme tepki olarak artan anksiyete ve stres, ortaya çıkarabilir. Ayrıca, rutin gibi stres hormonları ya da davranış 7, 8 gibi farklı parametreler, ölçerek muayene edilebilir stres yanıtları neden olabilir genel kullanım, kısıtlama ve kan veya doku örneklemesi gibi laboratuvar prosedürleri uygulandı. Işleme programları etkin bir laboratuvar kemirgenler 9, 10, 11 araştırmacının doğru anksiyeteyi azaltabilir ortaya konmuştur. Bu nedenle hayvanların &#39;artırabilir Taşıma programlarkoşulları ve hayvan refahı 5 önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, belirli bir kullanım programı olarak fareler için pozitif takviye eğitimi tanıtmaktır. Pozitif takviye eğitim Araştırmacı hayvan davranışlarını şekillendirmek için bir araç verir edimsel koşullama şeklidir. Hayvan istenilen davranışı gerçekleştirdiğinde, (burada, bir gıda ödül) pozitif bir uyarıcı tarafından takip edilir. niyet hayvan ilgili davranış ödül bağlar olmasıdır. Clicker eğitimi, bir tıkırtı sesi &quot;tıklama&quot; bir klimalı ikincil güçlendiricidir kullanarak pozitif takviye eğitim şeklidir ve belirli bir davranışı 12 güçlendirmek için kanıtlanmıştır. Daha spesifik olarak, klik sesi davranışı ve yaklaşan ödül 13 arasında bir &quot;zaman köprü&quot; olarak hizmet vermektedir. Hayvan istenen gerçekleştirir tam olarak ne zaman eğitmen tıklardavranış, herhangi bir zamanda olmadan 14 gecikme ve ardından gıda ödül sunar. Bu yüksek frekans ile yapılacaktır ödüllendirdi davranışı, güçlendirir. Tıkırtı eğitim yaygın pet hayvanları ile kullanılır ve başarılı insan olmayan primatlarda 13, 15, 16 ile uygulamaya konmuştur laboratuvar hayvan bilimi, içine kendi yolunu yaptı. Edimsel koşullama paradigmaları ile meydan okuduğunda fareler hızlı bir şekilde yerine öğrenmek gibi, ikinci bir pekiştirici giriş bilişsel yeteneklerini 5, 17, 18, 19 aşırı yorgunluk olmamalıdır. Farelerin tutulması için tıkırtı eğitim tanıştırarak, bilişsel zenginleştirme yaşamaya fareler sağlar. bilişsel zenginleştirme tasarımı Solv onların bilişsel becerilerini kullanmak için fareler etkinleştirmeniz gerekire problemler ve çevre 20, 21 denetimini ele geçirmesine. Farklı türler ile çeşitli çalışmalar tutsak hayvanların 22, 23, 24 refahı bilişsel zenginleşme olumlu etkisi kanıtlanmıştır. Başarıyla çevresel sorunlarla başa çıkmak için hayvanların yeteneğini arttırmak onların 25, 26 refahı için katkıda bulunur. hayvanlar hayatları boyunca stres düşük seviyelerde yaşarsanız ek olarak, onlar biyomedikal araştırma meydana stres ile karşı karşıya zararlı başa çıkma stratejileri geliştirmek için daha az yatkındır. Bu nedenle, bilişsel zenginleşme tutarlı bir şekilde uygulanması, deneklerin fenotipleri bir homojenleştirme katkı sağlayabilir. gerekli konularda sayısını azaltabilir gibi bu azalma 3R prensibine katkıda bulunacakİstatistiksel gereksinimlerini karşılamak için 27. Kolayca laboratuvar fareleri tutmanın günlük rutin entegre edilebilir güvenilir bir protokol geliştirerek, büyük ölçüde refah onların yaşam boyu deneyimi artırabilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lid for open housing</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500LID117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SealSAfe Plus top for open housing</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500400SU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type II long, filter top cages</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500PFSPC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspen bedding material&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Lab &amp;amp; Vet Service GmbH</td><td>H0234-300</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Red polycarbonate Mouse House</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>ACRE011</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue papers</td><td>Tork, SCA Hygiene Products GmbH</td><td>290179</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Food - ssniff M-H Extrudat</td><td>ssniff</td><td>V1126-000</td><td>ad libitum</td></tr><tr><td>Target Stick with Clicker</td><td>Trixie</td><td>2282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC Tube (Tunnels)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thyssen Krupp</td><td>RTPVCU04003005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White Chocolate/ white chocolate cream</td><td></td><td></td><td>Company doesn&#039;t matter, preferable organic quality</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>FineScienceTools</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; 11150-10</td><td>Or any other tool to fixate chocolate</td></tr><tr><td>Prism Version 6.0 for Windows&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

introducing clicker training as a cognitive enrichment for laboratory mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

en önemli adımlardan ilk ve aynı zamanda bir uygun bir gıda ödül belirlenmesi oldu. Bu nedenle, fareler, bir Petri kabı (Şekil 1) kuruyemiş, bir şeker çözeltisi, marmelat, ve çikolata farklı farklı türde sunuldu. Bizim tecrübelerimize göre, fareler beyaz çikolata için bariz bir tercih gösterdi. Bu nedenle, biz tüm ileri eğitim süreçleri için beyaz çikolata kullanıldı. gerçek eğit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

Laboratuvar Fareler için Bilişsel Zenginleştirme olarak Clicker Eğitim Tanıtımı

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

introducing-clicker-training-as-cognitive-enrichment-for-laboratory

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.8K Görüntüleme.  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice. 

Video: Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

Farelerin Otomatik, Kantitatif / Bilişsel Davranışçı Tarama: Genetik, Farmakoloji, Hayvan Biliş ve Lisans Öğretim İçin

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

Davranış

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Duyusal Entegrasyon ve Bilişsel Kontrol Deney için tam otomatik Kemirgen Yastıkları Protokolü

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Dikkat Seti Değişen Görev: Farelerde Bilişsel Esneklik bir ölçün

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

Fare Aradığınız Edimsel Sensation

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Nörobilim

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

Edimsel Conditioning kullanma Farelerde Sosyal Motivasyon miktarının

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Multi-bilişsel işlevler Test ve Kemirgenler Nöronal Etkinlikler kayıt için Tam Otomatik ve Çok Yönlü Sistemi

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Tıkırtı eğitim ve sosyal gözlem gönüllü olarak kafes değiştirmek için fare öğretmek için kullanma

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

Otomatik Eğitmen Kullanarak Farelerde Vasıflı Prehension'un Değerlendirilmesi

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

Rutin tavşan yetiştiriciliği prosedürleri için pozitif pekiştirmeye dayalı eğitim

Training Laboratory Rabbits to Refine Routine Husbandry Procedures

Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving both animal welfare and scientific quality. Clicker training was utilized to develop training protocols for rabbits to refine stressful routine husbandry procedures usually associated with lifting (i.e., being picked up from the floor)/restraining (i.e., being held in the arms of a human) them. Thirteen female New Zealand White rabbits were trained over three weeks. All rabbits learned the predefined goal behaviors: they followed the target stick, jumped onto the weighing scale, entered a transport box, and reared while placing their front paws onto the trainer&#39;s hand. In addition, ten animals jumped from the floor onto the sitting trainer&#39;s lap and allowed the trainer to lift their paws off the surface while sitting on the trainer&#39;s lap. For some individuals, the protocols had to be adapted by additional interim steps. At the end of the training, the rabbits reliably showed the expected goal behaviors, even after short and long training breaks. With few exceptions, a familiar person other than the trainer could elicit the goal behaviors from the rabbits (generalization), though further sessions were required for generalization. In the voluntary approach test, the rabbits preferred interacting with the trainer in the 1st trial but spent as much time with an unfamiliar person as with the trainer in the 2nd trial. The behavioral observations suggested that picking the rabbits up with the transport box, as described in the protocol, instead of restraining them with the scruff of their neck and lifting them on the arm, was less aversive. All in all, the training protocols were feasible and can serve as a refinement strategy in laboratory animal facilities. In the interest of animal welfare, the training protocols should be applied wherever possible.

Yazar Spotlight: Laboratuvar Hayvanlarının Nazik ve Stressiz Kullanım için Eğitimi

Training protocols involving positive reinforcement for routine husbandry procedures in rabbits were developed and proved to be successful, as the rabbits reliably showed the trained behaviors at the weekly general examination. Picking the rabbits up with the transport box was less aversive than the conventional handling technique.

Rutin Hayvancılık Prosedürlerini İyileştirmek için Laboratuvar Tavşanlarının Eğitimi

Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving ...

Laboratuvar Fareler için Bilişsel Zenginleştirme olarak Clicker Eğitim Tanıtımı

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Farelerin Otomatik, Kantitatif / Bilişsel Davranışçı Tarama: Genetik, Farmakoloji, Hayvan Biliş ve Lisans Öğretim İçin

Duyusal Entegrasyon ve Bilişsel Kontrol Deney için tam otomatik Kemirgen Yastıkları Protokolü

Dikkat Seti Değişen Görev: Farelerde Bilişsel Esneklik bir ölçün

Fare Aradığınız Edimsel Sensation

Edimsel Conditioning kullanma Farelerde Sosyal Motivasyon miktarının

Multi-bilişsel işlevler Test ve Kemirgenler Nöronal Etkinlikler kayıt için Tam Otomatik ve Çok Yönlü Sistemi

Tıkırtı eğitim ve sosyal gözlem gönüllü olarak kafes değiştirmek için fare öğretmek için kullanma

Otomatik Eğitmen Kullanarak Farelerde Vasıflı Prehension'un Değerlendirilmesi

Rutin Hayvancılık Prosedürlerini İyileştirmek için Laboratuvar Tavşanlarının Eğitimi

Rutin Hayvancılık Prosedürlerini İyileştirmek için Laboratuvar Tavşanlarının Eğitimi