LRH Kanada Doğal Bilimler ve Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi (NSERC) tarafından desteklenmiştir. SD kısmen programı CREATE NSERC desteklenen edildi.

Deneylerin hepsi York Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmış ve tüm katılımcıların bilgilendirilmiş onam formları imzaladı. Deneyler Helsinki Antlaşması uyarınca yapıldı. 1. Uyarılar <ol><li> Tactile Algılama uyarıcı <ol><li> 100 milisaniye boyunca 250 Hz titreşim dokunsal uyaranlara teslim bir tactor (1.17 &quot;çapında ve 0.30&quot; kalınlığında) kullanın. Bir amaca tactor kullanarak seyahat miktarına ve uygulanan gerilimi arasındaki doğrusal bir ilişki sağlar. </li><li> 64 bit ses kartı ile dokunsal uyaran teslim kontrol eder. <ol><li> tactor sürücü için bir hoparlör olarak davranın. 64-bit bilgisayar stereo ses kartına bir stereo ses amplifikatörü bağlayın. Amplifikatör (örneğin, &#39;sol hoparlör çıkışı&#39;) çıkışlarından birine tactor bağlayın. Par işitsel sinyalleri sağlamak için düzenli bir hoparlöre amplifikatör ikinci kanal (örneğin, &#39;sağ hoparlör out&#39;) bağlayınbir katılımcı. </li><li> Deney kontrol eden bilgisayar kodunda, (tactor (süre 100 milisaniye örneğin, 250 Hz sinüs) titreşimle için kullanılacak dalga şeklini ve işitsel sinyal için başka dalga biçimi üretir, örneğin, bir ile 3.000 Hz sinüs 100 milisaniye süre). Yan Kod Dosya Örnek Kod 1&#39;e bakınız. </li><li> iki boyutlu bir dizisi, bu iki dalga formu her koyun. tactor dizisi için ilk boyutta sinyal koymak ve tüm sıfır ikinci boyut ayarlayın. Ses dizi ikinci boyutta sinyal koymak ve tüm sıfırlardan ilk olarak ayarlayın. Programda uygun noktada ses kartı uygun bir dizi oynayın. Bu nasıl yapılır bir gösteri için ek kod Dosya Örnek Kod 1&#39;e bakınız. </li></ol></li><li> mekanik tabanlı sabitleme ürünü ile bir kayış tactor takın. </li></ol></li><li> maskeleme uyarıcı <ol><li> ha, bir elektrik ile maskeleme uyaran sağlamakvibratör (4 cm çapında, 83 Hz &quot;düşük&quot; ayarlanmış iken) nd-düzenledi. </li><li> maskeleme test edilecek olan alanlarına göre, maskeleme uyaran uygulanacak olan siteleri seçin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Deneysel Kurulum ve Tasarım <ol><li> deneyci için bunun önünde bir sandalyede, ile, bir masanın üzerinde bilgisayar ve donanımları düzenleyin. </li><li> katılımcılar sol (testi) kol dinlenme hangi bir tablo oluşturun. Tablonun sağ tarafına bir sandalye yerleştirin. Bir sonraki katılımcılar sağ (maskeleme kolu) dirsek dinlenme hangi sandalyeye bir kol dayama standı koyun. Tabloya yastıklama ekleyin ve konfor için kolçak. </li><li> mekanik izole yüzey üzerinde bir hoparlör düzenleyin. Katılımcının feet (Şekil 1) onlara rahatlıkla böylece (bilgisayar farenin sol ve sağ tuşları ile bağlı) ayak pedalları düzenleyin. </li><li> Gerekli çalışmaların uygun sayıda da dahil olmak üzere, çalışma parametrelerini seçineşik (genellikle 40-50 arası çalışmalar) ve deney bölünecek olan içine blok sayısı güvenilir bir tahmin elde etmek için (örneğin, durum başına 20-25 çalışmaların iki blok). </li><li> koşullar çalıştırmak olacaktır sırayla bir listesini yapın. nerede her blok için maskeleme uyaran tutun belirlemek için bu listeyi kullanın. </li><li> Doğrudan bilgisayar program kodunun içine çalışmaların sayısını girin (örneğin, ntrials = 25; Ltd. Kod Dosyası bakınız). Her blok dikkat korumak için 10 dakika daha uzun olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Bayes adaptif psikofiziksel merdiven psikometrik prosedür 12 ile kontrol edilir yoğunluğunu uyaran olan iki alternatif zorunlu seçmeli dokunsal algılama görevini 11 programlayın. <ol><li> Her deneme için, mevcut iki 1 sn aralıklarla, aralıklarla birinin ortasında sunulan dokunsal uyaran ile, üç bip sesi (kHz 5, 3 kHz ve 5 kHz, süre 100 msn) ile işaretlenmiş. katılımcı i varuyarıcı ayak pedalları vasıtasıyla sunuldu aralığı içinde düzeyinde belirtmemektedir (sağdan ikinci için, ilk kez sol). aralıklarla çalıştırın ve puanlanır gösterir Örnek Kod 2, bakın. Not: Bilgisayar puanları &quot;doğru&quot; ya da &quot;yanlış&quot; ve adaptif merdiven gibi tepki buna göre sunulmak üzere sonraki değeri seçer. Not: Bu yöntem, test sahasında titreşim tespit edilmesi için bir eşik değerini belirler. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53733/53733fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Deneysel Tasarım. Bu rakam deney seti yukarı ve kullanılan malzemeler gösterir. ayrıntılar için metne bakınız. 3. Deneysel Prosedür <ol><li> yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam edinin. kendi ayakları tepki ayak pedalları rahatça dinlenme ve deneysel prosedür açıklamak ile sandalyede katılımcıyı Seat. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Tedbir ve sol önkol dorsal yüzeyi uzunluğu kaydedin. tactor dirsek iç açısı ve bilek kırışık arasındaki kol yarım ortasına konumlandırılmış böylece kayışı uygulayın. </li><li> yerinde tactor tutmak için kol etrafında gevşek birkaç kez tensör bandaj sarın. </li><li> masanın üzerine sol kol yerleştirin ve kol dayanağı üzerindeki sağ dirseğini dinlenmek için katılımcıların söyleyin. katılımcıyı gözleri bağlı uyaran bakarak veya yer maskeleme önlemek ve dosdoğru deney boyunca bakmalarını talimat. </li><li> dokunsal algılama görevi ile katılımcılara tanıtmak için (maskeleme uyaran olmadan) 20 uygulama denemeleri bir blok ile başlayın ve onları dokunsal uyaranlara aşina olmak için izin vermek. </li><li> uygulama denemeleri ardından, rastgele, denge sırayla koşulları blokları çalışan deney başlar. Her blok başlamadan önce, emin olun bu silah ve maskeleme stimulus doğru pozisyonda bulunmaktadır. <ol><li> Her durum için, daha önce yapılan koşullara listesine atıfta seçilen sitede maskeleme uyaran tutun. çalıştırılan her koşul kapalı çapraz. yaklaşık olarak sabit basıncı muhafaza veri toplama çalışmaların her blok boyunca maskeleme uyaran tutun. maskeleme uyaran ince giysiler aracılığıyla uygulanabilir. </li><li> önce seçilen çalışmaların bir dizi numara ile devam edecek deneysel programını çalıştırın. çalışmaların her kısa bloğundan sonra 2 dk dinlenme süresi tanıtın. çalışmaların belirli bir blok tamamlandıktan sonra, maskeleme uyaran bir sonraki siteyi seçin ve programı yeniden çalıştırın. Tüm çalışmalar tamamlanıncaya kadar tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Kümülatif Gauss için kümülatif Gauss ile formülü katılımcıların veri sığdırmak, görselleştirmek ve adaptif merdiven programı 12 tarafından döndürülen eşik değerin tahminini doğrulamak için% 50 gider (sigmoid) (şans seviyesi - eşit 0s sayısı - yanlış ve 1&#39;s- doğru)% 100 (tüm 1&#39;lerin tamamı doğru olur): Doğru yanıt olasılığı = 0,5 + 0,5 / (+ exp (1 - (x-x0) / std)) x test yoğunluk değeri olduğu, x0% 75 eşik değeri ve std tahmin standart sapması olduğunu. Bu formül bir eğri-uydurma yazılımı kullanılarak veri ve uyarlanabilir bir merdiven değeri ile karşılaştırıldığında elde edilen x 0 değerine takılabilir. <ol><li> eğri 50% (şansı performans) ile% 100 arasında gider emin olun. Test koşulları arasında herhangi bir fark olup olmadığını belirlemek için (farklı maskeleme siteleri arasında örneğin,) deney her koşul altında elde edilen% 75 eşik değerlerine istatistiksel analizler (örneğin, t-testi veya ANOVA) yürütün. </li></ol></li><li> , Uç değerleri belirlemek ortalama ve belirli bir durum için standart sapmayı hesaplamak için. ortalama her katılımcının puanı karşılaştırın veTek bir skor bu bir aykırı olarak bu puan görüyor ve analiz çıkarın sonra ortalama 2 den fazla standart sapma ise. istenirse alternatif kriterler kullanılabilir. </li><li> (Isteğe bağlı birimlerle ifade edilmiştir) kontaktörü yoğunluğunun değerleri standart için, (maskeleme uyaran kontrol sitesi, örneğin omuz uygulandığında ölçülmüştür) onları kontrol eşik göre desibel dönüştürmek. Bu formülü kullan: dB = 10 x 10 (eşik değeri / kontrol eşik değerini) oturum açın. </li></ol>

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</ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları olduğunu beyan ederim.

Burada, karşı dokunsal maskeleme için ayrıntılı bir protokol açıklanan ve dokunsal tespit eşikleri test etmek için bir teknik kullanılarak daha önce yayınlanmış sonuçlar gösterilmektedir. Bu yöntemin avantajı, eşiklerin psychophysically sıkı bir teknik kullanılarak ölçülür olmasıdır. İki alternatif zorunlu seçim (2AFC) işlemi yanıt önyargı nispeten duyarsız ve bu nedenle dikkat etkilerden olduğunu. verilerin çoğu eşik seviyesine yakın uyaran yoğunlukları ile toplanır fiili eş...

gövde üzerinde bir yerde bir dokunsal uyaran başka bir yerde bir dokunuş algısını değiştirir nerede dokunsal maskeleme olduğunu. Bu, vücut yüzeyi üzerindeki bitişik deri alanları arasındaki konumu etkileşimleri, özellikle lateral inhibisyonu ortaya von Bekesy 1 öncülük bir tekniktir. Dokunsal maskeleme yıldır yoğun çalışmalar olsa da, araştırma ağırlıklı elektrik stimülasyonu 2, 3, basınç 4, ve vibrotactile stimülasyon 5, 6 kullanarak ipsilateral dokunsal maskeleme araştırmıştır. Buna karşılık, az sayıda çalışma maskeleme ve sonda siteleri uzak kaldırılmış olabilir hangi taraf dokunsal maskeleme baktım. Uzun menzilli dokunsal maskeleme efektleri yandan ayna-simetrik noktaları arasında gösterilen ve kol 5, 7 edilmiştir - 9 ancak bu çalışmalar büyük ölçüde elleri ve parmakları 7 bakarak sınırlı olmuştur10, tüm vücut daha geniş parçaları ile büyük ölçüde göz ardı ediliyor. Bu tür uzun menzilli maskeleme deneyleri bir amacı beyinde vücudun temsil bileşenleri işlevsel bağlantılı olabilir nasıl göstermektir. Burada, uzun menzilli dokunsal maskeleme olgusu bir önkol uygulanan titreşim karşısında önkol dokunma hassasiyeti eşiklerini nasıl etkileyebileceğine incelenerek araştırılmıştır. Eşik bir uyarıcı tespit etmek için gerekli olan minimum uyarıcı değinmektedir. Bu teşvik zaman% 75 tespit edildiği yoğunluğu olarak tanımlar. Biz bir kol üzerinde el hassasiyeti (eşik karşılıklı) vücudun başka bir kısmına bir titreşimli uyarıcı (maske) mevcudiyetinde ölçüldüğü bir dokunma maskeleme tekniği kullanılır. Etkili maskeleme Algılama Eşiği yani bir artış, duyarlılıkta bir azalma ortaya çıkar. teknik, o değişen bacak pozisyonu olarak diğer manipülasyonlar ile bağlantılı olarak kullanılabilirr hareketi maskeleme etkinliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için. Burada maskeleme uyarıcı olarak vibrotactile uyaranlara kullanılır. Bunun avantajı, bu harekete frekansı ve dolayısıyla reseptör tip kontrol edilebilir olmasıdır. teknik probu veya maske ya da her ikisi gibi elektrikli uyaranlara kullanarak ağrı bakmak için uzun olabilir. Ayrıca, herhangi bir yer, örneğin akupunktur sitelerinin soruşturma izin maskeleme alan olarak kullanılabilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C-2 tactor</td><td>ATAC Technology; Engineering Acoustics, Inc.</td><td></td><td>http://www.atactech.com/PR_tactors.html</td></tr><tr><td>Magic Wand</td><td>Hitachi</td><td></td><td>http://magicwandoriginal.com/magic-wand-original/</td></tr><tr><td>FC5 Foot Pedals</td><td>Yamaha Corporation</td><td></td><td>http://ca.yamaha.com/en/products/music-production/accessories/footpedals/fc5/?mode=model</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td><td></td><td>http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td></tr><tr><td>Velcro</td><td>Velcro Industries B.V.</td><td></td><td>http://www.velcro.com/</td></tr></tbody></table>

testing tactile masking between the forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Verilerin analizi, 13 bildirilmiştir. Ön kol (kontrol durumda ölçülen eşik göre ifade edilir) dokunma duyarlılığı önemli ölçüde ön kol arasında bir karşı maskeleme etkisi gösteren, (eşikleri önemli ölçüde artmıştır) vibrotactile maskeleme stimülasyon karşı taraftaki (Şekil 2A) uygulandığı zaman indirgendi. Maske ve test siteleri geldi zaman etkisi büyük etkisi meydana gelen, maskeleme kolundaki maskeleme uyaranın pozisyon ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms at JoVE.com

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Önkol arasında Test Tactile Maskeleme

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

testing-tactile-masking-between-the-forearms

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.3K Görüntüleme.  York University. Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain. 

Video: Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Kauçuk El Illusion Paradigma bir Amaç Davranış Tedbir Alınması Aracı Olarak Crossmodal Congruency Görev

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Davranış

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

Sanal el ve Sanal yüz Illusions oluşturma Kendinden temsil Araştırma

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

Deneyimli ve gözlenen duygusal Touch insanlarda yüz kas tepkileri değerlendirmek için yüz Elektromiyografi kullanma

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

Vibro-dokunsal geribildirim ile nesne aktarımı sırasında uyumsuz görsel-dokunsal uyaranlara uygulama

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

Dokunsal Otomatik Pasif-Parmak Stimülatör (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

Biyoloji

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to sense spatial information is the strongest in the skin on the hands. This ability is termed tactile spatial acuity, and is measured by the tactile threshold or discrimination threshold. At present, the two-point threshold is extensively used as a measure of tactile spatial acuity, although many studies have indicated that critical deficits exist in two-point discrimination. Therefore, a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system was developed, the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator (TSPAS), using the tactile angle discrimination threshold as a new measure for tactile spatial acuity. The TSPAS is a simple, easily operated system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling movement speed, distance, and contact duration. The components of the TSPAS are described in detail as well as the procedure to calculate the tactile angle discrimination threshold.

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Presented is the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator TSPAS, a new way to assess tactile spatial acuity and tactile angle discrimination using a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling for movement speed, distance, and contact duration.

Dokunsal Yarı Otomatik Pasif Parmak Açısı Uyarıcısı (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

The feeling that a body part is one&#8217;s own body (sense of ownership; SoO) and the feeling based on the causal relationship between one&#8217;s will and action (sense of agency; SoA) have been recognized as the basis of our bodily self-consciousness. Previously, the illusory SoO over a fake body part (e.g., rubber hand) was introduced as the rubber hand illusion (RHI). Furthermore, it was determined that one could also evoke a SoA over an object with movements linked to the one&#8217;s prior intention. On the other hand, the postdictivity of our spontaneity implies that it is essentially inseparable whether actions originate from self or others. In other words, our SoA or daily experiences are obtained in such as inseparable scenario. Previous research, however, has maintained the premise that self- and other-origin movements are perceptually distinguishable. Here, we implement a protocol to make these aspects ambiguous for the participants and to estimate whether they can feel SoO and/or SoA and how. To this end, we employ an experiment using virtual reality, under which participants observe virtual fingers moving very slowly (or quickly or not moving) while their own fingers do not move. For evaluation of the illusory SoO, measurements of skin conductance responses against a knife threat are adopted. Additionally, we introduce face-to-face interviews to determine whether the feelings regarding the slow movement match the conventional SoA definition. Our representative results suggest that the SoO is evoked over the hand, and various attitudes to accept its movement as the participant&#8217;s own with awareness that they did not originate it are reported by the majority. As the results show, the novelty of this protocol is discovering that in such a situation, the SoO cooperates with an externally produced SoA to establish one&#8217;s own bodily experience rather than the independence of the SoO and SoA.

While previous research on bodily self-consciousness assumed that self- and other-origin movements were perceptually distinguishable, this protocol allows them to be ambiguous on a virtual hand with unintentional slight movements. This enables us to observe one&#8217;s experience formed by SoO and other-produced SoA, rather than the absence of SoA.

Benlik ve Diğer Köken Arasında Belirsiz Hareket ile Sanal El: Sahiplik Duygusu ve 'Diğer Üretilen' Ajans

The feeling that a body part is one&#8217;s own body (sense of ownership; SoO) and the feeling based on the causal relationship between one&#8217;s will ...

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions is challenging. This paper describes a workflow to estimate the contact regions from marker-based tracking data. Participants grasp real objects, while we track the 3D position of both the objects and the hand, including the fingers' joints. We first determine the joint Euler angles from a selection of tracked markers positioned on the back of the hand. Then, we use state-of-the-art hand mesh reconstruction algorithms to generate a mesh model of the participant's hand in the current pose and the 3D position. 
Using objects that were either 3D printed or 3D scanned-and are, thus, available as both real objects and mesh data-allows the hand and object meshes to be co-registered. In turn, this allows the estimation of approximate contact regions by calculating the intersections between the hand mesh and the co-registered 3D object mesh. The method may be used to estimate where and how humans grasp objects under a variety of conditions. Therefore, the method could be of interest to researchers studying visual and haptic perception, motor control, human-computer interaction in virtual and augmented reality, and robotics.

When we grasp an object, multiple regions of the fingers and hand typically make contact with the object's surface. Reconstructing such contact regions is challenging. Here, we present a method for approximately estimating the contact regions by combining marker-based motion capture with existing deep learning-based hand mesh reconstruction.

İnsanın Çok Haneli Kavraması Sırasında Eller ve Nesneler Arasındaki Temas Bölgelerinin Tahmini

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

Gelişmekte olan beyin motor Cortex non-Invaziv modülasyon ve robotik haritalama

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...

Nörobilim

Capturing Dynamic Finger Gesturing with High-resolution Surface Electromyography and Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for state-of-the-art prosthetics and optimized rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG), in conjunction with deep learning methods, is considered a promising method in this domain. However, current methods often rely on cumbersome recording setups and the identification of static hand positions, limiting their effectiveness in real-world applications. The protocol we report here presents an advanced approach combining a wearable surface EMG and finger&#160;tracking system to capture comprehensive data during dynamic hand movements. The method records muscle activity from soft printed electrode arrays (16 electrodes) placed on the forearm as subjects perform gestures in different hand positions and during movement. Visual instructions prompt subjects to perform specific gestures while EMG and finger positions are recorded. The integration of synchronized EMG recordings and finger tracking data enables comprehensive analysis of muscle activity patterns and corresponding gestures. The reported approach demonstrates the potential of combining EMG and visual tracking technologies as an important resource for developing intuitive and responsive gesture recognition systems with applications in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and interactive technologies. This protocol aims to guide researchers and practitioners, fostering further innovation and application of gesture recognition in dynamic and real-world scenarios.

The paper presents a comprehensive protocol for simultaneously recording hand-electromyography (EMG) and visual finger tracking during natural finger gesturing. The visual data is designed to serve as the ground truth for the development of accurate EMG-based computational models for finger gesture recognition.

Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Yüzey Elektromiyografisi ve Bilgisayarlı Görü ile Dinamik Parmak Hareketlerini Yakalama

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for ...