LRHは、カナダの自然科学と工学研究評議会（NSERC）によってサポートされていました。 SDは、部分的にプログラムを作成NSERCからサポートされていました。

全ての実験は、ニューヨーク倫理委員会によって承認され、すべての参加者は、インフォームドコンセントフォームに署名しました。実験は、ヘルシンキ条約に従って行われました。 1.刺激<ol><li>触覚検出刺激<ol><li> 100ミリ秒、250 Hzの振動の触覚刺激を提供するために触覚器（1.17 &quot;直径0.30&quot;厚）を使用します。専用の触覚器を使用すると、移動量と印加電圧との間に線形関係を提供します。 </li><li> 64ビットサウンドカードと触覚刺激の配信を制御します。 <ol><li>触覚器を駆動するために、拡声器として扱います。 64ビットコンピュータのステレオサウンドカードにステレオ・オーディオ・アンプを接続します。アンプ（ 例えば 、「左スピーカーアウト&#39;）の出力のいずれかに触覚器を接続します。パーに聴覚信号を提供するために、定期的なスピーカに増幅器の第2のチャネル（ 例えば 、「右スピーカーアウト&#39;）を接続しますticipant。 </li><li>実験を制御しているコンピュータコードでは、との触覚器を振動させるために使用される波形（所要時間100ミリ秒の例えば 、250 Hzの正弦波）、および聴覚信号のための別の波形（ 例えば 、3000 Hzの正弦波を生成します100ミリ秒の持続時間）。補足コードファイルにコード例1を参照してください。 </li><li> 2次元配列にこれらの2つの波形のそれぞれを置きます。触覚器アレイの最初の次元の信号を入れて、すべてゼロに第二の次元を設定します。音配列では二次元で信号を入れて、すべてゼロに最初に設定します。プログラム中の適切な時点でサウンドカードに適切な配列を再生します。これがどのように行われるかのデモのために補足コードファイルにコード例1を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>機械ベースの締結製品にストラップに触覚器を取り付けます。 </li></ol></li><li>マスキング刺激<ol><li>ヘクタール、電気によってマスキング刺激を与えますND-開催された振動子（直径4cm、「低」に設定された83ヘルツ）。 </li><li>マスキングは、試験される領域に基づいて、マスキング刺激が適用されるサイトを選択します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.実験のセットアップおよびデザイン<ol><li>実験のために、それの前の椅子で、机の上のコンピュータや機器を配置します。 </li><li>参加者は自分の左（テスト）腕を休まれているテーブルを設定します。表の右側に椅子を置きます。次の参加者は彼らの権利（マスキングアーム）肘を休まれた椅子にアームレストスタンドを置きます。テーブルにクッションを追加し、快適さのためにアームレスト。 </li><li>機械的に分離された表面上にスピーカーを配置します。参加者の足が（ 図1）それらに快適に休むますように（コンピュータマウスの左右のボタンに接続されている）フットペダルを配置します。 </li><li>必要な試験の適切な数を含め、研究のパラメータを選択します。閾値（典型的には、40~50の間の試験）実験が分割されるべきブロックの数の信頼できる推定値を得るために（例えば、条件当たり20〜25の試験の二つのブロック）。 </li><li>条件が実行される順序のリストを作成します。ここで、各ブロックのマスキング刺激を保持するかを決定するために、このリストを使用します。 </li><li>直接コンピュータ・プログラム・コードに試行回数を入力します（ 例えば 、ntrials = 25;補足コードファイルを参照してください）。各ブロックは注意を維持することはもはや10分以上であることを確認していません。 </li><li>ベイズ適応心理物理階段心理測定手順12で制御される強度を刺激する二代替-強制選択触覚検出タスク11をプログラムします 。 <ol><li>各試験のために、本2 1秒間隔は、間隔の1の中央に提示触覚刺激して、3回のビープ音（5 kHzの、3 kHzから5 kHzの、持続時間100ミリ秒）でマークされました。参加者の私を持っています刺激はフットペダルによって提示された間隔でndicate（右秒間、最初の放置します）。間隔が実行され、採点される方法を示しますサンプルコード2を参照してください。 注意：コンピュータのスコアが「正しい」か「間違っている」と適応階段のような応答は、それに応じて提示される次の値を選択します。 注：この方法は、試験部位における振動を検出するための閾値を決定します。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53733/53733fig1.jpg" /> 図 1。実験デザイン 。この図は、実験のセットアップおよび使用される材料を示しています。詳細は本文を参照してください。 3.実験手順<ol><li>書面によるインフォームドコンセントを取得します。自分の足が応答フットペダルに快適に休んで椅子に参加者を収容し、実験手順を説明します。&lt;/李&gt; <li>測定し、左前腕の背面の長さを記録。触覚器は、肘と手首のしわの内側の角度とアーム途中の中間に位置しているので、ストラップを適用します。 </li><li>所定の位置に触覚器を保持するために、アームの周りにゆるく数回テンソル包帯を巻き。 </li><li>テーブルの上に自分の左腕を置き、アームレストに自分の右肘を休まよう参加者に指示します。参加者を目隠しして刺激を見ているかの位置をマスキングすることを防止し、直進実験を通して見るためにそれらを指示します。 </li><li>触覚検出タスクに参加者を理解するために、（マスキング刺激なし）20練習試行のブロックで開始し、それらを触覚刺激に慣れることができるように。 </li><li>練習試行の後、ランダム、カウンターバランス順序で条件のブロックを実行して、実験を開始します。各ブロックを開始する前に、確実にその腕とマスキングSTIMULUが正しい位置にあります。 <ol><li>各条件については、以前作られた条件のリストを参照して、選択されたサイト上のマスキング刺激を保持します。それが実行されるように各条件をオフに渡ります。ほぼ一定の圧力を維持し、データ収集の試験の各ブロック全体にマスキング刺激を保持します。マスキング刺激は薄い衣服を介して適用することができます。 </li><li>以前に選択したトライアルのセット数を介して実行されます実験プログラムを実行します。試験の各ショートブロックの後に2分の休止期間をご紹介します。試験の所定のブロックが終了した後、マスキング刺激のための次のサイトを選択して、もう一度プログラムを実行します。すべての試験が完了するまで繰り返します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.データ解析<ol><li>適応階段プログラム 12によって返された閾値の推定値を視覚化し、確認するために、累積ガウスで累積ガウスための式を参加者のデータを適合（チャンスレベル - 0の同数 - 間違った、正しい1&#39;s-）50％から行く（シグモイド）（す​​べて正しい、すべて1のの）100％には、次のとおりです。 正しい応答の確率= 0.5 + 0.5 /（1 + EXP（ - （X-X0）/ STD）） xは、試験された強度値であり、X0は、75％閾値であり、STDは、推定値の標準偏差です。この式は、任意のカーブフィッティングソフトウェアを使用してデータおよび適応階段値と比較して、得られたX0値に取り付けることができます。 <ol><li>カーブが50％（偶然の性能）と100％の間になることを確認してください。試験した条件に違いがあるかどうかを判断するために（異なるマスキング部位の間など 、）は、実験の各条件で得られた75％のしきい値に統計分析（ 例えば 、t検定またはANOVAを）を実施します。 </li></ol></li><li>外れ値を識別するために、平均値と所定の条件の標準偏差を計算します。平均で各参加者のスコアを比較し、個々のスコアはそれから2つ以上の標準偏差であるならば、外れ値としてこのスコアを捉えと分析から取り外し意味。所望であれば、代替的な基準を使用することができます。 </li><li> （任意の単位でである）tactorsの強度の値を標準化するために、制御しきい値（マスキング刺激が制御部位に適用されたときに測定、 例えば 、肩）を基準にしたデシベル値に変換します。この式を使用します。 デシベル= 10×10（閾値/制御閾値）を記録します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者は、彼らが競合する金融利害関係を持たないことを宣言します。

ここで、対触覚マスクの詳細なプロトコルが記載されており、触覚の検出しきい値をテストするための技術を使用して、以前に公表された結果が示されています。この方法の利点は、しきい値がpsychophysically厳格な技術を用いて測定していることです。 2-代替強制選択（2AFC）の手順では、回答の偏りに比較的鈍感であるため、注意の効果から。データのほとんどが閾値に近い刺激強度で収集?...

身体上の1つの場所での触覚刺激が別の場所にタッチの認識を変えるところ触覚マスキングがあります。これは、体表面に隣接する皮膚の領域との間の位置の相互作用を明らかにするためにフォンベーケーシ1によって開発技術、特に側方抑制、です。触覚マスクが長年にわたって広く研究されてきたが、研究は、主に電気刺激2、3、圧力4、および振動触覚刺激5,6を使用して同側触覚マスクを調べました。これとは対照的に、いくつかの研究は、マスキングとプローブサイトがはるかに除去することができる、反対側の触覚マスキングを見てきました。長距離触覚マスキング効果が手に鏡面対称点の間に示されており、5アーム 、7されている- 9しかし、これらの研究は、主に手や指を見に制限されている7、10は 、全身のより広範な部分でほとんど無視されています。そのような長距離マスキング実験の目的は、脳における身体表現の構成要素が機能的に連結することができる方法を示すことです。ここでは、長距離触覚マスキングの現象が1前腕に加わる振動が反対の前腕に触覚感度のしきい値にどのような影響を与えるか調査することによって探求されています。しきい値は、刺激を検出するのに必要な最小の刺激を指します。私たちは、刺激が、時間の75％を検出した強度としてこれを定義します。私たちは、1前腕に触覚感度（閾値の逆数）は、身体の他の部分に振動刺激（マスク）の存在下で測定された触覚マスキング技術を使用していました。効果的なマスキングは、検出閾値、すなわち増加、感度の低下によって明らかにされます。技術は、四肢の位置Oを変化させるなど、他の操作と組み合わせて使用​​することができますマスキングの有効性に及ぼす影響を調査するには、r動き。 ここでは、マスキング刺激として振動触覚刺激を使用します。これの利点は、刺激周波数、ひいては受容体タイプを調節することができるということです。技術は、プローブ、マスク、または両方として電気刺激を使用して痛みを見て拡張することができます。また、任意のサイトは、例えば、鍼治療部位の調査を可能にするマスキング部位として使用することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">C-2 tactor</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ATAC Technology; Engineering Acoustics, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">http://www.atactech.com/PR_tactors.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Magic Wand</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hitachi</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">http://magicwandoriginal.com/magic-wand-original/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">FC5 Foot Pedals</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Yamaha Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">http://ca.yamaha.com/en/products/music-production/accessories/footpedals/fc5/?mode=model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Velcro</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Velcro Industries B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.velcro.com/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing tactile masking between the forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

データの分析は、13で報告されました。前腕上（対照条件で測定されたしきい値に対して表さ）触覚感度が大幅に前腕の間で対側マスキング効果を実証し、（閾値が有意に増加した）振動触覚マスキング刺激が反対の腕（ 図2A）に適用されたときに減少しました。効果はマスクとテストサイトが一致したときに最大の効果が発生すると、マスキン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms at JoVE.com

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

前腕の間のテスト触覚マスキング

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

testing-tactile-masking-between-the-forearms

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.3K ビュー.  York University. Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain. 

ビデオ: Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

障害児における皮質聴覚、触覚情報処理の定量的評価

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

行動学

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

シンプルでコンピュータ支援嗅覚テストマウス用

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

ヒト対象における振動検出しきい値と触覚空間視力の測定

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

ストレスによって誘発される行動や生理障害を理解するための亜慢性マイルド社会敗北ストレスのマウスモデル

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

中国語語彙意思決定とネーミングタスク間の周波数の影響を比較すると、

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

新生ラット仔における神経発達レフレックステスト

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One difficulty in proving this objectively is that the natures of brain and heart activities are quite different. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses wavelet entropy to measure the chaotic levels of both electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data and show how this may be used to explore the potential coordination between the mind and heart under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to identify the brain regions in which the EEG wavelet entropy was the most affected by the experimental conditions. As an illustration, the EEG and ECG were recorded under two different conditions (normal rest and mindful breathing) at the beginning of an 8-week standard Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training course (pretest) and after the course (posttest). Using the proposed method, the results consistently showed that the wavelet entropy of the brain EEG decreased during the MBSR mindful breathing state as compared to that during the closed-eye resting state. Similarly, a lower wavelet entropy of heartrate was found during MBSR mindful breathing. However, no difference in wavelet entropy during MBSR mindful breathing was found between the pretest and posttest. No correlation was observed between the entropy of brain waves and the entropy of heartrate during normal rest in all participants, whereas a significant correlation was observed during MBSR mindful breathing. Additionally, the most well-correlated brain regions were located in the central areas of the brain. This study provides a methodology for the establishment of evidence that mindfulness practice (i.e., mindful breathing) may increase the coordination between mind and heart activities.

This manuscript describes how to use the wavelet entropy index to analyze high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. We show that the irregularity of cerebral and cardiac activities became more coordinated during mindfulness-based stress reduction practice.

ウェーブレットエントロピーを使用して心理学の練習が不規則な大脳と心臓活動の間の調整をどのように増加させるかを実証する

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

(空間的) メモリ ゲーム: テスト空間言語、オブジェクトの知識と空間認知との関係

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

振動触覚フィードバックを用いた物体移動時の不適合視覚触覚刺激の適用

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World

In our continuously developing &#39;around the clock&#39; society, there is a need to increase our understanding of how changes in biology, physiology and psychology influence our health and performance. Embedded within this challenge, is the increasing need to account for individual differences in sleep and circadian rhythms, as well as to explore the impact of time of day on performance in the real world. There are a number of ways to measure sleep and circadian rhythms from subjective questionnaire-based methods to objective sleep/wake monitoring, actigraphy and analysis of biological samples. This paper proposes a protocol that combines multiple techniques to categorize individuals into Early, Intermediate or Late circadian phenotype groups (ECPs/ICPs/LCPs) and recommends how to conduct diurnal performance testing in the field. Representative results show large differences in rest-activity patterns derived from actigraphy, circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset and peak time of cortisol awakening response) between circadian phenotypes. In addition, significant differences in diurnal performance rhythms between ECPs and LCPs emphasizes the need to account for circadian phenotype. In summary, despite the difficulties in controlling influencing factors, this protocol allows a real-world assessment of the impact of circadian phenotype on performance. This paper presents a simple method to assess circadian phenotype in the field and supports the need to consider time of day when designing performance studies.

Here, we present a method to investigate diurnal rhythms in performance following accurate categorization of participants into circadian phenotype groups based on the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, gold standard circadian phase biomarkers and actigraphic measures.

人間の概日のフェノタイピングと現実世界での日系性能試験

In our continuously developing &#39;around the clock&#39; society, there is a need to increase our understanding of how changes in biology, physiology and ...