Name: electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2017-06-28T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

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1. Prekürsör Solüsyon Hazırlığı NOT: Kullanmadan önce lütfen ilgili tüm malzeme güvenlik bilgi formlarına (MSDS) başvurun. Bu prosedürde kullanılan kimyasallardan birçoğu insanlar için zararlı ve / veya toksiktir. Nanomalzemeler, muadillerine kıyasla ek tehlike oluşturabilir. Lütfen uygun güvenlik tedbirlerini ve kişisel koruyucu ekipmanı kullanın. <ol><li> Bir örnek şişesine 5 g titanyum (IV) n-butoksit, 1 g polivinilpirolidon (PVP), 1 mL buzlu asetik asit ve 10 mL saf etanol yerleştirin. </li><li> Çözeltiyi homojen hale gelene ve kabarcıklar gözlenene kadar karıştırmak için manyetik bir karıştırma plakası kullanın. </li></ol> 2. Nanofiberlerin Elektrospinning ve Kireçlenmesi <ol><li> Elektrospinning işlemi için kullanılan iğneyi, 21 G&#39;lik bir iğnenin ucunu kesip uç tamamen düz olacak şekilde ılımlı dereceli zımpara kullanarak zımparalayarak hazırlayın. </li><li> Ihtiyacı monte edinTek kullanımlık bir 10 mL&#39;lik şırınga üzerinde. </li><li> Öncü çözümün bir kısmını şırıngaya yükleyin ve şırınga pompasına yerleştirin. </li><li> Kolektör plakasını alüminyum folyoya sarın ve doğrudan iğne ucunun önüne yerleştirin. NOT: İğneden tabağa olan mesafe 20 cm olmalıdır. </li><li> Toprak toplayıcı plakayı ve iğne yüksek gerilim güç kaynağına bağlayın. </li><li> Koruyucu ekranı kurulumun etrafına yerleştirin. </li><li> Şırınga pompasındaki akış oranını 1 mL / saate ayarlayın ve pompalamaya başlayın. </li><li> İğnenin ucunda bir çözüm görünür görmez yüksek voltaj kaynağını açın ve 15 kV&#39;ye ayarlayın. NOT: Bu noktada, elyaf plakada toplanacaktır. Kurulum, fiber hasırın istenilen kalınlığını elde etmek için gerektiği kadar çalışmaya bırakılmalıdır. </li><li> İplik tamamlandıktan sonra, yüksek voltaj kaynağı ve şırınga pompasını kapatın. Folyoyu toplayıcı plakadan çıkarın. </li><li> Elyafların durmasına izin verinGeceyarısından sonra alüminyum folyodan soyun. </li><li> Soyulmuş elyafları bir pota içine yerleştirin ve bir mufle fırınına yerleştirin. </li><li> Elyafları, 500 ° C&#39;ye kadar 5 ° / dakikalık bir sıcaklık rampası ayarlayarak ve PVP&#39;yi çıkarmak ve saf TiO2 nanofiber üretmek için 2 saat tutarak hesaplayın. </li><li> Kalsinasyon işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra, lifleri tahrip edebilecek herhangi bir termal şoktan kaçınmak için sıcaklık 80 ° C&#39;nin altına düşene kadar fırını bırakın. </li></ol> 3. Elektrot Üretimi <ol><li> Çamurların hazırlanması <ol><li> Yuvarlak tabanlı bir şişede, 500 mg titanyum dioksit macunu 20 mL etanol ekleyin. </li><li> Ayrı bir balonda 500 mg elektrospınn Ti02-NFs ile 20 mL etanol karıştırılır. </li><li> Solüsyonları banyo sonikatörü kullanarak 2 saat boyunca sonike hale getirin. </li><li> Üniform karışımlar elde edildiğinde, her şişeye 2 mL terpineol ilave edin veDiğer 15 dak. </li><li> Çamurları elde etmek için çözücüyü bir döner buharlaştırıcı kullanarak iki şişeden uçurun. </li></ol></li><li> Doktor balyalama ve sinterleme <ol><li> Bir elmas cam kesici kullanarak, 2 cm x 2 cm&#39;lik bir kareye FTO iletken cam kaydırın. </li><li> FTO slaytını, cam slayt üzerine yapışkan bant yerleştirerek, çalışma alanına sabitleyin, ortada 0.4 cm2 alan açık bırakın. Düzensiz bir kaplamayı önlemek için bandı önce iki paralel kenara yerleştirin ve ardından diğer ikisine yerleştirin. </li><li> Slaytun açıktaki merkezine birkaç damla TiO 2 -NP bulamaç bırakın. </li><li> Bulamaçları maruz kalan alanın üzerine eşit bir şekilde yaymak için tıraş bıçağı kullanın. </li><li> Düzgün bir kaplama sağlandıktan sonra, yapışkan bandı dikkatli bir şekilde çıkarın. </li><li> Kaplanmış slayt bir fırında yerleştirilir ve 2 saat boyunca 500 ° C&#39;de sinterlenir. </li><li> Aynı FTO slaytında 3.2.2-3.2.6 adımlarını tekrarlayın, bu sefer TiO 2 -NF bulamaç kullanarak yerineNanopartiküller, foto-anot elde etmek için. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. NF Karakterizasyonu <ol><li> SEM karakterizasyonu <ol><li> Bir mikroskop sapına yapışkan karbon bandı bandı takarak SEM için numune hazırlayın. Kasete küçük miktarda nanofiber yerleştirin. </li><li> Saplamayı bir numune tutucusuna takın ve aletin değişim odasına yükleyin. </li><li> Alet koşullarını ve parametrelerini ayarlayın: ivmelenme voltajını 20 kV&#39;a ve çalışma mesafesini 10 mm&#39;ye ayarlayın. </li><li> Materyalin genel morfolojisini sergilediklerinden emin olarak, numunenin görüntülerini toplayın. </li></ol></li><li> XRD karakterizasyonu <ol><li> Bazı nanofiberleri ince bir toz haline getirin ve XRD aşamasına eşit olarak yayın. </li><li> Numuneyi difraktometreye yükleyin. </li><li> Edinim parametrelerini ayarlayın: başlangıç ​​açısı 10 °, uç açısı 80 °, bir başlangıç ​​açısı 80 ° kullanın.0,015 ° kademeli boyut. </li><li> XRD verilerini edinmeye başlayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Güneş pili imalatı <ol><li> Fotonodoyu sulu bir TiCl4 çözeltisi ile 75 ° C&#39;de 45 dakika boyunca muamele edin. İşlemden sonra, deiyonize su ile yıkayın ve kurutun. </li><li> Fotoğrafanodu, koyu renk koşullar altında mutlak etanolde 24 saat süreyle 0.5 mM rutenyum boya N719 çözeltisine daldırarak duyarlı hale getirin. </li><li> Foto-anot ve karşı elektrot arasında bir termoplastik conta görevi görecek şekilde sensitize foto-anodun üzerine bir yapışkan film tabakası yerleştirin. </li><li> Her iki yüzü birbirine bakacak şekilde, sızdırmazlık filminin üzerinde, önceden delinmiş bir delik bulunan bir Pt kaplı FTO karşı elektrot yerleştirin. </li><li> Birleştirilen hücreleri, contayı kapatmak için 15 dakika boyunca 100 ° C&#39;ye ısıtın. </li><li> 1-propil-3-metilimidazolyum iyodür (0.8 M), iyot (0.1 M), tetrahidrofuranVe benzimidazol (0.3 M) ihtiva eden, 3-metoksipropionitrilde, karşılık gelen elektrotun ön delinmiş deliğinin tepesinde. </li><li> Redoks medyatörünün toplanan hücrenin iç alanını doldurması için hücrenin bir vakum desikatörüne yerleştirilmesi. </li></ol> 6. JV Eğri Karakterizasyonu <ol><li> JV eğrilerini bir AM1.5G filtreden geçen bir xenon ark kaynağından 100 mW / cm2 aydınlatma altında bir dijital kaynak metre kullanarak edinin. </li></ol>

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Bu çalışmada sunulan yöntemler, DSSC&#39;ler gibi fotokatalitik cihazlar için etkili nanofibral fotoanodların üretimini tanımlamaktadır. Elektrospinning, nanofiberlerin üretimi için çok yönlü bir tekniktir, ancak optimum morfolojilere sahip malzemeler elde etmek için belirli bir beceri ve bilgi seviyesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İyi nano fiberler elde etmek için en kritik hususlardan biri prekürsör solüsyonun hazırlanmasıdır: taşıyıcı polimer konsantrasyonu ve titanyum öncüsünün seçimi g...

Boya hassaslaştırılmış güneş pilleri (DSSC), düşük maliyetli, nispeten basit üretim prosesi ve büyük ölçekli üretim kolaylığı sayesinde silikon esaslı güneş pilleri 1 için ilginç bir alternatiftir. Bir başka yararı ise, esnek alt tabakalara dahil olma potansiyelleri, silikon esaslı güneş pilleri 2&#39;ye kıyasla belirgin bir avantaj. Tipik bir DSSC aşağıdakileri kullanır: (1) bir ışıkla hasat tabakası olarak bir boya ile duyarlılaştırılmış bir nanopartikülat Ti02 foto-anodu; (2) bir karşı elektrot olarak kullanılan bir Pt kaplı FTO; Ve (3) iki elektrot arasına yerleştirilen, bir &quot;delik ileten ortam&quot; olarak çalışan, I - / I3 gibi bir redoks çiftini içeren bir elektrolit. DSSC&#39;ler% 15&#39;lik etkinlikleri aştıysa da, nanopartikül bazlı foto-anotların performansı halen yavaş elektron mobilitesi de dahil olmak üzere bir dizi kısıtlamayla engellenmektedirY 4 , düşük enerjili fotonların zayıf emilimi 5 ve şarj rekombinasyonu 6 . Elektron toplama verimi, TiO 2 nanopartikül katmanı boyunca elektron taşıma hızına büyük oranda bağlıdır. Yük difüzyonu yavaşsa, elektrolit çözeltisindeki I3 ile rekombinasyon olasılığı artmakta ve verimlilik kaybına neden olmaktadır. Nanopartikülatlı TiO2&#39;nin bir boyutlu (1D) TiO2 nano-mimarileri ile değiştirilmesinin, serbest elektronların birbirine bağlı TiO2 nanopartiküllerinin 7 tane sınırlarından saçılmasını azaltarak yük naklini geliştirebileceği gösterilmiştir. 1D nano-yapıları, yük toplama için daha doğrudan bir yol oluşturduğundan, nanoyönerlerdeki (NFs) elektron taşıma oranının nanopartiküller 8&#39;e göre çok daha hızlı olmasını bekleyebiliriz , </sup&gt; 9 . Elektrospinning, alt-mikron çapı 10 olan lifli malzemelerin imalatı için en sık kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir. Bu teknik, bir püskürtme memesinden bir polimer çözeltisi püskürtmesinin başlatılmasına neden olan yüksek voltaj kullanımını içerir. Bükülme kararsızlığından dolayı, bu jet daha sonra sürekli nanofiber oluşturmak için bir çok kez gerilir. Son yıllarda, bu teknik, doku mühendisliği 11 , kataliz 12 ve lityum iyon pilleri 13 ve süperkapasitler 14 için elektrot malzemeleri gibi sayısız ve çeşitli uygulamalar için kullanılan polimerik ve inorganik malzemeleri imal etmek için yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Fotosonodaki saçılma tabakası olarak elektrospuan TiO2-NF&#39;lerin kullanılması DSSC&#39;lerin performansını artırabilir. Bununla birlikte, nanofibro ile foto-anotlarBiz mimariler yüzey alanı sınırlamaları yüzünden zayıf boya emilimine sahip olma eğilimindedirler. Bunun üstesinden gelmek için olası çözümlerden biri, NF&#39;leri ve nanoparçacıkları karıştırmaktır. Bu, ışık emilimini ve genel verimliliği artıran ilave saçılma tabakalarına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir 15 . Bu videoda sunulan protokol, elektrospinning ve sol-jel teknikleri kombinasyonu ile ultralong TiO2 nanofiber sentezlemek için kolay bir yöntem sağlar ve ardından kalsinasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilir. Protokol daha sonra, doktora blading teknikleri kullanılarak arttırılmış ışık yayılım kabiliyetine sahip olan bir çift katmanlı foto-anodun imalatı için TiO2-NF&#39;lerin nanopartikülatlı Ti02 ile kombinasyon halinde kullanımını ve bunun ardından bir DSSC&#39;yi, photoanode.

<table><tbody><tr><td>titanium(IV) n-butoxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>244112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>437190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, absolute</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E/0650DF/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 mL Sample vials</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>disposable 21G needle</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P150 grit sandpaper</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable 10mL syringe</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stirrer + stirring bar</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHD 2000 syringe pump</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>71-2002</td><td>(or any other syringe pump capable of outputting a 1mL/hr flow</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium foil</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel collector plate</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Voltage Power Source</td><td>Gamma High Voltage Research, Inc</td><td>ES30P-10W</td><td>(or any other power supply capable of outputting +15 kV</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate protective shield</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic crucible</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muffle furnace</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium dioxide, nanopowder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL 1-neck round bottom flasks</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bath sonicator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terpineol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FTO glass</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>razor blade</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM</td><td>JEOL</td><td>6500F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>PANalytical&amp;nbsp;</td><td>X&#039;pert Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium Tetrachloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>89545</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer&amp;nbsp; 535-bisTBA</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>N719</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sealing film</td><td>Dyesol</td><td>Meltonix 1170-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pt-coated FTO</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>49637</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>207772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzimidazole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>194123</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-Methoxypropionitrile</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>65290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital source meter</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solar Simulator</td><td>Abet technologies</td><td>10500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Bu çalışma, piyasaya sürülen titanyum dioksitten imal edilmiş bir bloke edici tabaka üzerine, elektrospun titanyum dioksit nanofiberlerden (Ti02-NFs) yapılmış bir ışık saçılım tabakasından oluşan, boya duyarlılaştırılmış güneş pilleri için bir fiber esaslı foto-anot imal etmek için bir protokolü göstermektedir Nanopartiküller (Ti02-NP). Bu, kompozit PVP / TiO2 nanofiber elde etmek için etanol içinde titanyum (IV) bütoksit, polivinilpirolidon (PVP) ve buzlu asetik asit solüsyonu ilk önce elektrospinleme ile elde edilir. Bunlar daha sonra PVP&#39;yi çıkarmak ve saf anataz-faz titania nanofiberleri elde etmek için 500 ° C&#39;de kalsine edilir. Bu malzeme, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve toz X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Fotoelektron, öncelikle, bir flor katkılı teneke oksit (FTO) cam slayt üzerinde dıf kıvırma teknikleri kullanılarak bir Ti02-NP / terpinol bulamacıyla bir blokaj tabakası oluşturarak hazırlanır. Sonraki bir ısıl işlem500 ° C&#39;de gerçekleştirilir. Ardından, ışık saçma tabakası aynı teknede bir Ti02-NFs / terpineol bulamacının aynı kayma üzerine çökeltilmesi ve tekrar 500 ° C&#39;de kalsinasyon ile oluşturulmuştur. Fotonodun performansı, bir boya duyarlılaştırılmış güneş pilinin imalatı ve 0.25-1 Güneş&#39;ten gelen bir dizi ışık yoğunluğu aralığında JV eğrileri aracılığıyla verimliliğini ölçerek test edilir.

TiO 2 nanofiberleri SEM, X-ışını fotoelektron spektroskopisi (XPS) ve XRD kullanılarak karakterize edildi. Fotonodun nanoyapısı SEM kullanılarak karakterize edildi. Toplanan DSSC&#39;nin performansı bir güneş simülatörü ve bir kaynak ölçme birimi kullanılarak test edildi. Şekil 1A&#39;daki SEM görüntüsü, bu protokol kullanılarak sentezlenen nanofiberlerin gözenek...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Bu projenin genel amacı, boya hassas güneş pilleri için geliştirilmiş performansa sahip bir foto-anot üretmek için elektrospinning kullanmaktı.

Boya Duyarlılaştırılmış Güneş Pilleri için Fotokatalitik Elektrotların Elektrospinning

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

electrospinning-photocatalytic-electrodes-for-dye-sensitized-solar

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K Görüntüleme.  Victoria University of Wellington.  Bu projenin genel amacı, boya hassas güneş pilleri için geliştirilmiş performansa sahip bir foto-anot üretmek için elektrospinning kullanmaktı. 

Video: Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. Electrospinning is a process in which a charged polymer jet is collected on a grounded collector; a rapidly rotating collector results in aligned nanofibers while stationary collectors result in randomly oriented fiber mats. The polymer jet is formed when an applied electrostatic charge overcomes the surface tension of the solution. There is a minimum concentration for a given polymer, termed the critical entanglement concentration, below which a stable jet cannot be achieved and no nanofibers will form - although nanoparticles may be achieved (electrospray). A stable jet has two domains, a streaming segment and a whipping segment. While the whipping jet is usually invisible to the naked eye, the streaming segment is often visible under appropriate lighting conditions. Observing the length, thickness, consistency and movement of the stream is useful to predict the alignment and morphology of the nanofibers being formed. A short, non-uniform, inconsistent, and/or oscillating stream is indicative of a variety of problems, including poor fiber alignment, beading, splattering, and curlicue or wavy patterns. The stream can be optimized by adjusting the composition of the solution and the configuration of the electrospinning apparatus, thus optimizing the alignment and morphology of the fibers being produced. In this protocol, we present a procedure for setting up a basic electrospinning apparatus, empirically approximating the critical entanglement concentration of a polymer solution and optimizing the electrospinning process. In addition, we discuss some common problems and troubleshooting techniques.

Electrospinning techniques can create a variety of nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering or other applications. We describe here a procedure to optimize the parameters of the electrospinning solution and apparatus to obtain fibers with the desired morphology and alignment. Common problems and troubleshooting techniques are also presented.

Elektrospinning Temelleri: Optimizasyon Çözümü ve Cihazlar Parametreleri

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. ...

Biyomühendislik

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Bir Üçüz-üçlü Annihilation&#39;ın Up-dönüşüm Sistemi entegre Alt-bandaralıklı Işık Boya duyarlı Solar Hücre Yanıtı arttırmak için

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Mühendislik

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo undergo biaxial distension to varying extents such as skin, bladder, pelvic floor and even the hard palate as children grow. In producing scaffolds for these purposes there is a need to develop scaffolds of appropriate biomechanical properties (whether achieved without or with cells) and which are sterile for clinical use. The focus of this paper is not how to establish basic electrospinning parameters (as there is extensive literature on electrospinning) but on how to modify spun scaffolds post production to make them fit for tissue engineering purposes - here thickness, mechanical properties and sterilisation (required for clinical use) are considered and we also describe how cells can be cultured on scaffolds and subjected to biaxial strain to condition them for specific applications.
Electrospinning tends to produce thin sheets; as the electrospinning collector becomes coated with insulating fibres it becomes a poor conductor such that fibres no longer deposit on it. Hence we describe approaches to produce thicker structures by heat or vapour annealing increasing the strength of scaffolds but not necessarily the elasticity. Sequential spinning of scaffolds of different polymers to achieve complex scaffolds is also described. Sterilisation methodologies can adversely affect strength and elasticity of scaffolds. We compare three methods for their effects on the biomechanical properties on electrospun scaffolds of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
Imaging of cells on scaffolds and assessment of production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cells on scaffolds is described. Culturing cells on scaffolds in vitro can improve scaffold strength and elasticity but the tissue engineering literature shows that cells often fail to produce appropriate ECM when cultured under static conditions. There are few commercial systems available that allow one to culture cells on scaffolds under dynamic conditioning regimes - one example is the Bose Electroforce 3100 which can be used to exert a conditioning programme on cells in scaffolds held using mechanical grips within a media filled chamber.4 An approach to a budget cell culture bioreactor for controlled distortion in 2 dimensions is described. We show that cells can be induced to produce elastin under these conditions. Finally assessment of the biomechanical properties of processed scaffolds cultured with or without cells is described.

Electrospun scaffolds can be processed post production for tissue engineering applications. Here we describe methods for spinning complex scaffolds (by consecutive spinning), for making thicker scaffolds (by multi-layering using heat or vapour annealing), for achieving sterility (aseptic production or sterilisation post production) and for achieving appropriate biomechanical properties.

Doku Mühendisliği için elektrospinning Liflerin Postprodüksiyon İşleme

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

Toplu Heterojonksiyonlar Solar Hücre Baskı İmalatı ve<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morfoloji Karakterizasyonu

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Boya duyarlı güneş pilleri için Titanyum Dioksit Dijital Baskı

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Electrospinning Fibrous Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Cell Culture

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address the requirements (e.g., mechanics and vascularity) of more intricate organs and tissues. Electrospinning is a popular technique to create fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture and size scale of the native extracellular matrix. These fibrous scaffolds are also useful as cell culture substrates since the fibers can be used to direct cellular behavior, including stem cell differentiation (see extensive reviews by Mauck et al. and Sill et al. for more information). In this article, we describe the general process of electrospinning polymers and as an example, electrospin a reactive hyaluronic acid capable of crosslinking with light exposure (see Ifkovits et al. for a review on photocrosslinkable materials). We also introduce further processing capabilities such as photopatterning and multi-polymer scaffold formation. Photopatterning can be used to create scaffolds with channels and multi-scale porosity to increase cellular infiltration and tissue distribution. Multi-polymer scaffolds are useful to better tune the properties (mechanics and degradation) of a scaffold, including tailored porosity for cellular infiltration. Furthermore, these techniques can be extended to include a wide array of polymers and reactive macromers to create complex scaffolds that provide the cues necessary for the development of successful tissue engineered constructs.

The process of electrospinning polymers for tissue engineering and cell culture is addressed in this article. Specifically, the electrospinning of photoreactive macromers with additional processing capabilities of photopatterning and multi-polymer electrospinning is described.

Doku Mühendisliği ve Hücre Kültürü için Lifli Polimer Yapı iskeleleri elektrospinning

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address ...

Biyoloji

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number of photoactive assemblies have emerged where a photosensitizer and cobaloxime-based H2 production catalysts work in tandem to convert light energy into the H-H chemical bonds. However, the long-term instability of these assemblies and the need for hazardous proton sources have limited their usage. Here, in this work, we have integrated a stilbene-based organic dye into the periphery of a cobaloxime core via a distinct axial pyridine linkage. This strategy allowed us to develop a photosensitizer-catalyst hybrid structure with the same molecular framework. In this article, we have explained the detailed procedure of the synthesis of this hybrid molecule in addition to its comprehensive chemical characterization. The structural and optical studies have exhibited an intense electronic interaction between the cobaloxime core and the organic photosensitizer. The cobaloxime was active for H2 production even in the presence of water as the proton source. Here, we have developed a simple airtight system connected with an online H2 detector for the investigation of the photocatalytic activity by this hybrid complex. This photosensitizer-catalyst dyad present in the experimental setup continuously produced H2 once it was exposed in the natural sunlight. This photocatalytic H2 production by the hybrid complex was observed in aqueous/organic mixture media in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor under complete aerobic conditions. Thus, this photocatalysis measurement system along with the photosensitizer-catalyst dyad provide valuable insight for the development of next generation photocatalytic H2 production devices.

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

We have directly incorporated a stilbene-based organic dye into a cobaloxime core to generate a photosensitizer-catalyst dyad for photocatalytic H2 production. We have also developed a simple experimental setup for evaluating the light-driven H2 production by photocatalytic assemblies.

Sulu Aerobik Koşullarda Güneş Odaklı H2 Üretimi için Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids geliştirme

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number ...

Kimya

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

Tüm Blood adlı ultrasensitive Protein Algılama için Tam Otomatik Santrifüj mikroakışkan Cihazı

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning tool. EHD printing uses a fluidic supplier to maintain the extruded meniscus by pushing the ink out of the nozzle tip. The electric field is then used to pull the meniscus down to the substrate to produce high-resolution patterns. Two modes of EHD printing have been used for fine patterning: continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing. According to the printing modes, the requirements for the printing equipment and ink viscosity will differ. Even though two different modes can be implemented with a single EHD printer, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage. Consequently, without a proper understanding of the jetting requirements and limitations, it is difficult to obtain the desired results. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline so that inexperienced researchers can reduce the trial and error efforts to use the EHD jet for their specific research and development purposes. To demonstrate the fine-patterning implementation, we use Ag nanoparticle ink for the conductive patterning in the protocol. In addition, we also present the generalized printing guidelines that can be used for other types of ink for various fine-patterning applications.

Here, we present a protocol to produce high-resolution conductive patterns using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. The protocol includes two modes of EHD jet printing: the continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Electrohydrodynamic Jet iki modu kullandıktan biçimlenme: damla talep ve yakın alan Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning ...

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for applications in water purification, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine. The uniformly white PAN nanofiber mats were cut into 2 cm x 2 cm coupons to ensure consistency. After electrospinning, these nanofibers were coated with an electroactive polymer (EAP) using chemical vapor deposition, with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) serving as an oxidant for polymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The study examined the impact of different FeCl3 concentrations on PEDOT deposition on the PAN coupons. PEDOT deposition led to an increase in coupon weight. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed increases in the diameter of the nanofibers treated with increasing FeCl3 oxidant concentration, although higher FeCl3&#160;concentrations caused inter-fiber bridging, implying a concomitant decrease in inter-fiber spacing. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the presence of Fe, Cl, and S in the nanofibers, with sulfur content rising with FeCl3&#160;concentration used, suggesting increased PEDOT deposition efficiency with increasing oxidant concentration. Mechanical testing showed that PEDOT-coated PAN fibers had improved tensile strength and toughness in the hydrated state compared to pure PAN nanofibers. These results highlight the crucial role of FeCl3&#160;concentration in influencing the morphology and properties of PAN-PEDOT composites, enhancing their suitability for applications such as water purification, tissue engineering, biosensing, catalysis, and energy storage.

This paper describes a simple technique for coating electrospun PAN nanofibers with electroactive polymers using vapor deposition. The effects of the oxidant FeCl&#8323; on the deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coatings on PAN were investigated to understand and optimize polymer growth, fiber diameter, and overall mechanical strength of the nanofiber mats.

Elektroaktif Poli'nin (3,4-etilendioksitiyofen) Elektroeğrilmiş Emtia Polimer Nanofiberler Üzerine Buhar Fazı Biriktirmesi

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for ...

Boya Duyarlılaştırılmış Güneş Pilleri için Fotokatalitik Elektrotların Elektrospinning

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