Name: digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2016-05-04T14:10:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Bu araştırma minnetle bir doktora eğitim hibe yoluyla finanse Mühendislik ve Fizik Bilimleri Araştırma Konseyi (EPSRC) desteği ile yürütülmektedir. Açık erişim makale işleme ücretleri (APC) Araştırma Konseyleri UK (RCUK) tarafından finanse edildi. Tüm veriler çalışmanın sonuçları bölümde tam olarak verilmektedir. Temsilcisi sonuçları önceden yazarlar 42 tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Biz hücrelerinin elektriksel performansını karakterize yaptığı yardım için Exeter Üniversitesi&#39;nden Dr. Senthilarasu Sundaram teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. Mürekkep Formülasyon Not: Mürekkep formülasyonları genellikle üreticiler tarafından oldukça korunan gizli tutulur. Başarılı formülasyonlar denge jeti, fonksiyonel performans yanında oluşumu, ıslatma ve kurutma davranışı bırakın. Genellikle fonksiyonel malzeme bir çözücü içinde dağıtılır ve en az bir başka bileşen bunları jettable yapmak. Bu bölümde mürekkep püskürtmeli baskı içinde kullanılmak üzere bir TiO2 mürekkep gelişimini göstermektedir. mürekkep bir küçük ölçekli, aşağıdaki yöntem ile hazırlanmıştır. Dikkat: Mürekkep preparat, göz koruyucu gözlük ve Lateks eldiven ederken, bir davlumbaz altında, uygun bir havalandırmalı bir alanda, örneğin yapılmalıdır. <ol><li> yaklaşık 4 olan bir pH elde etmek hidroklorik asit (HCI) içindeki bir 0.1 mM sulu çözelti hazırlayın. </li><li> (Örneğin, dimetilformamid (DMF) gibi), su daha yüksek bir kaynama noktasına ve en düşük yüzey gerilimine sahip uygun bir çözücü içinde 8 g asit çözeltisi 32 g ekleyin. bir ko-Solv ilavesibir kurutma maddesi olarak ent görür damlacık 21 yüzeyi üzerine nanopartiküllerinin tek tip bir yerleşime gelen mürekkep buharlaşır mürekkep damlacığı içindeki sirkülasyon akışı başlatmak için. </li><li> katkı maddesi (propilen glikol ve su içinde tetrametil-5-desin-4,7-diol,% 45 aktif çözelti) dağıtıcı 1.5 g ekleyin. </li><li> memelerde kurumasını önlemek için bir nemlendirici olarak, etilen glikol, 10 g ekleyin. </li><li> gelişmekte olan hava kabarcıklarını önlemek için mürekkep köpük giderici ajan (methoxypolyethyleneglycol içinde asetilenik diol 20% aktif çözelti) 0.5 g ekleyin. </li><li> kapalı bir kap içine mürekkep bir kısım alarak basit bir sarsıntı testi yapın ve 60 saniye boyunca elle çalkalanır. köpüğü görülmektedir sonra mürekkep köpük alma maddesi bir başka 0.5 g ekleyin. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında homojenliği sağlamak için manyetik bir karıştırma çubuğu kullanılarak 8 saat çözüm karıştırın. </li><li> Titanyum dioksit 1.5 g ekleme (TiO2) birincil 21 nm parçacık boyutu ve yüzey alanı Nanopartiküllerin35-65 m2 / g. </li><li> 60 Hz&#39;lik bir frekansta, 15 dakika boyunca ultrasonik prob kullanılarak karışımın sonikasyon. </li><li> bu meme açıklıklarından kolay akacak sağlamak için, üreticinin protokolüne göre olan dinamik ışık saçılımı (DLS) gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak, tanecik boyutları ölçün. Aynı koşullar altında, ölçüm (örn., Aynı çözücü, pH, dağıtıcı madde konsantrasyonu) mürekkep içinde topakların oluşumunu etkileyen her parça mürekkep için kullanılacak sağlayın. Başarılı jeti için, sıvı içinde parçacıkların meme açıklığı 100 kat daha küçük olmalıdır. </li><li> mürekkep püskürtmeli baskı 2 ila 20 centipoise (cP) düşük viskoziteli mürekkep gerektirir baskı kafası güvenilir jeti sağlamak için, üreticinin protokolüne uygun olarak bu tür bir döner viskometre gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak, mürekkebin viskozitesi ölçülür. Additi ile viskoziteyi arttırmakpolimerik malzemeler veya selüloz bazlı malzeme ile; Ancak bu baskılı film 22 içinde boya siteleri boşaltmak için birikimi sonra kaldırılması gerekir. </li><li> güvenilir jeti sağlamak için, üreticinin protokolüne göre, bir tansiyometre gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak, mürekkep yüzey gerilimi ölçülür. mürekkep püskürtmeli yazıcılar için jettable sıvı formülasyon yönergeleri güvenilir yazdırmayı etkinleştirmek için 28 ve 33 mN / m arasında bir yüzey gerilimini göstermektedir. </li></ol> 2. Mürekkep Püskürtmeli Baskı <ol><li> baskı öncesinde (bir sulu baz içinde, anyonik ve iyonik olmayan yüzey aktif maddelerin bir karışımının maddeleri, alkaliler, fosfat-olmayan deterjan etkinliğini arttırıcı maddeleri ve kompleks dengeleyici maddeler) ve deterjanın bir temizleme ağırlıkça% 2 çözeltisi içinde, cam substratlar emmek deiyonize su. kirlenme ve deterjan temizlik izlerini silmek için temizleme çözeltisinden çıkarılır en kısa sürede, deiyonize su ile iyice cam durulayın. </li&gt; <li> Bu üreticinin protokolüne göre bir tansiyometre gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak substrata yüzey enerjisini, ölçün. / M 15 mN - iyi bir yapışma için, alt-tabakanın yüzey enerjisi 10 daha sıvının yüzey gerilimini aşmamalıdır. Bu uygun değilse, bu korona muamelesi 23, plazma işlemi 24 ve kimyasal aşındırma 25 gibi yöntemler kullanılarak alt-tabakanın yüzey enerjisini değiştirir. </li><li> üreticinin protokolüne göre yazıcının içine substrat yükleyin. </li><li> rezervuar ve memeleri içinde herhangi bir hava veya temizleme solüsyonu yerinden başın yan tarafında bulunan bağlantı noktası üzerinden mürekkep ile baskı kafasını yıkayın. </li><li> yazıcının içine yazıcı kafası takın. Baş kişilik yönetim kurulu ile yazıcı kafasını takın. </li><li> Sadece memeleri yapışmasına neden olabilir büyük parçacık agrega kaldırmak için kartuş içine yüklemeden önce doğru boyutta filtre ile mürekkebi Filtre.Yazıcı kafası, bu çalışmada kullanılan 40 um bir çapı olan ağzı vardır (örneğin Konica KM512.); Bu nedenle, mürekkep çapı 400 nm&#39;den parçacıklar içermemesi gerekir. herhangi bir büyük partikülleri ortadan kaldırmak için bir 1.2 um poliviniliden florit (PVDF), filtre ve ardından, 5 um, üzerinden süspansiyonlar geçirin. </li><li> baskı kafasına mürekkep malzemeleri baskı kafası üzerinde bulunan 150 ml şırınga, içine mürekkep yükleyin. şırınganın üstünde hava geçirmez kapağı takın ve vakum pompası açın. </li><li> vakum pompası üzerinde bulunan &#39;tasfiye&#39; düğmesine basarak memeler boyunca mürekkebi temizleyin. </li><li> coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) baskı sunucusu aracılığıyla, set-up dalga ve baskı parametrelerini. ancak bu mürekkep için saniyede 0.3 metre baskı hızı optimum kaplama sağlamak bulunmuştur yazıcı, saniyede 1.5 metre hıza kadar yazdırabilirsiniz unutmayın </li><li> Açık CBS kullanıcı arayüzü yazılımı ve istenilen desen yükleyin. </li><li> Prüreticinin protokolüne uygun olarak yüklenen kartuş int. </li><li> levhanın alt tabakanın çıkarın ve 30 dakika daha ya da sıcak bir levha ya da bir fırın içinde 250 ° C, ardından 30 dakika boyunca 150 ° C&#39;de baskılı film, ısı. </li></ol> Baskılı Filmleri 3. Analiz <ol><li> basılı filmlerin gözenekliliğini analiz yüzey morfolojisi analiz düşük büyütme (100X) basılan filmlerin yüzeyinde ve yüksek büyütme (35,000X) bakmak için bir optik mikroskop ya da taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanın. görüntüler hiçbir çatlak ve iyi gözenekli homojen bir kapsama gösterdiğini kontrol edin. SEM işleyişi hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi aşağıdaki referanslarda 26,27 bulunabilir. </li><li> Bu üreticinin protokolüne göre bir yüzey Profiler gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak, basılı tabaka kalınlığı ölçülür. TiO2 tabakası zekâ kalınlığı ve gözenekliliğihin DSSCs dolayısıyla hücre 18 genel elektrik dönüşüm verimliliği etkileyen nanopartiküllerinin yüzeyi üzerine absorbe edilebilir boya miktarını etkilemektedir. Nedenle, ortaya koymak için de önemli bir parametredir. basılı filmlerin kalınlığını ölçmek için bir yüzey profiler (1 nm hassasiyet) kullanın. </li><li> Böyle çok görünür ışık baskılı film boyunca iletir nasıl belirlemek için bir ultraviyole-görünür (UV-VIS) spektrofotometre gibi uygun bir ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak, filmin geçirgenliği ölçün. Üreticinin protokolü kullanın. </li></ol> 4. Hücre yapma <ol><li> 8 saat için bir manyetik karıştırıcı kullanılarak, bir cam beher içinde, 20 ml etanol ve rutenyum boya 2 mg karıştırılarak bir boya çözeltisini yapın. </li><li> Boya TiO2 parçacıkların yüzeyi üzerine absorbe sağlamak için 24 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında çözeltisi (20-25 ° C) TiO2 kaplanmış cam daldırın. </li><li> TiO 2 Kaldır </kağıt mendil üzerine çözüm ve yerden alt&gt; kaplamalı cam (kirlenmeyi önlemek için yukarı bakacak TiO2) ile herhangi bir aşırı boya çözümü kadar emmek için. </li><li> TiO2 kaplama etrafında, iletken cam üstünde önceden kesilmiş 60 mikron kalınlığında termoplastik sızdırmazlık ayırıcı yerleştirin. </li><li> anot ve katot aktif tarafları birbirine bakacak şekilde önceden kesilmiş 60 mikron kalınlığında termoplastik sızdırmazlık ara parçasının üstünde platin kaplı sayaç elektrot yerleştirin. bir elektriksel kontak, iletken cam ile yapılabilir, böylece iki cam arasında yeterli üst üste izin verin. Bu, elektrolit, daha sonra dolgu sağlamak için merkezi bir önceden delinmiş delik olmalıdır. </li><li> Sızdırmazlık ara parçasının alanı üzerinde cımbız kullanarak 110 ° C&#39;lik bir sıcaklıkta bir sıcak plaka üzerinde ısı ve geçerli ışık basıncı. 30 saniye sonra elektrotlar birlikte kapatılmalıdır. </li><li> Bir iyodür / tri-iyodür elektro iki elektrot arasındaki boşluğu doldurmakBir şırınga kullanılarak platin kaplı cam önceden delinmiş bir delikten enjekte edilerek 50 mM bir konsantrasyonda, asetonitril lit. </li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+To+Minimize+Measurement+Errors+In+Solar+Cell+Testing.">How To Minimize Measurement Errors In Solar Cell Testing.</a> Solar Industry Magazine. , (2011).</li><li>Gr&#228;tzel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">Dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 4, 145-153 (2003).</li><li>Green, M. A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., Dunlop, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solar+cell+efficiency+tables+(version+46).">Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46).</a> Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 23, 805-812 (2015).</li><li>Shockley, W., Queisser, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+Balance+Limit+of+Efficiency+of+p-n+Junction+Solar+Cells.">Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510-519 (1961).</li><li>Snaith, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+Maximum+Attainable+Efficiency+in+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Estimating the Maximum Attainable Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 13-19 (2010).</li><li>Jeng, M. -. J., Wung, Y. -. L., Chang, L. -. B., Chow, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle+Size+Effects+of+TiO2+Layers+on+the+Solar+Efficiency+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Particle Size Effects of TiO2 Layers on the Solar Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Photoenergy. 2013, 9 (2013).</li><li>Song-Yuan, D., Kong-Jia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimum+Nanoporous+TiO2+Film+and+Its+Application+to+Dye-sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Optimum Nanoporous TiO2 Film and Its Application to Dye-sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Chin. Phys. Lett. 20, 953-955 (2002).</li><li>Baglio, V., Girolamo, M., Antonucci, V., Aric&#242;, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+TiO2+Film+Thickness+on+the+Electrochemical+Behaviour+of+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Influence of TiO2 Film Thickness on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6, 3375-3384 (2011).</li><li>Ito, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Efficiency+Organic-Dye-+Sensitized+Solar+Cells+Controlled+by+Nanocrystalline-TiO2+Electrode+Thickness.">High-Efficiency Organic-Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness.</a> Adv. Mater. 18, 1202-1205 (2006).</li><li>Ito, S., Kalyanasundaram, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dye sensitized solar cells. , 251-266 (2010).</li><li>Tsai, J., Hsu, W., Wu, T., Meen, T., Chong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+compressed+TiO2+nanoparticle+thin+film+thickness+on+the+performance+of+dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">Effect of compressed TiO2 nanoparticle thin film thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> Nanoscale Res Lett. 8, 1-6 (2013).</li><li>Shin, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+TiO2+thickness+effect+on+characteristic+of+a+dye-sensitized+solar+cell+by+using+electrochemical+impedance+spectroscopy.">Analysis of TiO2 thickness effect on characteristic of a dye-sensitized solar cell by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.</a> Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, 422-424 (2010).</li><li>Brus, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+wave+functions+in+semiconductor+clusters:+experiment+and+theory.">Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory.</a> J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2555-2560 (1986).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-Inkjet-Printed,+All-Air-Processed+Solar+Cells.">All-Inkjet-Printed, All-Air-Processed Solar Cells.</a> Adv Energy Mater. 4, 1-9 (2014).</li><li>Cherrington, R., Hughes, D. J., Senthilarasu, S., Goodship, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inkjet-Printed+TiO2+Nanoparticles+from+Aqueous+Solutions+for+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+(DSSCs).">Inkjet-Printed TiO2 Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs).</a> Energy Technology. 3, (2015).</li></ol>

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A particular challenge when formulating inks is the natural tendency for nanoparticles to cluster together. These are known as either aggregates or agglomerates, depending on the nature and strength of the bonds between the particles. The energy of simply stirring particles into water or binder is not great enough to overcome the particle attractive forces preventing the breakup of agglomerates. Ball milling, high shear mixing or ultrasonication are commonly used to break up agglomerated nanoparticles. Various anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and polymers can also be used to provide long-term stabilization. By minimizing the number of these agglomerates, a good quality suspension can be achieved. The fluids should be filtered through the correct size filter just before loading into the cartridge to remove large particle aggregates which can clog the nozzles.
The particle size within the TiO2 layer also has been shown to influence the overall efficiency of DSSCs. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide increases as particle sizes decrease due to an increase in the specific surface area40. A study comparing the efficiency of DSSCs incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with 5 different sizes ranging from 400 nm to 14 nm and found that those with smaller particle sizes resulted in better electrical conversion efficiencies33.
Inkjet printing is a non-contact deposition technique capable of multi-pass printing. This presents the unique opportunity to rapidly fabricate multilayer devices in one operation on a wide range of substrates with minimal material waste. It also potentially provides a way to integrate other components (such as batteries) into the system through the printing of functional materials41. Although the representative results shown for the inkjet printed devices do not perform as well as the doctor-bladed devices, it demonstrates the potential for the deposition technique. With further ink optimization, it could perform on a comparable level to currently used methods and may provide further scope for cost-effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto a wide range of substrates. We hope to improve the efficiency of the inkjet printed devices by increasing the thickness of the printed layer closer to that of the doctor-bladed TiO2 and will continue to look at the printing of other materials and layers within DSSCs.

Conventional silicon solar cells are made from highly pure materials that require expensive and high-energy consuming specialist equipment. These conventional silicon cells incorporate a p-n junction that requires highly pure materials at the interface to generate electron-hole pairs. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have a fundamentally different working principle, where charge generation takes place at the materials interface. This means that processing under vacuum, ultrahigh temperatures or the use of clean room facilities are not required1. Therefore they are seen as a potentially low cost alternative; however up-scaling from small laboratory test cells into large prototypes for industrial manufacturing involves overcoming several issues including the rapid patterning of substrates.
Electronics manufacturing generally requires a degree of patterning, which is either achieved by masking or selective removal of the material after deposition. These steps can be removed through the use of "additive" digital printing techniques such as inkjet printing or spray coating. Digital printing is a promising method for direct deposition of functional materials for electronic devices. The technique can be described as printing from a digital-based pattern directly to a variety of substrates2. They are non-contact methods, which will not damage or contaminate the substrate surface and deposit material only where it is required, resulting in little or no wastage3. These techniques have been highlighted as being ideally suited to being scaled up to high-volume production3. Since digital printing methods use liquid forms of materials dispersed in a solvent, it is critical to understand the deposition of ink to determine the applications of the technique. 
DSSCs have three main components: a porous layer of wide bandgap metal oxide material, a dye that covers the particles, and a "charge transporter" that infiltrates the pores within the porous layer of semiconductor. These are sandwiched in between a transparent conductive electrode and a counter electrode4. The counter electrode is coated with a catalytic material for electron transfer, which in most cases is platinum. Under illumination, the dye molecules will absorb energy in the form of photons. The dye molecules then become excited and charge separation occurs at the interface of the titanium dioxide and the dye. Electrons are ejected into the adjacent metal oxide particles and 'holes' are left behind on the dye molecule. The injected electrons travel through the metal oxide particles and reach the transparent conductive electrode. When a load is connected, the electrons move to the counter electrode through the external circuit and are finally reunited with their counter charges through the redox couple present in the electrolyte1. The nano-structured metal oxide layer within DSSCs plays a critical role in the overall performance of the cell, with material choice, processing methods and nature of the structure all having influencing factors5-10. One of the most important requirements for the photoanode is that it needs to have an extremely large surface area. This is achieved through the deposition of nanoparticle materials, commonly TiO21,11. This has been fabricated by countless different processes, however wet coating techniques such as screen-printing and doctor-blading, are still the most popular approach9,12,13. 
Inkjet technology is a potential manufacturing route for dye-sensitized solar cells. It uses the movement of a piezoelectric crystal to expel a fixed quantity of liquid through a nozzle onto the desired substrate. This deposition method allows material to be jetted very accurately but also at high frequency with a potentially high print speed or deposition rate. Inkjet technology is sensitive to the viscosity of the ink used and this was previously a barrier to the development of functional inks. Recent work in the development of solvents suitable for ink formulation has helped to alleviate this problem, and printing of electronic components using 2D layered materials such as graphene has been demonstrated14. The viscosity of nanoparticle suspensions such as these has been found to depend on the nanoparticle size and concentration15. High concentrations of nanoparticles result in higher viscosities, therefore particle loadings are usually around 10 wt% to avoid nozzle blockages16, however higher concentrations have been achieved17.
The key advantages of inkjet technology include it being non-contact, additive patterning and maskless18. The latter two attributes are due to the ability to position many nozzles together on one or more printheads, with each nozzle separately addressable by the control software. This allows highly complex, multi-layered patterns to be created very rapidly as the printheads move across the substrate. No masking between materials or layers is required as the position of each ink drop is accurately controlled, in some systems to an accuracy of ~1.5 &#181;m19. One of the key benefits is that inkjet technology is mature, with significant development carried out in the latter half of the twentieth century. The result is that the inkjet is a very scalable technology, with roll-to-roll systems capable of printing accurately onto flexible substrates at rates of many meters per second. Traditionally this was used for high volume production, e.g., newspapers. However, developments in technology have allowed the inkjet to be used in roll-to-roll production of electronic circuits using nanoparticulate silver inks20. The inkjet is therefore an attractive process for the potential production of dye-sensitized solar cells by digital printing.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Titanium dioxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied from a filter in the laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 2 M (2 N)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>J/4250/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D/3840/08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR Chemicals</td><td>20721.33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispersing additive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>Fluka</td><td>107-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) syringe filter</td><td>VWR International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleaning detergent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10335650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, 8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td><td>Pilkington</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer dye</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>21613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pre-cut 60 &amp;micro;m thick thermoplastic sealing film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mM Iodide/tri-iodide electrolyte&amp;nbsp; in acetonitrile</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>31111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum coated FTO glass&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vac&#039;n&#039;Fill Syringe</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>65209</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide tape (6.35 mm)</td><td>Onecall Farnell</td><td>1676087</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

Bir TiO2 mürekkep tarif edilen prosedüre uygun olarak formüle edilmiştir. mürekkep içinde süspanse parçacıkların boyutu, dinamik ışık saçılımı (DLS) ile gözlendi 80 nanometre (nm) arasında bir ortalama parçacık boyutuna kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, mürekkebin viskozitesinin küçük bir örnek adaptörü ile döner viskometre ve 18 mm Mil çapı kullanılarak ölçülmüştür, 3 cP olduğu bulunmuştur. yüzey gerilimi gerilimölçer kullanılarak ölçüldü ve / m 26 mN arasında bir ortalama olduğu hesaplandı. FTO cam yüzey enerjisi temas açısı ve yüzey serbest enerjisi ölçümü ile sert bir yüzey ıslatılabilirliğini belirlemek için, Avrupa Standardı EN 828 uyarınca hesaplanmıştır. Üç farklı sıvılar (su, etilen glikol ve diiyodometan) on damla düzlem test parçası yüzeyi üzerine dağıtılmıştır. Her damla için, sol ve sağ temas açısı kuv vardıEd. onun yüzey gerilimi ile birlikte her sıvının ortalama temas açılardan, deney parçasının yüzey serbest enerjisi hesaplanır. Fowkes yöntemi dağıtıcı etkileşimler (γd) ve γnon -yayındırma etkileşimler (γp) katkılarıyla toplamından toplam yüzey enerjisini (γ) hesaplar. Bu yöntem, FTO kaplanmış cam için 26.45 mN / m bir yüzey serbest enerjisi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Baskı edilen prosedüre göre yukarıdaki 5 mm kare üretmek üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cam üzerinde baskılı tabakanın kalınlığı, yüzey Profiler kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. baskılı tabakanın merkezinde maksimum kalınlığı 2.6 um olarak ölçülmüştür. Kaplanmış cam geçirgenliği bir UV spektrometre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. 700 nm&#39;lik bir dalga boyunda, bir% 60 geçirgenlik FTO cam için% 78 ile karşılaştırıldığında, TiO2 baskılı film ölçülmüştür. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.withinSayfalık = &quot;1&quot;&gt; Fotovoltaik cihazlar yukarıda özetlenen prosedürü uygun olarak üretilmiş ve havadaki su ve oksijen neden bozulması etkisini en aza indirmek için imalattan sonra direkt olarak karakterize edildi. Karakterize ve güneş hücreleri 28 karşılaştırmak için kullanılan beş elektriksel performans parametreleri vardır. Kısa devre akımı (I sc) ve açık devre voltajı (V oc) değerleri akım-gerilim (IV) eğrisi elde edilebilir. Bunlar daha sonra bir dolgu faktörüne (FF) ve güç dönüşüm verimliliği (η) belirlenmesi için de kullanılabilir. FF açık devre voltaj ve kısa devre 29 akım ürüne hücrelerin oranı gerçek maksimum güç çıkışı verir. Bu güneş pillerinin performansını değerlendirirken önemli bir parametredir. Düşük FF iyileştirme için bir oda var olduğunu gösterir ise yüksek FF, düşük elektrokimyasal zararları ifade eder. Çeşitli faktörler hücre içinde tabakaların kalitesini ve arayüz içeren FF etkilemekte olarak da bilinirler. DSAVM&#39;ler% 11,9 raporun kayıt verimliliği ile bir iyodür / triiyodür redoks çift 0.71 30 faktörleri dolgu içeren. Bu parametrelerin Tüm aygıt sıcaklığı 25 ˚C, ışığın spektral radyasyonu dağılımı 1.5&#39;lik bir hava kütlesi vardır standart test koşulları altında tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir, toplam ışınım güneş pili de (E m) 100 mW / cm ölçülen 2. Tek bir pn eklemi hücresinin dönüşüm verimliliği için teorik maksimum yaygın ancak DSSCs için maksimum verim 920 nm 32 bir emme başlangıcı ile% 15,1 daha yakın olduğunu rapor edilmiştir,% 37.7 31 olarak rapor edilmiştir. Çıkış akımı ve gerilim hücreleri 1.5 bir atmosfer hacmi ile spektral radyasyonu dağılımı eşleştirmek için bir filtre takılmış 100 mW / cm2 ışık kaynağı ile aydınlatılır iken kaynak sayacı kullanılarak ölçüldü. Sonuçlar pılı ıle karşılaştırılmıştıranataz partikülleri 20 nm ve 450 nm bir karışımı olan bir piyasada mevcut macun kullanılarak bir doktor ağızlı TiO2 katmanını kullanarak üretti. Baskılı tabaka, 0.25 cm2&#39;lik bir alana ve bir yüzey Profiler kullanarak ölçüldü 18 um arasında bir ortalama kalınlığa sahip olmuştur. İki cihaz arasındaki fotoelektrik performansı karşılaştırma, Şekil 1 ve Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Çeşitli çalışmalar TiO2 tabakasının kalınlığı ve DSSCs içinde dönüşüm verimliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemiştir. Sonuçlar TiO2 basılı katmanları ve verimlilik kalınlıkları özetliyor her yerde 33-39 mikron mikron 9.5 ile 20. Tablo 1 bildirilen optimum film kalınlığı ile önemli ölçüde değişir. TiO2 basılı inkjet kalınlığı sonuçlanan TiO2 bıçaklı doktor önemli ölçüde daha azdaha düşük bir verim. Gelecek çalışma inkjet basılmış tabakasının kalınlığını artırmak için mürekkep formülasyonu içinde organik bağlayıcıların kullanımını araştırmak olacaktır. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1.jpg" /> TiO2 tabakası ve bir doktor ağızlı TiO2 tabakası basılmış bir inkjet içeren DSSCs için Mürekkep Baskılı ve Doktor Kanat TiO2 Katmanlar ile DSSCs Şekil 1. Performans Eğrileri. Akım yoğunluğu / gerilim eğrileri. TiO baskılı inkjet ile cihazda kısa devre akım yoğunluğu 2 kat daha düşük bir genel dönüşüm verimliliği ile sonuçlanan doktor bıçaklı TiO2 tabakası ile cihazın önemli ölçüde düşüktür. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <table><tbody><tr><tdrowspan = &quot;3&quot;&gt; </td><td> Kısa devre akımı </td><td> Açık devre voltajı </td><td rowspan="3"> Doldurma faktörü </td><td> verim </td><td> Kalınlık </td></tr><tr><td> (mA / cm2) </td><td> (MV) </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> (%) </td><td> (Um) </td></tr><tr><td> Mürekkep Püskürtmeli baskılı </td><td> 9.42 </td><td> 760 </td><td> 0.49 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 2.6 </td></tr><tr><td> doktor bıçaklı </td><td> 11 </td><td> 756 </td><td> 0.58 </td><td> 4.8 </td><td> 18 </td></tr></tbody></table> Şekil 1. Bu tablo, belirtilen ışığı altında etkinliğini (η) belirleyen açık devre gerilimi (V oc), kısa devre akımı (I sc) de dahil olmak üzere güneş pili anahtar parametreleri karşılaştırır içinde Hücreleri Tablo 1. Temel Performans Özellikleri koşul sunulmaktadır. parametreler oBir doktor ağızlı TiO2 tabakası kullanılarak üretilen fa hücre de karşılaştırma amacıyla dahil edilmiştir. Her iki cihaz dolgu faktörleri (FF), genellikle hücre içinde yüksek bir iç direnç atfedilen hangi oldukça düşüktür.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Boya duyarlı güneş pilleri için Titanyum Dioksit Dijital Baskı

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

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12.7K Görüntüleme.  University of Warwick. This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Video: Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Bir Üçüz-üçlü Annihilation&#39;ın Up-dönüşüm Sistemi entegre Alt-bandaralıklı Işık Boya duyarlı Solar Hücre Yanıtı arttırmak için

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Mühendislik

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

Transfer Baskı ile Hidrojene Mikrokristal Silikon Güneş Pilleri Işık Yakalama Gümüş Nanoyapıların Entegrasyonu

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

Toplu Heterojonksiyonlar Solar Hücre Baskı İmalatı ve<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morfoloji Karakterizasyonu

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

Tam Çözüm İşlenmiş İnorganik nanokristal Fotovoltaik Cihazlarının İmalatı

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

Ti-alkoksit ve Yarıiletken Polimer dayanarak Tamamen Yazdırılabilir Organik-İnorganik Toplu heteroeklem Güneş Pilleri için Morfoloji Kontrolü

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Boya Duyarlılaştırılmış Güneş Pilleri için Fotokatalitik Elektrotların Elektrospinning

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

Fotovoltaik uygulamalar için tüm inorganik Halide Perovskite mürekkepler baskı mürekkep püskürtmeli

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

Kimya

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

TiO kullanarak sulu bir ortamda Proteinler ve Hücreler photopatterning<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

Biyomühendislik

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active metal-oxide surfaces in contact with light-absorbing dyes is an ongoing thorny and elusive challenge in physical chemistry. With this in mind, a molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation were performed by using optimized empirical potentials for a well-representative and prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) solvated by a widely-studied room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), in the guise of a [bmim]+[NTf2]- RTIL solvating an N719-sensitizing dye adsorbed onto 101 anatase-titania. In doing so, important insights were gleaned into how using a RTIL as the electrolytic hole acceptor modulates the dynamical and vibrational properties of a N719 dye, estimating the spectra for the DSC photo-active interface via Fourier transformation of mass-weighted velocity autocorrelation functions from MD. The acquired vibrational spectra were compared with the experiment spectra and those sampled from ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD); in particular, various empirical-potential spectra generated from MD provide insight into how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction. In any event, careful fitting of empirical force-field models has been shown to be an effective tool in handling DSC vibrational properties, when validated by AIMD and an experiment.

A dye-sensitized solar cell was solvated by RTILs; using optimized empirical potentials, a molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compute vibrational properties. The obtained vibrational spectra were compared with experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics; various empirical potential spectra show how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction.

Bir Oda Sıcaklığı iyonik Sıvı ile solvated Ampirik-Potansiyel Moleküler Dinamiksimülasyon bir N719-Kromofor / Titania Arayüzü Titreşimsel Spectra

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active ...

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

Tüm Blood adlı ultrasensitive Protein Algılama için Tam Otomatik Santrifüj mikroakışkan Cihazı

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

Boya duyarlı güneş pilleri için Titanyum Dioksit Dijital Baskı

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Bir Üçüz-üçlü Annihilation'ın Up-dönüşüm Sistemi entegre Alt-bandaralıklı Işık Boya duyarlı Solar Hücre Yanıtı arttırmak için