Bu sonuçlar için önde gelen araştırma Avrupa toplumun Araştırma Fonu Kömür için fon aldı ve çelik (RFC) altında hibe sözleşmesi n ° RFCR-CT-2014-00007. Bu eser ara 2 projesi kapsamında İngiltere'de karbon yakalama ve depolama Araştırma Merkezi (UKCCSRC) tarafından finanse edildi. UKCCSRC ek finansman işletme Anabilim Dalı, enerji ve sanayi stratejisi ile İngiltere'de enerji programı Araştırma Konseyi, bir parçası olarak desteklenen mühendislik ve fizik Bilimleri Araştırma Konseyi (EPSRC) tarafından (BEIS - eski adı DECC). Yazarlar ayrıca Bay Martin Roskilly bu iş seyri boyunca çok büyük yardımları için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. malzeme hazırlık <ol><li>elek istenen parçacık boyutu dağılım (300-400 µm veya başka bir dağıtım bağlı olarak deneme) kireçtaşı (~ 50 kg hammadde) mekanik bir shaker kullanarak. Test sırasında beslenme için tencere calciner yanındaki süzülen malzeme koymak</li>
	<li>Santraline tanıştırmak için gruplar halinde malzeme hazırlamak. Toplu işlemleri 0,5 L veya 1 L genellikle (kireç 1 L ise yaklaşık 1,5 kg), ancak bu işletim parametreleri bağlı olarak değişebilir.</li>
</ol> 2. Başlatma yordamı dikkat: son derece yüksek sıcaklıklar burada elde edilir. Eldiven, gözlük, gibi uygun KKE laboratuvar mont ve güvenlik ayakkabı gereklidir.
<ol><li>Isınma reaktörler <ol><li>yanı sıra döngü-mühürler (10 L/dak) rotameters N 2 carbonator (60 L/dak) ve calciner (20 L/dak) düşük akış başlatmak.</li>
		<li>Carbonator transformers üzerinde el ile açın. Carbonator tüm elektrik Isıtma sıcaklığı 600 ayarlamak ° C.</li>
		<li>Başlamak veri alınıyor (gaz sıcaklık ve basınç için kayıt düğmesini yazılımı kullanın). Sıcaklık, basınç ve her iki reaktörler gaz bileşimi verileri içerecek. şekil 1 ve Şekil 2 ekran görüntüleri veri toplama sistemi gösterilir.</li>
		<li>Calciner açmak gaz Isıtma. Kalorifer calciner 600 ° c ile bir ısıl BFB içinde ölçülen etrafında açın. 
		Not: sıcaklık, basınç ve gaz kompozisyon-zaten var satın belirtildiği gibi veri 2.1.3 adım '.</li>
		<li>Süzülen kireç 3 L calciner BFB içine koymak. İlk üst kapak açın, aşağı-boru malzeme tanıtmak ve üst kapak kapatmak sonra malzeme reaktör akar dip Klapesi açık.</li>
		<li>Isı için BFB 650 ° C üzerindeki malzeme (tarafından elektrikli ısıtıcı calciner çevresinde). 
		Not: Bu genellikle ~ 1 h, bu zaman denetimi sırasında veri toplama ve akışkan yataklarda baskılar alır.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1.jpg" /> Resim 1: sıcaklık ve basınç veri toplama ekran görüntüsü Her iki reaktörler için. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2: Screenshot-in sıcaklık veri toplama için Isıtma sistemi. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
 <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3.jpg" /> şekil 3: şematik 25 kW th CaL (CFB carbonator ve BFB calciner). 1: carbonator; 2: calciner; 3: alt döngü-mühür; 4: üst döngü-mühür; 5: carbonator Siklon; 6: calciner Siklon. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<ol start="2"> <li>calciner yanma başlatmak <ol><li>konsantrasyonu ve yanma başlamadan önce kararlı olduğundan emin calciner %0 40 vol için oksijen konsantrasyonu artırmak.</li>
		<li>Doğalgaz kullanarak el ile ve yanma kararlı olduğundan emin bir Rotametre stokiometrik akışını başlatmak. 
		Not: Doğal gaz akışı dikkatle artırılmalıdır. Verileri yanma reaksiyonu uygun bir düzeyde göstermek kontrol.</li>
		<li>Artış % 20 vol artışlarla calciner oksijen konsantrasyonu stokiometrik yanma sağlamak için doğal gaz akışı Rotametre ayarlayarak. 
		Not: Bu işlem aşırı dikkatli yapılmalıdır. Herhangi bir şüphe ve yanma ön hesaplamaları beklendiği gibi gerçekleşmiyor herhangi bir anlaşmazlık durumunda doğal gaz akışını durdurmak ve oksijen akışı güvenli kullanım için azot geçin. Bu tutarsızlık kaynak tanımlayın. Bu işlem genel süresi yaklaşık 1 h. olduğu</li>
		<li>Elde % 100 oksijen konsantrasyonu doğal gaz yanma. 
		Not: Sıcaklık ve gaz kompozisyon veri dikkatle test boyunca takip edilmelidir, ama özellikle ne zaman yanma alıyor % 100 oksijen yerde.</li>
		<li>Ekle kireçtaşı akışkan Yataklı 7 L kadar 0,5 L artışlarla. (Tahmini calcination sıcaklık ise 800-850 ° C aşağıdaki toplu işlemler için calciner ve calciner sıcaklık mevcut toplu işlemi için numara) calciner akışkan yatakta tüm malzeme calcine.</li>
		<li>N 2 dolaşım başlatmak için carbonator'akışını artırmak. Düzenli olarak uygun dolaşımını sağlamak için dolaşım görünümü portu kontrol.</li>
		<li>CO 2 yakalama başlamadan önce rig içinde dolaşan mevcut kireçtaşı calcine.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 3. İstikrarlı bir işlem <ol><li>N 2 KARBONLAŞMAYI gaz %15 vol CO 2 CO 2 yakalamaya başla calcined kireçtaşı sağlar Rotametre kullanarak el ile geçiş.</li>
	<li>Rotameters calciner bir istikrarlı 930-950 ° C sıcaklık doğal gaz (NG) ve oksijen (içinde en uygun fluidization rejimi) akışını düzenleyerek elde etmek için kullanarak el ile calciner akışlarında ayarlayın. O 2 akış genellikle yeterli yatak malzeme ile % 100, ancak deney boyunca ayarlanır.</li>
	<li>Malzeme faaliyet (yukarıda %5 CO 2 konsantrasyonu çıkışında 2.1.3. adımda açıklandığı gibi yazılım tarafından sürekli olarak alınan carbonator) düşüş, daha fazla kireç taşı eklemek başladığında.</li>
</ol> 4. Kapatma yordamı <ol><li>el ile Rotametre kullanarak doğal gaz akışını açmak ve oksijen akışını azaltmak ve gazlar N 2 için her iki reaktörler geçiş. Tüm (calciner ve carbonator) ısıtıcıları.</li>
	<li>Stok (normalde gece) azaltmak için teçhizat sıcaklığını izin ve oda sıcaklığında olduklarında reaktörler boş.</li>
	<li>Ayıklanan katı ağırlığında ve bir standart Elek analizi gerçekleştirin. Malzeme karakterize: porosimetry, kompozisyon (x-ışını Floresans spektrometresi, XRF) 21 , 22 ve mikroskobik yapısı (tarama elektron mikroskopisi, SEM).</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Calciner işlemi % 100 vol oksijen bir giriş ile ulaşılabilir, calcination tepki yanı sıra farklı sıcaklıklarda iki reaktör arasında katılar dolaşımda aslında endotermik doğası istismar dayalı olduğunu. Bu işletim modu CaL süreci sermaye azaltılması ve işletme maliyetleri daha ekonomik umut verici yapmak amaçlamaktadır. Baca geri dönüşüm olarak gaz (esas olarak CO2, su buharı ve unreacted O2) azaltılmış veya bile elemiş, bu akış önceden ısıtmak için tüketilen...

CO2 emisyonu ve ortaya çıkan küresel ısınma araştırma büyük miktarda geçmiş yıllarda çekmiştir kritik çevre sorunları vardır. Karbon yakalama ve depolama (CCS) kabul etti atmosfer1,2CO2 emisyonlarının azaltılması için potansiyel bir teknoloji olarak. CCS zinciri en zor kısmı da en pahalı stage3ile CO2, yakalama var. Sonuç olarak, CO2 yakalama enerji santralleri ve diğer endüstriyel tesisler için yeni teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi üzerinde bir odak noktası olmuştur.
CaL bir sonrası yanma CO2 yakalama teknolojisi olarak ilk Shimizu vd tarafından önerilen 4 CO2 bir CaO tabanlı tarafından yakalanır, jelleştirici bir reaktör 600-700 ° C'de bir carbonator aradı ve sonraki calcination göre yüksek saflıkta CO2 akışı üretmek için EQ (1), 850-950 ° c (içinde bir calciner) tarafından yayımlanan haciz5,6için uygundur. Onlar kolayca bir reaktör diğer4,5,-6 dolaştırılması için katı büyük miktarlarda sağlar beri bu işlem için uygun bir yapılandırma temsil eden akışkan yataklar, CaL döngüsü kullanır , 7 , 8.
CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ⇔ CaCO3 (s) ΔH25 ° C -178.2 = kJ/mol (1)
Bu kavram pilot ölçekli çeşitli gruplar tarafından ve farklı konfigürasyonları ile ve ölçekler, Stuttgart, 1 MWth pilot Darmstadt, La Pereda içinde 1.7 MWth pilot 0.2 MWth pilot gibi gösterdi ve Tayvan9,10,11,12,13,14,15,161.9 MWth biriminde. Bu işlem kanıtlanmış olsa da, hala olasılık standart çalışma koşulları ve reaktör yapılandırma tasarım değişiklikleri değiştirerek gibi termal verimliliğini artırmak için vardır.
Combustor ve calciner arasında ısı boru kullanımı calciner yanma oksi yakıt yerine çalışılmıştır. CO2 yakalama performans sonuçları bu bir geleneksel CaL pilot tesisi ile karşılaştırılabilir, ancak, bu süreç daha yüksek bitki verimliliği vardır ve daha düşük CO2 kaçınma maliyeti17. Martínez vd. 18 calciner girme sağlam malzeme Onceden ve calciner içinde gerekli ısı azaltmak için ısı Tümleştirme olanakları araştırıldı. Sonuçları bu standart dava ile karşılaştırıldığında kömür tüketimi %9 azalma gösterdi. Isı tümleştirme için okudu diğer olanaklar aynı zamanda iç ve dış entegrasyon seçenekleri19dikkate.
Ekonomik bakış açısından CaL döngüsünün ana sorunlardan biri aracılığıyla yakıt yanma20calciner gerekli enerji sağlamaktır. Calciner'ın giriş oksijen konsantrasyonu artırmak azaltmak veya hatta CO2 geri dönüşüm için calciner ihtiyaç önlemek amacıyla önerilmiştir. Bu alternatif rekabet bu sürecin önemli ölçüde artırabilir sermaye maliyeti (calciner ve hava ayırma birimleri (ASU) İndirimli boyutu), azaltır. Yanma koşullarında köklü değişiklik endotermik calcination reaksiyon ve düşük sıcaklıklarda çalışma carbonator üzerinden dolaşan büyük CaO/CaCO3 akışı sömürerek elde edilebilir (Ben de avantaj ile kullanılabilir Oksi-yanma teknolojisi).
Bu eser bir CaL pilot tesis dolaşan akışkan sistemi yatak (CFB) carbonator ve calciner'ın giriş %100 O2 konsantrasyon ile köpüren akışkan sistemi Bed (BFB) calciner ile çalıştırmak için bir standart işletim prosedürü geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birkaç deneysel kampanyalar pilot tesis olarak oksijen düzgün çalışmasını sağlamak için devreye alma sırasında çalıştırmak edilmiştir konsantrasyonu artar. Ayrıca, üç kireçtaşı parçacık boyutu Dağılımları (100-200 µm; 200-300 µm; 300-400 µm) nasıl bu parametre parçacıklar elutriation etkilediğini araştırmak ve bu işletim modu verimliliği yakalamak için incelenmiştir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Longcal limestone</td>
			<td>Loncliffe</td>
			<td>Longcal SP52</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical Shacker</td>
			<td>SWECO</td>
			<td>LS24S544+C</td>
			<td>Mechanical siever to separate particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>BOC tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural gas</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Taken from the line</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

operation of a 25 kwth calcium looping pilot-plant with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner

Kalsiyum (CaL) döngü mevcut enerji santralleri güçlendirme için uygun olan bir sonrası yanma CO2 yakalama teknolojisidir. CaL işleminin kireçtaşı bir ucuz ve hazır CO2 jelleştirici kullanır. Teknoloji yaygın eğitim gördü iken daha ekonomik açıdan yapmak için uygulanabilir bir kaç kullanılabilir seçenekler. Bunlardan birini azaltmak veya geri dönüşümlü gaz (CO2, H2O ve kirleri); miktarda ortadan kaldırmak calciner oksijen konsantrasyonu artırmaktır Bu nedenle, azalan veya geri dönüşümlü gaz akışı ısıtmak gerekli enerjiyi kaldırma. Ayrıca, enerji girişi yanma yoğunluğu değişikliği nedeniyle ortaya çıkan bir artış olduğunu; Bu enerji geri dönüşümlü baca gazlarının yokluğunda gerçekleşmesi endotermik calcination reaksiyon etkinleştirmek için kullanılır. Bu kağıt % 100 Oksijen yanma calciner doğal gaz ile işlem ve CaL pilot tesis ilk sonuçlarını sunar. Carbonator gelecek gaz bir kömür yakıtlı elektrik santrali veya Çimento Sanayi simüle baca gazı kullanmış. Birkaç kireçtaşı parçacık boyutu dağıtımları da daha fazla bu işletim modu genel performansı üzerinde etkisi, bu parametrenin keşfetmek için test edilmektedir. Reaktör sistemine, çalışma usulleri ve sonuçları yapılandırmasını bu yazıda ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Reaktör iyi hidrodinamik istikrar ve istikrarlı CO2 yakalama yakalama verimliliği bir kömür yakıtlı elektrik santrali baca gazı simüle bir gaz karışımı ile % 70'e kadar ile gösterdi.

Deneysel set-up şekil 3' te gösterilmiştir. Bitki iki birbirine bağlı akışkan sistemi-yatak oluşmaktadır. Yani bir CFB 4,3 m yükseklik ve 0.1 m iç çapı (ID); carbonator olduğunu calciner ise 1, 2 m yüksekliği ile BFB ve 0,165 m kimliği. Bir reaktör katı taşıyıcısından diğer iki döngü-mühürler azot ile akışkan sistemi tarafından kontrol edilir. Her iki reaktörler bir Isıtma hattı üzerinden gaz karışımı beslenir ve her ik...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner at JoVE.com

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Bir bitkinin 25 KWth kalsiyum döngü Pilot-Calciner yüksek oksijen konsantrasyonları ile işlem

Bu el yazması bir kalsiyum pilot-bitki azaltan veya ortadan kaldıran baca gazı geri dönüşüm için calciner yüksek oksijen konsantrasyonları ile sonrası yanma karbon yakalama için döngü çalıştırmak için bir yordam açıklanır.

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

operation-25-kwth-calcium-looping-pilot-plant-with-high-oxygen

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

7.8K Görüntüleme.  Cranfield University. Bu el yazması bir kalsiyum pilot-bitki azaltan veya ortadan kaldıran baca gazı geri dönüşüm için calciner yüksek oksijen konsantrasyonları ile sonrası yanma karbon yakalama için döngü çalıştırmak için bir yordam açıklanır.

Video: Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular enzymes released by microorganisms. Thus, measurement of the activity of these extracellular enzymes can give insights into the rates of ecosystem level processes, such as organic matter decomposition or nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Assays of extracellular enzyme activity in environmental samples typically involve exposing the samples to artificial colorimetric or fluorometric substrates and tracking the rate of substrate hydrolysis. Here we describe microplate based methods for these procedures that allow the analysis of large numbers of samples within a short time frame. Samples are allowed to react with artificial substrates within 96-well microplates or deep well microplate blocks, and enzyme activity is subsequently determined by absorption or fluorescence of the resulting end product using a typical microplate reader or fluorometer. Such high throughput procedures not only facilitate comparisons between spatially separate sites or ecosystems, but also substantially reduce the cost of such assays by reducing overall reagent volumes needed per sample.

Microplate based procedures are described for the colorimetric or fluorometric analysis of extracellular enzyme activity. These procedures allow for the rapid assay of such activity in large numbers of environmental samples within a manageable time frame.

Yüksek Verimli Mikroplate Tahliller kullanarak Waters, Topraklar ve tortulları Mikrobiyal Ekstrasellüler Enzim Aktivitesi Belirlenmesi

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

Çevre

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

Optimize Negatif Boyama: Elektron Mikroskobu ile Küçük ve Asimetrik Protein Yapısı incelenmesi için Yüksek verim Protokolü

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal behavior questions. The protocol described here provides a simple, reproducible, and controlled method to manipulate DO to study behavioral response in aquatic organisms resulting from hypoxic and anoxic conditions. While performing degasification of water with nitrogen is commonly used in laboratory settings, no explicit method for ecological (aquatic) application exists in the literature, and this protocol is the first to describe a protocol to degasify water to observe organismal response. This technique and protocol were developed for direct application for aquatic macroinvertebrates; however, small fish, amphibians, and other aquatic vertebrates could be easily substituted. It allows for easy manipulation of DO levels ranging from 2 mg/L to 11 mg/L with stability for up to a 5 min animal-observation period. Beyond a 5 min observation period water temperatures began to rise, and at 10 min DO levels became too unstable to maintain. The protocol is scalable to the study organism, reproducible, and reliable, allowing for rapid implementation into introductory teaching labs and high-level research applications. The expected results of this technique should relate dissolved oxygen changes to behavioral responses of organisms.

This article describes a simple and reproducible protocol to manipulate dissolved oxygen conditions in a laboratory setting for animal behavior studies. This protocol may be used in both teaching and research laboratory settings to evaluate organismal response of macroinvertebrates, fishes, or amphibians to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.

Basit Yaklaşım Hayvan Davranışı Gözlemleri Çözünmüş Oksijen işlemek için

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Toprak Yeniden örnekleme yöntemleri Orman Topraklarının Kimyasal Konsantrasyonlarına Değişiklik Monitör

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

Ölçme ve toprak erozyon ve toprak karbonat konsantrasyonları tarım Yönetimi'nin altında ilgili ifade eşleme

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

Bitki enfeksiyon Test: Sprey ve bitki patojeni Magnaporthe Grisea ile aşı yara-aracılı

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

Yüksek işlem hacmi, analiz işleme parametrelerini ve Mısır (Zea mays L.) beslenme nitelikleri için Microscale Protokolü

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

Örnekleme, sıralama ve Microplastics su ortamlarında yüksek askıya alınan tortu yükler ve büyük yüzen enkaz ile karakterize

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for Cu(II) Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is proposed. Bagasse impregnated with phosphoric acid is utilized as the precursor. To pyrolyze the precursor, two separate heating modes are used: microwave pyrolysis and conventional electric-heating pyrolysis. The resulting bagasse-derived carbon samples are modified with nitrification and reduction modification. Nitrogen (N)/oxygen (O) functional groups are simultaneously introduced to the surface of activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption of Cu(II) by complexing and ion-exchange. Characterization and copper adsorption experiments are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of four prepared carbon samples and determine which heating method favors the subsequent modification for doping of N/O functional groups. In this technique, based on analyzing data of nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and batch adsorption experiments, it is proven that microwave-pyrolyzed carbon has more defect sites and, therefore, time-saving effective microwave pyrolysis contributes more N/O species to the carbon, although it leads to a lower specific surface area. This technique offers a promising route to synthesis adsorbents with higher nitrogen and oxygen content and a higher adsorption capacity of heavy-metal ions in wastewater remediation applications.

Preparation of Biomass-based Mesoporous Carbon with Higher Nitrogen-/Oxygen-chelating Adsorption for CuII Through Microwave Pre-Pyrolysis

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize nitrogen/oxygen dual-doped mesoporous carbon from biomass by chemical activation in different pyrolysis modes followed by modification. We demonstrate that the microwave pyrolysis benefits the subsequent modification process to simultaneously introduce more nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the carbon.

Daha yüksek azot - biyokütle tabanlı karbon Mesoporous hazırlanması / oksijen şelat adsorpsiyon ile mikrodalga ön Pyrolysis Cu(II)

An environment-friendly technique for synthesizing biomass-based mesoporous activated carbon with high nitrogen-/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

Kompozisyon ve Bioaerosols farklı çevresel koşullar altında dağıtım Analizi

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Bir bitkinin 25 KW_th kalsiyum döngü Pilot-Calciner yüksek oksijen konsantrasyonları ile işlem

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