Bu proje kısmen Ulusal Enstitüsü alerji ve enfeksiyon hastalıkları gelen federal fonları ile finanse edilmiştir, Ulusal Sağlık enstitüleri, bölümü sağlık ve insan Hizmetleri, CEIRS altında P01AI097092-04S1 (P.E.L.) sözleşme.

Bu el yazması önceden oluşturulmuş deneyler aşağıdaki Icahn School of Medicine'nın kurumsal kodu etik ve düzenlemeler yapıldı.
1. grip virüsü Hemagglutinin yolu ile Transfection ya da enfeksiyon ifade
Transfection:
<ol><li>Plaka insan embriyonik böbrek (HEK 293T) hücre yoğunluğu 2 x 104 hücreleri/iyi bir beyaz doku kültürü ', 96-şey plaka tedavi ve 37 °C kuluçka (%5 CO2ile) 4 h için oturmak izin.</li>
	<li>Transfect 100 içeren hücreleri ng DNA viral hemagglutinin ve transfection reaktif 50 μL toplam hacmi bir kuyu başına 0.2 μL için kodlama. Not: Her ikisi de 1 Opti-en az temel medya (MEM) indirimli Serum orta x seyreltilmiş Plazmid ve transfectant reaktif.</li>
	<li>Tabak 18 h için % 5 CO2 bir 37 °C kuluçka kuluçka sonra transfection medyayı çıkarın.</li>
</ol>2. enfeksiyon
<ol><li>2 x 104 hücreleri/iyi bir beyaz doku kültürü'yoğunluğu plaka A549 veya Madin Darby köpek böbrek hücreleri 96-şey plaka tedavi ve en az 18 h 37 °C kuluçka %5 CO2için büyür.</li>
	<li>1 seyreltik virüs MEM x ve hücreleri enfeksiyon 3, 1 veya 1 h 37 °C kuluçka %5 CO2için 0,33 çokluğu, bulaştırmak. Toplam hacim 100 μL eşit olmalıdır. Not: 10 x MEM MEM çalışma stok virüs seyreltme yukarıda belirtilen için x 1 yapmak için su ile seyreltilmiş.</li>
	<li>Enfeksiyon sonra inoculum kaldırın ve 1 100 μL ekleyin MEM tripsin yokluğunda plaka içine x.</li>
	<li>18-24 h 37 °C kuluçka %5 CO2ile enfekte hücreleri büyümek.</li>
</ol>3. FcRg/NFAT-aracılı etkinleştirme monoklonal antikorlar veya Sera Luciferase etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
<ol><li>İlk olarak, transfected veya enfekte hücre büyüme ortamı tahlil medya (1 %4 (vol/vol) ile desteklenmiş x RPMI 1640 düşük IgG fetal sığır sera) 25 µL ile değiştirin.</li>
	<li>Ayrı bir 96-şey tabak içinde dört kat dilutions 30 μg/tahlil medya kullanarak mL başlayan ilgi antikorların gerçekleştirin. Dilutions triplicates içinde gerçekleştirmek ve bir örnek plaka düzen şekil 1A' gösterilmektedir. Bir arka plan kontrol (tahlil arabellek yalnız) yanı sıra antikor (antikor kontrol) dışlayan bir denetim eklemeyi unutmayın. Not: her iki 'yok antikor' için ve arka plan kontrolleri, tahlil arabelleği antikor yerine 25 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Seri olarak seyreltilmiş antikorların 25 μL adım 3.2 için karşılık gelen kuyu transfected hücreleri veya enfekte hücreleri tabağa aktarın.</li>
	<li>Plaka (%5 CO2ile) bir 37 °C kuluçka 15dk için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Fare FcgRIV veya insan FcgRIIIa (hücre/iyi 75.000) ifade uygun değiştirilmiş efektör Jurkat hücrenin 25 μL ekleyin. Her biri için Toplam hacim de 75 µL olmalı ve antikor başlangıç son konsantrasyonu 10 µg / (şekil 1B) mL'dir. Not: arka plan denetimi için tahlil arabelleği efektör hücreler yerine 25 µL ekleyin. Antikor-bağımlı Hücre-aracılı fagositoz incelemek için değiştirilmiş bir Jurkat hücre insan FcgRIIa ifade kullanılabilir.</li>
	<li>Plaka bir 37 ° C kuluçka %5 CO2 ile 6 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Tezcan ve sıcak luciferase substrat arabellek 37 °C su kullanmadan önce yaklaşık 1 h için. Not: luciferase substrat tampon yapmak için liyofilize luciferase tahlil substrat sağlanan tahlil arabelleği yeniden oluşturma. Sulandırılan substrat arabellek-30 °C-10 °C ilâ altı hafta boyunca saklanabilir.</li>
	<li>75 μL/iyi luciferase substrat arabelleği arka plan denetimi dışında bütün wells ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Bir luminometer üzerinde okuyun.</li>
	<li>Kat indüksiyon ile aşağıdaki denklemi hesaplamak: kat indüksiyon (Induced değeri arka plan değeri) = / (mAb değeri arka plan değeri).</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir çıkar çatışmaları bildirin.

Burada açıklanan yöntemi bir HA özel Monoklonal antikor fare FcγRIV meşgul yeteneğini ölçmek kullanıcı sağlar. Hedef antijen, grip virüsü hemagglutinin, hücre yüzeyinde enfeksiyon sonra virüs veya plazmid DNA transfection tarafından ifade edilir. Tahlil daha fazla diğer FcγRs (insan veya fare) ile birlikte farklı yüzey-viral proteinlerin kullanmaya müsait. Ayrıca, biz sera örnekleri antikorlar poliklonal bir bağlamda Fc efektör fonksiyonları (veri) gösterilmez, ikna yeteneği değerlendirmek ...

Mevsimsel grip aşısı tarafından sağlanan bağışıklık hemagglutinin reseptör bağlama sitenin hedef antikor varlığı ölçen hemaglütinasyon inhibisyon (hı) tahlil1ile, geleneksel olarak değerlendirildi. Bu HI-aktif antikorlar bağışıklık sterilize görüşmek ama genellikle onların genişliğini koruma, grip virüsü select bir kaç suşları için dokunulmazlık sağlayan dar. Yalıtım ve hemagglutinin (HA) tanımak geniş reaktif monoklonal antikorlar karakterizasyonu evrensel grip aşısı geliştirilmesi ulaşmak içinde2,3,4, önermek 5 , 6 , 7 , 8. bir evrensel grip aşısı önemli amaçlarından biri güçlü antikor yanıtı grip virüsü9,10,11,12 korunmuş bölgelerde doğru ikna etmek için , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16. geniş reaktif antikorları nötralize ve sigara nötralize antikorlar17,18, oluşan bu korunmuş epitopları tanımak için Fc-FcγR etkileşim gerektirecek şekilde gösterilmiş olan en uygun koruma vivo içinde ve vurgulamak Fc-aracılı bağışıklık grip virüsü19,20genel bağışıklık yanıtı için katkı.
Koruma ilişkilendirir enfeksiyon bağışıklık değerlendirirken açısından büyük önem taşıyor. Bu ölçümler bilim adamları ve klinisyenler aşı etkinliği, verilerin önemi ve tedavinin gidişatı tahmin etmek izin verir. Grip virüs bulaşmasına karşı koruma tek kurulan ilişkili hemaglütinasyon inhibisyon tahlil olduğunu. 1:40 titresi hastalık1,21 -riski % 50 azalma ile ilişkili ve küresel HA başında bulunan site Bağlayıcısı reseptör hedefleyerek Aglutinasyon inhibe antikor varlığını yansıtır. Ancak, ayrıca T-hücre yanıt-e doğru-ebilmek var olmak daha iyi ilişkili grip virüs hastalık Yaşlılarda karşı koruma dikkat edilmelidir. İlginçtir, bir rapora neuraminidase inhibisyon aktivitesi dokunulmazlık grip22daha iyi bir tahmin olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Neyse ki, nötralizasyon veya neuraminidase inhibisyon deneyleri HA sapı veya neuraminidase özel antikorlar ölçebilirsiniz gibi tipik vitro deneyleri. Bu geleneksel vitro deneyleri çoğu ancak, sadece hesaba katmak antikor antijen bağlayıcı bölgenin fonksiyonu ve Fc bölge rolü ölçüyor musunuz. Ayrıca, Fc reseptör nişan vivo içinde yolu ile korumak sigara nötralize antikorlar katkısını değildir tespit edilen17,18. Fc-aracılı bağışıklık antikor aracılı hücre bağımlı sitotoksisite (CCDA) gibi neden antikorlar tarafından tanınan koruma ölçmek için sağlam vitro tahlil gereklidir.
Aşağıda açıklanan yöntemi fare monoklonal antikorlar Fc-aracılı işlevleri kullanılarak bir etkinleştirme ifade genetiği değiştirilmiş Jurkat hücre kültürünü ikna yeteneği değerlendiriyor antikorundan 1 FcR, FcγRIV yazın. FcγR antikor angajman Bu Tetikleyicileri nükleer faktör aktive T-Hücre-aracılı luciferase faaliyet hücre içi sinyal transduces. Tahlil yalıtım ve birincil efektör hücrelerin kültür ve harekete geçirmek-in Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları19,23,24 algılamak için Akış Sitometresi kullanımını gerektiren geleneksel teknikleri üzerinde çeşitli avantajları vardır ,25,26. İlk olarak, burada açıklanan protokol kolayca farklı viral hedefler, FcγRs ve antikor (insan ve fare) farklı türlerden adapte edilebilir. İkinci olarak, değiştirilmiş bir Jurkat hücre kullanımı satır ışıldama ölçme bir plaka okuyucu kullanarak kolayca çözümlenebilir bir geniş format tahlil için bir FcγR bir luciferase muhabir gen aktive T-hücre (NFAT) nükleer faktör altında ile verir ifade. Burada, geleneksel harekete geçirmek birincil efektör hücrelerin NFAT-luciferase indüksiyon antikor angajman bir FcγR Jurkat hücre yüzeyi üzerine yerine kullanılır. Bu 96-şey plaka biçimi tahlil triplicates yedi dilutions-geleneksel yöntemlerle hantal olabilir örnekleri bir dizi ile en çok dört farklı örnekleri ölçümü için izin verir. Deney tasarımı ve veri yorumlanması etkileyebilir bu tahlil ile dikkate alınacak ek noktalar vardır. Viral hedef antikor tanıma amacıyla hücre yüzeyinde ifade gerekir. Bu etkisini azaltmak için hedef antijen (örneğin bir iç viral protein) doğrudan bir plaka yüzeyinde kaplı olması. Ancak, bu henüz ciddi bir şekilde test edilmemiştir. Ayrıca, değiştirilmiş Jurkat hücre kültürünü FcγR etkinleştirme yalnızca bir türü ifade eder ve tüm reseptörleri fizyolojik bir bağlamda birincil hücre satırlarını hızlı iken herhangi bir inhibitör FcγRs ifade değil.
Biz daha önce bu tahlil epitope özgüllük poliklonal bir bağlamda Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları düzenlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar ve antikor bağımlı Hücre-aracılı yanıt en iyi aktivasyonu iki noktası gerektirir göstermek için kullanılan 27,28başvurun. Burada, biz yeteneği meşgul ve FcγRIV aktive antikorundan etkinleştirmek için SAP özgü monoklonal antikorların değerlendiriyor bir yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Özel durumlar29,30olmakla birlikte, çok sayıda geniş reaktif antikorlar hemagglutinin antigenically korunmuş sapı bölgenin hedef ve böylece evrensel bir grip gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır aşı.

<table><tbody><tr><td>A549 cells&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-185</td><td>Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells</td></tr><tr><td>HEK 293T cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-3216</td><td>Human embryonic kidney cells</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11668019</td><td>Transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>1X Opti-MEM Reduced Serum Medium</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>51985-034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White tissue culture treated 96-well plate</td><td>Corning, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3917</td><td>Assay plates</td></tr><tr><td>10X MEM</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11430-030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jurkat cell expressing murine FcgRIV</td><td>Promega</td><td>M1201</td><td>Kit provides includes cells, Bio-Glo Luciferase assay system, 1X RPMI and low IgG serum</td></tr><tr><td>Jurkat cell expressing human FcgRIIIa</td><td>Promega</td><td>G7010</td><td>Kit provides includes cells, Bio-Glo Luciferase assay system, 1X RPMI and low IgG serum</td></tr><tr><td>Jurkat cell expressing human FcgRIIa</td><td>Promega</td><td>G9901</td><td>Kit provides includes cells, Bio-Glo Luciferase assay system, 1X RPMI and low IgG serum</td></tr><tr><td>Luminometer</td><td>BioTek</td><td>Synergy H1 Multi-Mode reader</td><td>Luminescence plate reader</td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Glo Luciferase Assay System</td><td>Promega</td><td>G7940</td><td>Contains luciferase assay buffer and luciferase assay substrate</td></tr><tr><td>Madin Darby canine kidney cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-34</td><td>Canine kidney cells</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to assess fc-mediated effector functions induced by influenza hemagglutinin specific antibodies

Antikorlar karşı antijen bağlayıcı etki alanları ve Fc-bölgeler ile viral patojenler doğuştan gelen ve edinilmiş bağışıklık yanıtı kaplin çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Burada, biz nasıl belgili tanımlık harekete geçirmek ölçmek için tarif Fc efektör fonksiyonları monoklonal antikorlar grip virüsü hemagglutinin bir etkinleştirme ifade genetiği Jurkat hücre kültürünü kullanımı ile hedefleme tarafından 1 Fc yazın-FcγR. bu yöntemi kullanarak katkı immünglobulin tarafından haiz belirli Fc-FcγR etkileşimlerin bir vitro tahlil kullanarak belirlenebilir.

Biz bu gösterdi bir sapı özgü mAb, 6F12, ama değil kafa özgü kafa özgü mAb, PY102, CD107a ve interferon γ19etkinleşmiş tarafından birincil doğal katil hücreler etkinleştirmek başardı. Bir SAP özgü antikor birincil insan NK hücreleri aktive yeteneği modellemek için bir SAP özgü mAb, 6F12, sağlam tarafından fare FcγRIV ifade değiştirilmiş Jurkat hücre etkinleştirebilirsiniz göstermek ~ 14-fold. Öte yandan, kafa özgü mAb, PY102 ve kontrol IgG değil (<strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies at JoVE.com

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları aktivasyonu antikorlar tarafından hedefleyen grip virüsü hemagglutinin ölçmek için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu tahlil de Fc-aracılı bağışıklık ikna etmek için monoklonal antikorlar veya poliklonal sera diğer viral yüzey glikoproteinlerin hedefleme yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için adapte edilebilir.

Grip Hemagglutinin özel antikorlar tarafından indüklenen Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları değerlendirmek için bir yöntem

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...

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Immunology and Infection

7.6K Görüntüleme.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları aktivasyonu antikorlar tarafından hedefleyen grip virüsü hemagglutinin ölçmek için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu tahlil de Fc-aracılı bağışıklık ikna etmek için monoklonal antikorlar veya poliklonal sera diğer viral yüzey glikoproteinlerin hedefleme yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için adapte edilebilir.

Video: A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle and the induction of protective immune responses1,2. As the main target for neutralizing antibodies, HA is currently used as the influenza vaccine potency marker and is measured by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID)3. However, the dependence of SRID on the availability of the corresponding subtype-specific antisera causes a minimum of 2-3 months delay for the release of every new vaccine. Moreover, despite evidence that NA also induces protective immunity4, the amount of NA in influenza vaccines is not yet standardized due to a lack of appropriate reagents or analytical method5. Thus, simple alternative methods capable of quantifying HA and NA antigens are desirable for rapid release and better quality control of influenza vaccines.
Universally conserved regions in all available influenza A HA and NA sequences were identified by bioinformatics analyses6-7. One sequence (designated as Uni-1) was identified in the only universally conserved epitope of HA, the fusion peptide6, while two conserved sequences were identified in neuraminidases, one close to the enzymatic active site (designated as HCA-2) and the other close to the N-terminus (designated as HCA-3)7. Peptides with these amino acid sequences were synthesized and used to immunize rabbits for the production of antibodies. The antibody against the Uni-1 epitope of HA was able to bind to 13 subtypes of influenza A HA (H1-H13) while the antibodies against the HCA-2 and HCA-3 regions of NA were capable of binding all 9 NA subtypes. All antibodies showed remarkable specificity against the viral sequences as evidenced by the observation that no cross-reactivity to allantoic proteins was detected. These universal antibodies were then used to develop slot blot assays to quantify HA and NA in influenza A vaccines without the need for specific antisera7,8. Vaccine samples were applied onto a PVDF membrane using a slot blot apparatus along with reference standards diluted to various concentrations. For the detection of HA, samples and standard were first diluted in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 4M urea while for the measurement of NA they were diluted in TBS containing 0.01% Zwittergent as these conditions significantly improved the detection sensitivity. Following the detection of the HA and NA antigens by immunoblotting with their respective universal antibodies, signal intensities were quantified by densitometry. Amounts of HA and NA in the vaccines were then calculated using a standard curve established with the signal intensities of the various concentrations of the references used. 
Given that these antibodies bind to universal epitopes in HA or NA, interested investigators could use them as research tools in immunoassays other than the slot blot only.

A simple slot blot method was developed for the quantification of influenza viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase using universal antibodies targeting their most conserved sequences identified through bioinformatics analyses. This innovative approach may provide a useful alternative to quantitative determination of all viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Tüm Influenza Kantitatif Analiz Basit Slot Blot Tahliller Evrensel Antikorlar kullanarak Viral Hemagglutinins ve nöraminidaz yazın

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle ...

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Measuring Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibody Titers by Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay

Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. Traditional methods to measure NA inhibiting (NI) antibody titers are not practical for routine serology. This protocol describes the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA), a practical alternative method to measure NI titers that is performed in 96 well plates coated with a large glycoprotein substrate, fetuin. NA cleaves terminal sialic acids from fetuin, exposing the penultimate sugar, galactose. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is a lectin with specificity for galactose and therefore the extent of desialylation can be quantified using a PNA-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, followed by addition of a chromogenic peroxidase substrate. The optical density that is measured is proportional to NA activity. To measure NI antibody titers, serial dilutions of sera are incubated at 37 &#176;C O/N on fetuin-coated plates with a fixed amount of NA. The reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that results in &#8805;50% inhibition of NA activity is designated as the NI antibody titer. The ELLA provides a practical format for routine evaluation of human antibody responses following influenza infection or vaccination.

We describe the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) for measuring influenza neuraminidase (NA)-inhibition antibody titers in sera. The assay uses peanut agglutinin to quantify galactose residues that become accessible when NA removes sialic acid from fetuin-coated, 96-well plates.

Enzim-linked Lektin Testi tarafından Grip Nöraminidaz İnhibisyon antikor titreleri Ölçme

Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. Traditional ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Grip A virüs enfeksiyonu bir fare modeli çalışmalarda

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

Grip virüsü monoklonal antikorları nötralize kaçış türevleri üretimi

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to A(H3N2) Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for influenza infections. Microneutralization (MN) assays are often used to measure neutralizing antibody responses in human sera after influenza vaccination or infection. Madine Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are the commonly used cell substrate for MN assays. However, currently circulating 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) influenza viruses have acquired altered receptor binding specificity. The MDCK-SIAT1 cell line with increased &#945;-2,6 sialic galactose moieties on the surface has proven to provide improved infectivity and more faithful replications than conventional MDCK cells for these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. Here, we describe a MN assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells that has been optimized to quantify neutralizing antibody titers to these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. In this protocol, heat inactivated sera containing neutralizing antibodies are first serially diluted, then incubated with 100 TCID50/well of influenza A(H3N2) viruses to allow antibodies in the sera to bind to the viruses. MDCK-SIAT1 cells are then added to the virus-antibody mixture, and incubated for 18 - 20 h at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 to allow A(H3N2) viruses to infect MDCK-SIAT1 cells. After overnight incubation, plates are fixed and the amount of virus in each well is quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) monoclonal antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titer is defined as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that provides &#8805;50% inhibition of virus infectivity.

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to AH3N2 Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Influenza neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection of influenza infections. Microneutralization assays measure neutralizing antibodies in human sera and are often used for influenza human serology. We describe a microneutralization assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells to measure neutralizing antibody titers to contemporary 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) viruses following influenza vaccination or infection.

MDCK-SIAT1 hücreleri kullanarak antikor yanıt için Microneutralization tarafından insan Sera A(H3N2) virüsleri nötralize grip ölçme deneyi

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for ...

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

Antibody titers are commonly used as surrogate markers for serological protection against influenza and other pathogens. Detailed knowledge of antibody production pre- and post-vaccination is required to understand vaccine-induced immunity. This article describes a reliable point-by-point protocol to determine influenza-specific antibody titers. The first protocol describes a method to specify the antigen amounts required for hemagglutination, which standardizes the concentrations for subsequent usage in the second protocol (hemagglutination assay, HA assay). The second protocol describes the quantification of influenza-specific antibody titers against different viral strains by using a serial dilution of human serum or cell culture supernatants (hemagglutination inhibition assay, HI assay).
As an applied example, we show the antibody response of a healthy cohort, which received a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Additionally, the cross-reactivity between the different influenza viruses is shown and methods to minimize cross-reactivity by using different types of animal red blood cells (RBCs) are explained. The discussion highlights advantages and disadvantages of the presented assays and how the determination of influenza-specific antibody titers can improve the understanding of vaccine-related immunity.

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

The presented protocols describe how to perform a hemagglutination inhibition assay to quantify influenza-specific antibody titers from serum samples of influenza vaccine recipients. The first assay determines optimal viral antigen concentrations by hemagglutination. The second assay quantifies influenza-specific antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition.

Grip özgü antikor titreleri ölçmek için bir en iyi duruma getirilmiş hemaglütinasyon inhibisyon (hı) tahlil

Antibody titers are commonly used as surrogate markers for serological protection against influenza and other pathogens. Detailed knowledge of antibody ...

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and generation of high-affinity antibodies. In influenza virus infection, robust Tfh and GC B cell responses are induced to facilitate effective virus eradication, which confers a qualified mouse model for Tfh-associated study. In this paper, we described protocols in detection of basic Tfh-associated immune response during influenza virus infection in mice. These protocols include: intranasal inoculation of influenza virus; flow cytometry staining and analysis of polyclonal and antigen-specific Tfh cells, GC B cells and plasma cells; immunofluorescence detection of GCs; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of influenza virus-specific antibody in serum. These assays basically quantify the differentiation and function of Tfh cells in influenza virus infection, thus providing help for studies in elucidating differentiation mechanism and manipulation strategy.

This paper describes protocols of evaluating Tfh and GC B response in mouse model of influenza virus infection.

Farelerde grip A Virüs Enfeksiyonu Sırasında T Foliküler Yardımcı Hücrelerin ve Germinal Merkez Yanıtının Değerlendirilmesi

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and ...

Measuring the Activation of Fc-Mediated Effector Functions by HA Antibodies

Source: Bailey, M. J., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56256">A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video demonstrates an assay measuring the antibody-mediated activation of T cell effector functions. Adding an influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-specific monoclonal antibody to transfected mammalian cells expressing HA results in the formation of immune complexes with HA. Upon introducing engineered T cells expressing Fc receptors and a luciferase reporter, the T cells are activated by the antibody-HA complexes, and this activation is detected by adding a luciferase substrate and measuring the produced bioluminescence.

FA aracılı efektör fonksiyonlarının aktivasyonunun HA antikorları tarafından ölçülmesi

1. Expression of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin via Transfection

	Plate Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293T) cells at a density of 2 x 104 cells/well in a ...

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Antikor Tabanlı Teknolojiler

Karakterizasyon ve Fonksiyonel Analiz

Generation of Influenza Virus Escape Variants against Neutralizing Antibodies

Source: Leon, P. E., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56067">Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates a technique for generating escape variants of neutralizing influenza virus monoclonal antibodies. Antibody-neutralized virus suspension is injected into embryonated chicken eggs to propagate escape variants selectively. This results in a virus population predominantly of escape variants, confirmed via a Hemagglutination assay.

Nötralize Edici Antikorlara Karşı İnfluenza Virüsü Kaçış Varyantlarının Üretilmesi

NOTE: HA-specific antibodies that inhibit viral replication can generally be categorized into i) ones that bind on or adjacent of the receptor binding ...

The Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay to Detect Serum Antibodies Against a Target Antigen

Source: Kaufmann, L. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/55833">An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
The video demonstrates a hemagglutination inhibition assay for detecting serum antibodies against specific antigens. Confirmation of hemagglutination inhibition in the test well and hemagglutination in the control well is achieved through distinct visual patterns. This assay plays a crucial role in assessing immune response, vaccine effectiveness, and studying viral infections in virology and immunology.

Bir Hedef Antijene Karşı Serum Antikorlarını Tespit Etmek için Hemaglutinasyon İnhibisyonu Testi

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...