Grip virüsü LM-S laboratuvarında araştırma kısmen New York grip Center of Excellence (NYICE), NIAID merkezleri grip araştırma ve gözetleme (CEIRS) için mükemmel bir üyesi tarafından finanse edilmektedir. Biz Wendy Bates el yazması düzeltmeler onun desteği için teşekkür ederim.

<ol>
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J., Neumann, G., Kawaoka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influenza+A+virus+isolation,+culture+and+identification.">Influenza A virus isolation, culture and identification.</a> Nat Protoc. 9 (11), 2663-2681 (2014).</li><li>Guo, H., Baker, S. F., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Topham, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+CD8+T+cell+heterologous+protection+by+a+single+dose+of+single-cycle+infectious+influenza+virus.">Induction of CD8 T cell heterologous protection by a single dose of single-cycle infectious influenza virus.</a> J Virol. 88, 12006-12016 (2014).</li><li>He, W., Mullarkey, C. E., Miller, M. 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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

IAV fare modeli IAV Patogenez, immünojenisite ve koruma etkinliğinin in vivo çalışmalar için yaygın olarak kullanılır. Fareler küçük boyutunu değiştirmek ve yaban gelinciği veya eskiden şiling şimdi pigs gibi hayvan diğer modeller ile karşılaştırıldığında depolamak kolaylaştırır. Ayrıca, kolaylığı açısından maliyet hayvan konut ve üreme hayvanlar çok sayıda gerekli önceden klinik aşı testlerinde kullanımlarını sağlar. Özellikle, beri fareler içinde kullanılan bird...

IAVs Orthomyxoviridae aile3' te gizli saran virüsler vardır. Onlar sekiz tek iplikçikli RNA molekülleri ile negatif polarite3içerir. Roman virüslerden insan nüfusunun4' te tanıttığında insanlarda, mevsimlik salgın hastalıklar ve ara sıra salgınları önemli sonucu IAVs neden. Ayrıca, mevsimlik IAVs yükseltilmiş bir ekonomik kayıp dünya çapında her yıl2,5üreten insanlar arasında son derece ve hızla iletilir. Öksürük, burun tıkanıklığı, ateş, kırgınlık, baş ağrısı, iştahsızlık ve miyalji IAV belirtileri içerir, ancak virüs daha ağır bir hastalık immün hastalar6' da oluşturabilir. Aslında, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) mevsimsel grip virüsleri 300.000 500.000 ölüm dünya çapında her yıl1neden hesaplar. Şu anda gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA) tarafından grip profilaksi ve insanlarda tedavisi için onaylanan ilaçların sadece iki sınıf vardır: neuraminidase (NA) inhibitörleri (örneğin, oseltamivir) ve blokerleri M2 iyon kanalının (örn., Amantadin); Ancak, ilaca dirençli virüs türevleri ortaya çıkması artan bir konusudur. Aşı, bu nedenle, insanlar IAVs enfeksiyonlarına karşı korumak için en iyi tıbbi seçenek kalır. Bugüne kadar grip üç tür insan kullanmak için FDA tarafından lisanslı aşı mevcuttur: inaktive rekombinant viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein aşılar grip aşıları (IIV) ve canlı zayıflatılmış grip aşıları (LAIV)5, 7. üç aşılar viral HA protein IAVs karşı antikor nötralize uğrak karşı adaptif immün yanıt ikna etmek için tasarlanmıştır.
IAV enfeksiyon vivo içinde çalışmaya doğrulanmış fare modeli
Hayvan modelleri, diğerleri arasında IAV Patogenez8,9,10,11, hastalık12 ve/veya viral iletim13 katkıda viral etkenler çalışma için kullanılan ,14, ve9,10,15yeni aşılar veya antiviral etkinliğini test etmek için ilaç. Fareler (Mus musculus) en yaygın kullanılan hayvan modeli IAV araştırma için birkaç nedeni vardır: 1) bağışıklık sisteminin evrimsel benzer bu mevcut insanlarda; 2) düşük maliyetli, dahil olmak üzere hayvan satın, konut ve üreme; 3) kolayca işlemek ve saklamak için küçük boyutu; 4) en az ana bilgisayar değişkenlik homojen yanıt ve sonuçları elde etmek için; 5) fareler biyoloji, genom sırası da dahil olmak üzere büyük bir bilgi; 6) birçok kullanılabilir moleküler biyoloji ve/veya İmmünoloji reaktifler; 7) viral enfeksiyon bir konağın protein katkısını çalışmaya (KO) fareler dışarı mevcut knock; ve 8) enfeksiyonları genetik temeli değerlendirmek için istismar birden çok fare suşları.
Orada birkaç fare suşları IAV vivo içindeincelemek için şu anda kullanılabilecek. Yaş, bağışıklık durumu, cinsiyet, genetik arka plan ve fare zorlanma yanı sıra yolları enfeksiyonu, doz ve viral suşları farelerde IAV enfeksiyon sonucu etkiler. Onlar iki eski suşları16,17,18yaşından, IAV hastalıklara daha duyarlı olduğundan IAV araştırmalarında kullanılan en yaygın fare suşları C57BL/6, BALB/C ve daha yakın zamanlarda, DBA.2 fareler vardır 19 , 20. önemlisi bağışıklık yanıtı da bağlı olarak fare zorlanma18,19,20farklı olabilir. Böylece, fare ve yapılacak deney için en iyi seçenek seçmek için IAV zorlanma ilişkin tüm bilgiler kurtarmak çok önemlidir.
Fare için in vivo çalışmalar IAV ile enfeksiyon iyi bir hayvan model olsa da, onlar deneysel tasarımında dikkat edilmesi gereken bazı sınırlamaları var. Örneğin, in vivo çalışmalar için fare kullanarak büyük bir sınırlama IAVs fareler arasında iletmek değil olduğunu. Böylece, aktarım için çalışmalar, daha kabul hayvan modelleri (örneğin, yaban gelinciği veya eskiden şiling şimdi pigs) kullanılan16,17,21. Buna ek olarak, farelerde IAV tezahürleri ve insanlar arasında çeşitli farklar vardır. İnsanlar farklı olarak, fare ateş IAV enfeksiyon üzerine geliştirmek mi; diğer taraftan hipotermi16,17ile mevcut. Farelerde, alt solunum yolu (akciğerler) üst solunum yolları yerine IAV çoğaltma yoğunlaşmıştır. Böylece, IAV virülans farelerde her zaman için insanlarda görülen correlated değil. Özet olarak, sınırlı dezavantajları avantajları ağır bastığı için fare grip viral Patogenez, immünojenisite ve aşı ve antiviral çalışmalarda koruyucu etkinliği değerlendirmek için kullanılan ilk hayvan modeli temsil eder. Ayrıca, bu IAV enfeksiyon bir küçük hayvan modelinde önceki kanıt olmadan büyük hayvan modeller kullanarak IAV ile çalışmalar yapmak için etik açıdan kabul edilebilir değil. Bu makale, biz fareler intranasally bulaştırmak anlatan (i.n.) IAV, önem derecesi ve viral enfeksiyon ilerlemesini izlemek nasıl ve nasıl humoral bağışıklık yanıtı ve koruma etkinliğini değerlendirmek için gerekli deneyler yürütmek için.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="656">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CCL-34</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Six- to eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">National Cancer Institute (NCI)</td>
			<td>01XBE</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Turckey red blod cells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Biolink Inc</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15-013-CV</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Seradigm</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1500-050</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin/L-Glutamine (PSG) 100X</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30-009-CI</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin (PS) 100X</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30-00-CI</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Bovin Albumin solution (BA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A7409</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Bovin Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A9647</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Tosylsulfonyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)-treated trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T8802</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Neutral Buffered Formalin 10%</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;">65346-85</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Monoclonal Antibody anti-NP Influenza A Virus HB-65</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;">H16-L10-4R5</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins/FITC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F0261</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:295px;">ECL Anti-mouse IgG, Horseradish Peroxidase linked whole antibody</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">LNA931V/AG</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">TMB substrate set</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">421101</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Vmax Kinetic plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Dounce Tissue Grinders</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7722-7</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Receptor destroying enzyme, RDE (II)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Denka Seiken Co.</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">370013</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Crystal Violet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C581-100</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">96-well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">655-180</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Cell Culture dishes 100mm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">664-160</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Nunc MicroWell 96-Well Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thermo Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">269620</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Nunc 96-Well Polystyrene Conical Bottom MicroWell Plates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thermo Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">249570</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Puralub Vet Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dechra</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9N-76855</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>Olympus IX81</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

influenza a virus studies in a mouse model of infection

Grip virüsleri 500.000 ölüm dünya çapında1 neden ve 12-14 milyar USD Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tek başına doğrudan tıbbi ve hastaneye yatış masrafları ve iş devamsızlık2göz önünde bulundurarak bir yıllık ücret ile ilişkilidir. Hayvan modelleri viral Patogenez, ana bilgisayar-patojen etkileşimleri, bağışıklık yanıtı değerlendirmek için grip A virüs (IAV) çalışmalarda açısından büyük önem taşıyor ve antiviral yanı sıra geçerli ve/veya roman aşı etkinliği yaklaşıyor. Bağışıklık sistemi örümceklerle insanlarda bulunan benzer çünkü fareler bir avantajlı küçük hayvan modeli değildir, onlar are elde edilebilir--dan genetik olarak aynı konular olarak ticari satıcı, değerlendirmek için istismar birden fazla suşları vardır enfeksiyonlar, genetik temeli ve onlar are oranla ucuz ve kolay işlemek. Solunum yolları üzerinden insanlarda IAV enfeksiyon özetlemek için fareler ilk uygun Biyogüvenlik koruma altında bulaşıcı IAVs ile burunici aşılama öncesinde anestezi. Enfeksiyon sonra IAVs patogenezinde günlük (vücut kilo kaybı) morbidite ve mortalite (hayatta kalma) izleme tarafından belirlenir. Buna ek olarak, viral Patogenez Ayrıca virüs çoğaltma üst (nazal Mukoza) veya daha düşük (akciğerler) solunum yolu virüslü fareleri değerlendirmek tarafından değerlendirilebilir. Humoral yanıt üzerine IAV enfeksiyon hızla non-invaziv kanama veya değerlendirmeye ikincil antikor algılama tarafından deneyleri yönelik toplam varlığı tespit veya antikorları nötralize. Burada, fareler intranasally bulaştırmak için kullanılan ortak yöntemleri (ın) IAV ile açıklamak ve Patogenez, humoral bağışıklık yanıtı ve koruma etkinliği değerlendirin.

Fareler viral patogenezinde karakterizasyonu
IAV patogenezinde morbidite ve mortalite onun enfeksiyonu neden ilgilidir. Bu iki parametre farelerde kolayca değerlendirilebilir: IAV morbidite virüslü farelerde vücut kilo kaybı ile ilişkili ve ölüm oranı (Resim 1) hayatta kalma yüzdesini gösterir. Vücut ağırlığı ve hayatta kalma IAV enfekte farelerde genellikle her gün en az iki hafta so...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection at JoVE.com

Fare Enfeksiyon Modelinde İnfluenza A Virüsü Çalışmaları | İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon | Video

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Grip A virüs (IAVs) önemli insan solunum patojenler vardır. İnsan fizyolojisi taklit hayvan modelleri IAVs patojenitesi anlamak ve preklinik roman aşı yaklaşımlar sınamasını gerçekleştirmek için gereklidir. Burada, biz IAV Patogenez, humoral yanıt ve enfeksiyon bir fare modeli kullanarak aşı etkinliğini değerlendirmek için teknikler açıklanmaktadır.

Grip A virüs enfeksiyonu bir fare modeli çalışmalarda

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

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28.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Grip A virüs (IAVs) önemli insan solunum patojenler vardır. İnsan fizyolojisi taklit hayvan modelleri IAVs patojenitesi anlamak ve preklinik roman aşı yaklaşımlar sınamasını gerçekleştirmek için gereklidir. Burada, biz IAV Patogenez, humoral yanıt ve enfeksiyon bir fare modeli kullanarak aşı etkinliğini değerlendirmek için teknikler açıklanmaktadır.

Video: Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of infection with influenza virus alone. Instead, most individuals are thought to have succumbed to a secondary bacterial infection, predominately caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The synergistic relationship between infections caused by influenza virus and the pneumococcus has subsequently been observed during the 1957 Asian influenza virus pandemic, as well as during seasonal outbreaks of the virus (reviewed in 1, 2). Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the mechanism(s) that may be involved in increased morbidity as a result of concurrent influenza A virus and S. pneumoniae infection. We have developed an infant murine model to reliably and reproducibly demonstrate the effects of influenza virus infection of mice colonised with S. pneumoniae. Using this protocol, we have provided the first insight into the kinetics of pneumococcal transmission between co-housed, neonatal mice using in vivo imaging 3.

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

A concurrent infection with influenza A virus is one of the factors implicated in the induction of invasive pneumococcal disease during asymptomatic Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Here we describe a mixed infection method using infant mice to investigate the synergism between these two respiratory pathogens.

Yılları arasında sinerjistik Araştırma Bioluminescent Görüntüleme kullanma Streptococcus pneumoniae Bebek Fare ve İnfluenza A Virüsü

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 &#176;C and 55-60% humidity for 10 &#8211; 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 &#176;C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 &#176;C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 &#176;C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.

Fertile chicken eggs are widely used to produce large amounts of human influenza A virus as they provide a convenient and cost-effective system to prove high yields of virus.

Embriyone Tavuk Yumurta Grip Virüsü Yayılım

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

İnfluenza A virüsü nükleoproteini Fare MX1 Protein Co-immunopresipitasyonu

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and new strains are continually emerging. Swine are able to be infected by diverse lineages of influenza A virus making them important hosts for the emergence and maintenance of novel influenza A virus strains. Sampling pigs in diverse settings such as commercial swine farms, agricultural fairs, and live animal markets is important to provide a comprehensive view of currently circulating IAV strains. The current gold-standard ante-mortem sampling technique (i.e. collection of nasal swabs) is labor intensive because it requires physical restraint of the pigs. Nasal wipes involve rubbing a piece of fabric across the snout of the pig with minimal to no restraint of the animal. The nasal wipe procedure is simple to perform and does not require personnel with professional veterinary or animal handling training. While slightly less sensitive than nasal swabs, virus detection and isolation rates are adequate to make nasal wipes a viable alternative for sampling individual pigs when low stress sampling methods are required. The proceeding protocol outlines the steps needed to collect a viable nasal wipe from an individual pig.

The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses.

Domuz influenza A virüs Algılama ve İzolasyonu için Burun Mendil

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and ...

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Attachment to target cells followed by internalization are the very first steps of the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). We provide here a detailed protocol for measuring relative changes in the amount of viral particles that attach to A549 cells, a human lung epithelial cell line, as well as in the amount of particles that are internalized into the cell. We use biotinylated virus which can be easily detected following staining with Cy3-labeled streptavidin (STV-Cy3). We describe the growth, purification and biotinylation of A/WSN/33, a widely used IAV laboratory strain. Cold-bound biotinylated IAV particles on A549 cells are stained with STV-Cy3 and measured using flow cytometry. To investigate uptake of viral particles, cold-bound virus is allowed to internalize at 37 &#176;C. In order to differentiate between external and internalized viral particles, a blocking step is applied: Free binding spots on the biotin of attached virus on the cell surface are bound by unlabeled streptavidin (STV). Subsequent cell permeabilization and staining with STV-Cy3 then enables detection of internalized viral particles. We present a calculation to determine the relative amount of internalized virus. This assay is suitable to measure effects of drug-treatments or other manipulations on attachment or internalization of IAV.

We present a protocol describing a semi-quantitative method for measuring both, the attachment of influenza A virus to A549 cells, as well as the internalization of virus particles into the target cells by flow cytometry.

Akış Sitometrisi ile A549 Hücreleri Eklenti ve içselleştirilmesi Gribi bir virüs Ölçme

Attachment to target cells followed by internalization are the very first steps of the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). We provide here a detailed ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

Nötrofil İzolasyon ve Analiz Terapötik Ajanların için Lenfoma Hücre Duyarlılık kendi Rolü belirleme

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

Influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinins recognize sialic acids on the cell surface as functional receptors to gain entry into cells. Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir for IAV, but IAV can cross the species barrier to poultry, swine, horses and humans. Avian viruses recognize sialic acid attached to a penultimate galactose by a &#945;2-3 linkage (avian-type receptors) whereas human viruses preferentially recognize sialic acid with a &#945;2-6 linkage (human-type receptors). To monitor if avian viruses are adapting to human type receptors, several methods can be used. Glycan microarrays with diverse libraries of synthetic sialosides are increasingly used to evaluate receptor specificity. However, this technique is not used for measuring avidities. Measurement of avidity is typically achieved by evaluating the binding of serially diluted hemagglutinin or virus to glycans adsorbed to conventional polypropylene 96-well plates. In this assay, glycans with &#945;2-3 or &#945;2-6 sialic acids are coupled to biotin and adsorbed to streptavidin plates, or are coupled to polyacrylamide (PAA) which directly adsorb to the plastic. We have significantly miniaturized this assay by directly printing PAA-linked sialosides and their non PAA-linked counterparts on micro-well glass slides. This set-up, with 48 arrays on a single slide, enables simultaneous assays of 6 glycan binding proteins at 8 dilutions, interrogating 6 different glycans, including two non-sialylated controls. This is equivalent to 18x 96-well plates in the traditional plate assay. The glycan array format decreases consumption of compounds and biologicals and thus greatly enhances efficiency.

Using a printed glycan microarray strategy, a conventional 96-well plate assay was miniaturized for analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin avidity and specificity for sialic acid containing receptors.

Influenza A Virüsü hemaglutininler aviditesi ve özgünlüğünün değerlendirilmesi için Minyatür Glycan Mikroarray Testi

Influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinins recognize sialic acids on the cell surface as functional receptors to gain entry into cells. Wild waterfowl are the ...

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV), virus fusion with the endosomal membrane as well as the subsequent disassembly of the viral capsid, called uncoating, is governed by the ionic conditions inside endocytic vesicles. The early steps in the virus life cycle are hard to study because endosomes cannot be directly accessed experimentally, creating the need for an in vitro approach. Here, we describe a method based on velocity gradient centrifugation of purified virions through a two-layer glycerol gradient, which enables analysis of the IAV core and its stability. The gradient contains a non-ionic detergent (NP-40) in its lower layer to remove the viral membrane by solubilization as the virus sediments toward the bottom. At neutral pH, viral cores are pelleted as stable structures. The major core components, matrix protein (M1) and the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), can be clearly identified in the pellet fraction by SDS-PAGE. Decreasing the pH to 6.0 or lower in the bottom layer selectively removes M1 from the pellet followed by release of vRNPs at more acidic conditions. Viral protein bands on Coomassie-stained gels can be subjected to densitometric quantification to monitor intermediate states of IAV disassembly. Besides pH, other factors that influence viral core stability can be assessed, such as salt concentration and putative viral uncoating factors, simply by modifying the detergent-containing glycerol layer accordingly. Taken together, the presented technique allows highly reproducible and quantitative analysis of viral uncoating in vitro. It can be applied to other enveloped viruses that undergo complex uncoating processes.

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Disassembly of influenza A virus cores during virus entry into host cells is a multistep process. We describe an in vitro method to analyze the early stages of viral uncoating. In this approach, velocity gradient centrifugation is used to biochemically dissect the steps that initiate uncoating under defined conditions.

Gradient Santrifüj tarafından İnfluenza A Virüsü Kapsidlerin Vitro Demontaj içinde

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus ...

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

İki fotonlu Intravital mikroskobu kullanılarak grip virüsü enfeksiyonu sırasında trakeal mukozasında görüntüleme hücre etkileşimi

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause human respiratory disease that is associated with significant health and economic consequences. As with other viruses, studying IAV requires the use of laborious secondary approaches to detect the presence of the virus in infected cells and/or in animal models of infection. This limitation has been recently circumvented with the generation of recombinant IAVs expressing easily traceable fluorescent or bioluminescent (luciferase) reporter proteins. However, researchers have been forced to select fluorescent or luciferase reporter genes due to the restricted capacity of the IAV genome for including foreign sequences. To overcome this limitation, we have generated a recombinant replication-competent bi-reporter IAV (BIRFLU) stably expressing both a fluorescent and a luciferase reporter gene to easily track IAV infections in vitro and in vivo. To this end, the viral non-structural (NS) and hemagglutinin (HA) viral segments of influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) were modified to encode the fluorescent Venus and the bioluminescent Nanoluc luciferase proteins, respectively. Here, we describe the use of BIRFLU in a mouse model of IAV infection and the detection of both reporter genes using an in vivo imaging system. Notably, we have observed a good correlation between the expressions of both reporters and viral replication. The combination of cutting-edge techniques in molecular biology, animal research and imaging technologies, provides researchers the unique opportunity to use this tool for influenza research, including the study of virus-host interactions and dynamics of viral infections. Importantly, the feasibility to genetically alter the viral genome to express two foreign genes from different viral segments opens up opportunities to use this approach for: (i) the development of novel IAV vaccines, (ii) the generation of recombinant IAVs that can be used as vaccine vectors for the treatment of other human pathogen infections.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious respiratory pathogens that cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Here, we describe a protocol to track viral infections in vivo using a novel recombinant luciferase and fluorescence-expressing bi-reporter IAV (BIRFLU). This approach provides researchers with an excellent tool to study IAV in vivo.

Canlı Görüntüleme ve Viral Enfeksiyon Quantification için Bir Luciferase-floresan Reporter Grip Virüsü

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause human respiratory disease that is associated with significant health and economic consequences. As with other viruses, ...