R. Menzel ve L. Ruess tarafından Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RU RU780/11-1) mali desteği minnetle kabul edilmektedir. R. Nehring RU 780/10-1 tarafından finanse edildi. Son olarak, biz bizim el yazması proofreading için Dr Hazel Ruvimbo Maboreke için son derece müteşekkir olan.

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<li>Eisenreich, W., Dandekar, T., Heesemann, J., Goebel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Carbon+metabolism+of+intracellular+bacterial+pathogens+and+possible+links+to+virulence%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Reviews+Microbiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Carbon metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens and possible links to virulence.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (6), 401-412 (2010).</li>
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<li>Heuner, K., Eisenreich, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+intracellular+metabolism+of+legionella+by+isotopologue+profiling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The intracellular metabolism of legionella by isotopologue profiling.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 954, 163-181 (2013).</li>
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<li>Menzel, R., Ngosong, C., Ruess, L. <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00049-017-0236-2">Isotopologue profiling enables insights into dietary routing and metabolism of trophic biomarker fatty acids.</a> Chemoecology. 27 (3), 101-114 (2017).</li>
<li>Buse, T., Ruess, L., Filser, J. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031405613000231">New trophic biomarkers for Collembola reared on algal diets.</a> Pedobiologia. 56 (3), 153-159 (2013).</li>
<li>Hutson, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302427834">Effects of variations of the plaster-charcoal culture method on a Collembolan, Folsomia candida.</a> Pedobiologia. 18, 138-144 (1978).</li>
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<li>Dodds, E. D., McCoy, M. R., Rea, L. D., Kennish, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Gas+chromatographic+quantification+of+fatty+acid+methyl+esters%3A+flame+ionization+detection+vs.+electron+impact+mass+spectrometry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lipids%22%5BJournal%5D)">Gas chromatographic quantification of fatty acid methyl esters: flame ionization detection vs. electron impact mass spectrometry.</a> Lipids. 40 (4), 419-428 (2005).</li>
<li>Kuppardt, S., Chatzinotas, A., Kastner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+a+fatty+acid+and+RNA+stable+isotope+probing-based+method+for+tracking+protist+grazing+on+bacteria+in+wastewater%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl+Environ+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of a fatty acid and RNA stable isotope probing-based method for tracking protist grazing on bacteria in wastewater.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 76 (24), 8222-8230 (2010).</li>
<li>Zhang, X., He, H., Amelung, W. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071707002489">A GC/MS method for the assessment of 15N and 13C incorporation into soil amino acid enantiomers.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39 (11), 2785-2796 (2007).</li>
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</ol>

Isotopologue profil oluşturma
13C dağıtım FAs yılında niceliksel açıdan ayrıntılı bir analizini gıda ağları içinde bölümleme karbon atamak için son teknoloji ihtiyacı var. Mevcut çalışma istihdam 13C değerlendirmek için profil oluşturma isotopologue / tropic etkileşimler için ortak FA biyolojik12C oranlarının. Bu yöntem sıvı Kromatografi (LC-MS) amino asit analizi için iyi kurulmuş ve araştırmalar Patojen bak...

Toprak gibi şifreli bir yaşam alanı, trofik ilişkileri adresine zordur ve fauna küçük boyutuna göre daha fazla kısıtlanır. Son on yılda beslenme stratejileri toprak fauna altında alan koşulları1,2,3tanımlamak için kullanılan biyolojik olarak yağ asitlerinin özellikle biyokimyasal ekoloji gelişmeler gördü. Yağ asitleri kaynaklardan gelen tüketici dokusunda tüm molekül olarak dahil edilebilir gerçeğine dayanarak bu, bir işlemi diyet yönlendirme4olarak. Yani, mantar dan nematodlar Collembola5için üç trophic seviyeleri üzerinde transfer yağ asitlerinin bildirilmiştir. Son zamanlarda, yırtıcı fauna6,7 olarak kabul edildi ve yağ asitleri toprak gıda ağları içinde trofik işaretleyici olarak ilk incelemelere yayımlanmış8,9olmuştur.
Trofik etkileşimleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi (SK-SIP) sondalama yağ asidi kararlı izotop tarafından elde edilebilir. 13C belirlenmesi /12C oranları yağ asitleri diyetler ve tüketicilerin can ikili bağlantılar atfetmek ve ilişkili karbon akışını tahmin ve karasal olarak istihdam tatlı su ve deniz gıda ağları10,11 ,12,13. Temel varsayım diyet yönlendirilmiş yağ asitleri enzimatik süreçleri tabi değildir; Bu nedenle, onların 13C sinyal, Yani, 13C /12C yağ asidi, tüketici oranıdır diyet1benzer. Ancak, gıda zinciri 13C izi yavaş yavaş tükenmesi su sistemlerinde, böylece SK-SIP geniş uygulama trofik çalışmalar14,15,16engelleyen bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, karasal gıda ağları içinde en omurgasızlar lipid metabolizmasında bilgide hala sınırlıdır.
Lipid metabolizma yollar tüketicilerin bir anlayış trofik marker yağ asitleri gıda web ekoloji nicel karbon akışında belirlenmesi için aracı olarak kullanımı için gereklidir. Bu akılda, 13C-isotopologue profil oluşturma, umut verici bir yöntemdir içinde hangi ilkeye herhangi bir biyolojik sistem17, karbon metabolizması incelenmesi için uygulanabilir. 13C etiketli karbon substrat, 13C metabolik ağ dağıtım getirilmesi sonrasında oluşturulan metabolik ürünler tüketici gösterisinde belirli isotopologue dağıtım beri izlenebilir. Bu nicel nükleer metabolik rezonans spektroskopisi18,19 veya kütle spektrometresi20,21, onun yüksek nedeniyle düşük biyokütle ile ikinci tercih içinde biyolojik örnekleri ile tespit edilebilir duyarlılık.
Her ne kadar isotopologue profil oluşturma edilmiş başarıyla amino asitler için uygulanan ve içgörü vivo içinde karbon metabolizması bakteriyel patojenler17,22,23, yağ kendi uygulamasında sağlanan asitler geride gecikmeli. İlk detaylı analiz öncü yağ asidi, diyet yönlendirme veya bozulma toprak omurgasız tüketicilerin, β-oksidasyon yoluyla etiketli bir kararlı izotop kaderi üzerinde son zamanlarda Menzel vd tarafından gerçekleştirildi 24. burada, metodolojik temelini 13C yağ asitleri sık toprak omurgasızlar, Collembola anahtar alt öğelerin analizini isotopologue ardından etiketli ile birleşme deneyleri için sağlanır. Onlar are iyi için onların trofik marker yağ asitleri8,25araştırıldı ve toprak gıda web önemli bileşenleri biçimi olarak bu microarthropods iyi model grubu vardır.
Lipid metabolizma yollar tüketicilerin bir anlayış trofik marker yağ asitleri gıda web ekoloji nicel karbon akışında belirlenmesi için aracı olarak kullanımı için gereklidir. Mevcut iletişim kuralı bir laboratuvar deney ve çıkarma ve baskın lipidler kesirler (nötr lipitler, fosfolipitler) metilasyonu biyokimyasal yordamları Collembola besleme için dizayn ve kurulum verir. Nasıl yağ asitlerinin isotopologue kompozisyon tarafından kütle spektrometresi analiz edilir gösterir ve ilgili formül ve hesaplamaları açıklar. Bu yordamı sonuçlanır: (i) üst iyon (Yani, yağ asidi moleküler iyon M+) kitle tarafından bir veya daha fazla aşan isotopologues oranları birimleri (M+ 1, M+ 2, M3, vb) ve (II) genel kitle 13 C zenginleştirme yağ asitleri 13C etiketli habercisi türetilmiş. Collembola için kullanılmış olmasına rağmen bu yaklaşım genellikle diğer avcı-av etkileşim bunlar kontrollü koşullarda başarılı etiket alımını sağlamak için yeterli miktarda culturable ve sonraki öncül uygulanabilir doğrulama.

<table><tbody><tr><td>neoLab-Round jars</td><td>neoLab</td><td>2-1506</td><td>69 x 40 mm, 10 pacs/pack</td></tr><tr><td>Charcoal activated</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>X865.1</td><td>p.a., powder, CAS No. 7440-44-0</td></tr><tr><td>Alabaster Dental</td><td>R&amp;Ouml;HRICH-GIPSE</td><td>---</td><td>http://www.roehrich-gipse.de/dentalgipse.php</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7331.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P717.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hexan</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7339.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 98 %</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>T175.1</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,5 %</td></tr><tr><td>Aceton</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7328.2</td><td>HPLC &amp;ge; 99,9 %</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6771.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 %, in pellets</td></tr><tr><td>di-Natriumhydrogenphosphat</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P030.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 % , water free</td></tr><tr><td>Na-dihydrogenphosphat Dihydrat</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>T879.1</td><td>p.a. &amp;ge;99 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hypochloric acid (6 N)</td><td>VWR International</td><td>26,115,000</td><td>AVS TITRINORM vol. solution</td></tr><tr><td>Bond Elut (Columns)</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td>14102037</td><td>HF Bond Elut-SI, 500 mg, 3 mL, 50/PK</td></tr><tr><td>Pr&amp;auml;paratengl&amp;auml;ser Duran</td><td>Glasger&amp;auml;tebau Ochs</td><td>135215</td><td>&amp;Oslash; 16 x 100 mm, plus screw cap with handy knurl and integrated PTFE/silicone gasket</td></tr><tr><td>Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>47885-U Supelco</td><td>10&amp;nbsp;mg/mL in methylene chloride, analytical standard</td></tr><tr><td>FlowMesh</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>2796.1</td><td>Polypropylene mesh, approximately 0.3 mm thick, with 1 mm strand spacing</td></tr><tr><td>Bacterial Acid Methyl Ester (BAME) Mix</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>47080-U Supelco</td><td>10&amp;nbsp;mg/mL in methyl caproate, analytical standard</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl nonadecanoate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>74208</td><td>analytical standard &amp;ge; 98.0 %</td></tr><tr><td>Hexadecanoic acid-1-13C (Palmitic)</td><td>Larodan Fine Chemicals</td><td>78-1600</td><td>GC &amp;ge; 98.0 % (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C: 99.0 %)</td></tr><tr><td>RVC 2-25 CDplus</td><td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td><td></td><td>Compact benchtop midi concentrator</td></tr><tr><td>Alpha 2-4 LDplus</td><td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td><td></td><td>Drying manifold</td></tr><tr><td>MZ 2C NT</td><td>Vacuubrand GMBH</td><td></td><td>Vacuum pump</td></tr><tr><td>Roto-Shake Genie</td><td>Scientific Industries</td><td></td><td>Combined rocking and rotating device</td></tr><tr><td>XP64 Micro Comparator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td></td><td>Super high precision balance</td></tr><tr><td>GC-System 7890A</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Gas chromatograph</td></tr><tr><td>7000 GC/MS Triple Quad</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Triple Quad mass spectrometer</td></tr><tr><td>7683B Series Injector</td><td>Agilent Tech.</td><td></td><td>Sample injector</td></tr><tr><td>Heraeus Multifuge 3SR&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td>Centrifuge with 10 ml tube rotor</td></tr></tbody></table>

fatty acid 13c isotopologue profiling provides insight into trophic carbon transfer and lipid metabolism of invertebrate consumers

Çünkü onlar genellikle tam bir molekül asimile ve küçük veya diyet farklı trophic düzeyleri arasında yönlendirme sağlayan hiçbir değişiklik ile tüketici doku içine transfer yağ asitleri (FAs) gıda web ekoloji yararlı biyolojik vardır. Ancak, SK trofik marker yaklaşım hala toprak fauna lipid metabolizması sınırlı bilgi engel oluyor. Bu çalışmada yağ asidi metabolizması yollar iki yaygın toprak Collembola, Protaphorura fimata ve Heteromurus nitidusbir izleyici olarak tamamen etiketli palmitik asit (13C16:0, 99 atom %) kullanılır. Kader ve metabolik değişiklikler bu öncü araştırmak için isotopologue profil oluşturma yöntemi, tek iyon izleme kullanarak kütle spektrometresi tarafından gerçekleştirilen sunulur. Ayrıca, ters yönde laboratuvar deney besleme, ayıklama ve baskın lipid fraksiyonları (nötr lipitler, fosfolipitler) ve ilgili formül hesaplamaları metilasyonu yanı sıra açıklanmıştır. Isotopologue profil oluşturma yalnızca genel 13C zenginleştirme yağ asitleri 13habercisi etiketli C türetilmiş verim değil ama aynı zamanda üst iyon (Yani, SK moleküler iyon kütle aşan isotopologues desen oluşturur M+) her biri bir veya daha fazla kitle birimleri (M+ 1, M+ 2, M3, vb) tarafından SK etiketli. Bu bilgi de novo sentezi ile karşılaştırıldığında tamamen tüketilen bir SK diyet yönlendirilmesini oranı üzerinde sonuçlar sağlar. İsotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için toprak hayvanlarda yağ asidi metabolizmasının değerlendirilmesi için yararlı bir araç olarak önerilmektedir.

Collembola taze ağırlık ve lipid içeriği Açıklanan deney sırasında NLFAs ve PLFAs içeriğinde önemli ölçüde zaman içinde değişmedi örneklerin taze ağırlık biraz önemli24artış ise. Her iki parametre Collembola örneklerin fiziksel fitness iyi bir düzeyde gösterir. Collembola'nın taze ağırlık ve lipid içerik örnekleme gün yağ asidi ve izotop analizi için karşılık gelen deney boyunca araştırmak için unutmay?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers at JoVE.com

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Yağ asidi 13C profil oluşturma Isotopologue trofik karbon Transfer ve Lipid metabolizması, omurgasız tüketicilerin sağlar

Yani, yağ asitleri asimilasyon tüm molekül ve transfer tüketici doku içine yağ asidi trofik marker yaklaşım değişiklik, engel olmayan ya da küçük küçük toprak omurgasızlar yağ asidi metabolizması bilgi boşlukları tarafından. Isotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için değerli bir araç olarak sağlanır.

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer ...

fatty-acid-13c-isotopologue-profiling-provides-insight-into-trophic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

8.0K Görüntüleme.  Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Yani, yağ asitleri asimilasyon tüm molekül ve transfer tüketici doku içine yağ asidi trofik marker yaklaşım değişiklik, engel olmayan ya da küçük küçük toprak omurgasızlar yağ asidi metabolizması bilgi boşlukları tarafından. Isotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için değerli bir araç olarak sağlanır.

Video: Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Profiling the Triacylglyceride Contents in Bat Integumentary Lipids by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune system that is protective against pathogenic microbes. Abnormal sebum production and chemical composition are also a clinical symptom of specific skin diseases. Sebum contains a complex mixture of lipids, including triacylglycerides, which is species-specific. The broad chemical properties exhibited by diverse lipid classes hinder the specific determination of sebum composition. Analytical techniques for lipids typically require chemical derivatizations that are labor-intensive and increase sample preparation costs. This paper describes how to extract lipids from mammalian integument, separate broad lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography, and profile the triacylglyceride contents using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This robust method enables a direct determination of the triacylglyceride profiles among species and individuals, and it can be readily applied to any taxonomic group of mammals.

Mammalian integument contains solvent-extractable lipids that can provide chemical compositions characteristic of individual species. This paper presents a routine method for separating broad lipid classes isolated from integumentary tissues using thin layer chromatography and determining the triacylglyceride profile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Hazırlayıcı ince tabaka kromatografisi ve MALDI-TOF kütle spektrometresi ile Bat Örtü Lipidler triasilgliseridler İçeriği profil

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune ...

Kimya

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13.
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.

This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of free and esterified bioactive fatty acids from cells. Fatty acids are accurately quantified using stable isotope dilution, chiral liquid chromatography, electron capture atmospheric chemical ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SID-LC-ECAPCI-MRM/MS).

Hücresel Lipid Ekstraksiyon Hedefli Kararlı İzotop Seyreltme Sıvı Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi Analizi

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Biyomühendislik

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

Ekstraksiyon ve Topraklarda Mikrobiyal Fosfolipid Yağ Asitleri Analizi

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Çevre

NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Rapid Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Fish Oil Supplements

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential nutrients. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy utilizing two different NMR instruments; a 500 MHz and an 850 MHz instrument. Both proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra can be used for the quantitative determination of the major constituents of fish oil supplements. Quantification of the lipids in fish oil supplements is achieved through integration of the appropriate NMR signals in the relevant 1D spectra. Results obtained by 1H and 13C NMR are in good agreement with each other, despite the difference in resolution and sensitivity between the two nuclei and the two instruments. 1H NMR offers a more rapid analysis compared to 13C NMR, as the spectrum can be recorded in less than 1 min, in contrast to 13C NMR analysis, which lasts from 10 min to one hour. The 13C NMR spectrum, however, is much more informative. It can provide quantitative data for a greater number of individual fatty acids and can be used for determining the positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Both nuclei can provide quantitative information in just one experiment without the need of purification or separation steps. The strength of the magnetic field mostly affects the 1H NMR spectra due to its lower resolution with respect to 13C NMR, however, even lower cost NMR instruments can be efficiently applied as a standard method by the food industry and quality control laboratories.

Here, high-resolution 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used as a rapid and reliable tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of encapsulated fish oil supplements.

Balık Yağı Takviyeler Lipid Profilinin Rapid Değerlendirilmesi için Sağlam Aracı Olarak NMR Spektroskopisi

The western diet is poor in n-3 fatty acids, therefore the consumption of fish oil supplements is recommended to increase the intake of these essential ...

Determination of Total Lipid and Lipid Classes in Marine Samples

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being carbon- and hydrogen-rich they are also hydrophobic and can act as a solvent and absorption carrier for organic contaminants and thus can be drivers of pollutant bioaccumulation in marine ecosystems. Their hydrophobic nature facilitates their isolation from seawater or biological specimens: marine lipid analysis begins with sampling and then extraction in non-polar organic solvents, providing a convenient method for their separation from other substances in an aquatic matrix.
If seawater has been sampled, the first step usually involves separation into operationally defined &#39;dissolved&#39; and &#39;particulate&#39; factions by filtration. Samples are collected and lipids isolated from the sample matrix typically with chloroform for truly dissolved matter and colloids, and with mixtures of chloroform and methanol for solids and biological specimens. Such extracts may contain several classes from biogenic and anthropogenic sources. At this time, total lipids and lipid classes may be determined. Total lipid can be measured by summing individually determined lipid classes which customarily have been chromatographically separated. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID) is regularly used for the quantitative analysis of lipids from marine samples. TLC-FID furnishes synoptic lipid class information and, by summing classes, a total lipid measurement.
Lipid class information is especially useful when combined with measurements of individual components e.g., fatty acids and/or sterols, after their release from lipid extracts. The wide variety of lipid structures and functions means they are used broadly in ecological and biogeochemical research assessing ecosystem health and the degree of influence by anthropogenic impacts. They have been employed to measure substances of dietary value to marine fauna (e.g., aquafeeds and/or prey), and as an indicator of water quality (e.g., hydrocarbons).

This protocol is for the determination of lipids in seawater and biological specimens. Lipids in filtrates are extracted with chloroform or mixtures of chloroform and methanol in the case of solids. Lipid classes are measured by rod thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection and their sum gives the total lipid content.

Deniz Örneklerinde Toplam Lipid ve Lipid Sınıflarının Belirlenmesi

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being ...

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Stable isotopic profiling has long permitted sensitive investigations of the metabolic consequences of genetic mutations and/or pharmacologic therapies in cellular and mammalian models. Here, we describe detailed methods to perform stable isotopic profiling of intermediary metabolism and metabolic flux in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods are described for profiling whole worm free amino acids, labeled carbon dioxide, labeled organic acids, and labeled amino acids in animals exposed to stable isotopes either from early development on nematode growth media agar plates or beginning as young adults while exposed to various pharmacologic treatments in liquid culture. Free amino acids are quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in whole worm aliquots extracted in 4% perchloric acid. Universally labeled 13C-glucose or 1,6-13C2-glucose is utilized as the stable isotopic precursor whose labeled carbon is traced by mass spectrometry in carbon dioxide (both atmospheric and dissolved) as well as in metabolites indicative of flux through glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Representative results are included to demonstrate effects of isotope exposure time, various bacterial clearing protocols, and alternative worm disruption methods in wild-type nematodes, as well as the relative extent of isotopic incorporation in mitochondrial complex III mutant worms (isp-1(qm150)) relative to wild-type worms. Application of stable isotopic profiling in living nematodes provides a novel capacity to investigate at the whole animal level real-time metabolic alterations that are caused by individual genetic disorders and/or pharmacologic therapies.

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Stable isotopic profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of intermediary metabolic flux is described in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods are detailed for assessing isotopic enrichment in carbon dioxide, organic acids, and amino acids following isotope exposure either during development on agar plates or during adulthood in liquid culture.

Kararlı İzotopik Profil geliştirilmesi ve Yetişkin Sahne Aracı Metabolik Akı Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Stable isotopic profiling has long permitted sensitive investigations of the metabolic consequences of genetic mutations and/or pharmacologic therapies in ...

Biyoloji

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme Kullanarak Lipid Yapılarının Taranması

Tracing de novo Lipids using Stable Isotope Labeling LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable isotope labeling (SIL) offers several advantages for the study of lipid distribution, mobilization, and metabolism, as well as de novo lipid synthesis. The successful implementation of the SIL technique requires the removal of interferences from endogenous molecules. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of SIL lipids from biological samples; examples will be shown of lipid de novo identification during mosquito ovary development. The use of complementary liquid chromatography trapped ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry allows for the separation and lipids assignment from a single sample in a single scan (&lt;1 h). The described approach takes advantage of recent developments in data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition, using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation and collision-induced dissociation. The measurement of SIL at the fatty acid chain level reveals changes in lipid dynamics during the ovary development of mosquitoes. The lipids de novo structures are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation pattern.

Yazar Spotlight: Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme Kullanılarak Karmaşık Lipidomik Numunelerin Miktar Tayini

Presented here is a method for screening lipid structures through stable isotope labeling by using their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation.

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable ...

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine cell central metabolism and discover new enzymes is 13C-assisted metabolism analysis 1. This technique is based on isotopic labeling, whereby microbes are fed with a 13C labeled substrates. By tracing the atom transition paths between metabolites in the biochemical network, we can determine functional pathways and discover new enzymes. 
As a complementary method to transcriptomics and proteomics, approaches for isotopomer-assisted analysis of metabolic pathways contain three major steps 2. First, we grow cells with 13C labeled substrates. In this step, the composition of the medium and the selection of labeled substrates are two key factors. To avoid measurement noises from non-labeled carbon in nutrient supplements, a minimal medium with a sole carbon source is required. Further, the choice of a labeled substrate is based on how effectively it will elucidate the pathway being analyzed. Because novel enzymes often involve different reaction stereochemistry or intermediate products, in general, singly labeled carbon substrates are more informative for detection of novel pathways than uniformly labeled ones for detection of novel pathways3, 4. Second, we analyze amino acid labeling patterns using GC-MS. Amino acids are abundant in protein and thus can be obtained from biomass hydrolysis. Amino acids can be derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS) before GC separation. TBDMS derivatized amino acids can be fragmented by MS and result in different arrays of fragments. Based on the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of fragmented and unfragmented amino acids, we can deduce the possible labeled patterns of the central metabolites that are precursors of the amino acids. Third, we trace 13C carbon transitions in the proposed pathways and, based on the isotopomer data, confirm whether these pathways are active 2. Measurement of amino acids provides isotopic labeling information about eight crucial precursor metabolites in the central metabolism. These metabolic key nodes can reflect the functions of associated central pathways.
13C-assisted metabolism analysis via proteinogenic amino acids can be widely used for functional characterization of poorly-characterized microbial metabolism1. In this protocol, we will use Cyanothece 51142 as the model strain to demonstrate the use of labeled carbon substrates for discovering new enzymatic functions.

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

13C-isotope labeling is a useful technique for determining the cell central metabolism for various types of microorganisms. After cells have been cultured with a specific labeled substrate, GC-MS measurement can reveal functional metabolic pathways based on unique labeling patterns in proteinogenic amino acids.

Sayesinde Metabolik Pathway Onay ve Keşif 13</supAminoasittir> C-etiketleme

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine ...

Yağ asidi ¹³C profil oluşturma Isotopologue trofik karbon Transfer ve Lipid metabolizması, omurgasız tüketicilerin sağlar

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Hazırlayıcı ince tabaka kromatografisi ve MALDI-TOF kütle spektrometresi ile Bat Örtü Lipidler triasilgliseridler İçeriği profil

Hücresel Lipid Ekstraksiyon Hedefli Kararlı İzotop Seyreltme Sıvı Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi Analizi

Ekstraksiyon ve Topraklarda Mikrobiyal Fosfolipid Yağ Asitleri Analizi

Balık Yağı Takviyeler Lipid Profilinin Rapid Değerlendirilmesi için Sağlam Aracı Olarak NMR Spektroskopisi

Deniz Örneklerinde Toplam Lipid ve Lipid Sınıflarının Belirlenmesi

Kararlı İzotopik Profil geliştirilmesi ve Yetişkin Sahne Aracı Metabolik Akı Caenorhabditis elegans

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Sayesinde Metabolik Pathway Onay ve Keşif^{13 C-etiketleme}

Yağ asidi 13C profil oluşturma Isotopologue trofik karbon Transfer ve Lipid metabolizması, omurgasız tüketicilerin sağlar

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Hazırlayıcı ince tabaka kromatografisi ve MALDI-TOF kütle spektrometresi ile Bat Örtü Lipidler triasilgliseridler İçeriği profil

Hücresel Lipid Ekstraksiyon Hedefli Kararlı İzotop Seyreltme Sıvı Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi Analizi

Ekstraksiyon ve Topraklarda Mikrobiyal Fosfolipid Yağ Asitleri Analizi

Balık Yağı Takviyeler Lipid Profilinin Rapid Değerlendirilmesi için Sağlam Aracı Olarak NMR Spektroskopisi

Deniz Örneklerinde Toplam Lipid ve Lipid Sınıflarının Belirlenmesi

Kararlı İzotopik Profil geliştirilmesi ve Yetişkin Sahne Aracı Metabolik Akı Caenorhabditis elegans

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Kararlı İzotop Etiketleme LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanarak de novo Lipidlerin İzlenmesi

Sayesinde Metabolik Pathway Onay ve Keşif 13 C-etiketleme

Yağ asidi ¹³C profil oluşturma Isotopologue trofik karbon Transfer ve Lipid metabolizması, omurgasız tüketicilerin sağlar

Sayesinde Metabolik Pathway Onay ve Keşif^{13 C-etiketleme}