Bu eser kısmen Çin doğal Bilim Vakfı tarafından desteklenmiştir (sayı 31471703, A0201300537 ve 31671854 J.V. ve ll, G.Y. için sayı 31470435 izni grant) ve 100 yabancı yeteneklerini planı (grant sayıya JSB2014012 J.V.).

1. örnek koleksiyonu
<ol><li>Taze turp (Raphanus sativus L.) farklı çeşitlerin satın.</li>
</ol>2. izolasyon-in Protein turp
<ol><li>10 dakika için bir mutfak blender ile yaklaşık 100 gr taze turp lunaparkçı.</li>
	<li>Bulamaç 50 mL santrifüj tüpü ve santrifüj 14.000 × g çözünmez malzeme çıkarmak 20 dk için 4 ° C'de de aktarın.</li>
	<li>Süpernatant dikkatli bir şekilde yeni bir 50 mL santrifüj tüpüne aktarmak ve 2 M trichloroacetic asit (TCA) çözüm eşit bir hacmi ekleyin. Not: TCA ekleme çözünür (glyco) proteinler çökelti.</li>
	<li>14.000 × g 30 dk için 4 ° C'de, santrifüj kapasitesi ve süpernatant pelleted (glyco) proteinler kaldırın.</li>
	<li>14.000 × g çözünür oligosakkaritler ve polisakkaritler kaldırmak 5 min için 4 ° C'de, Pelet 20 mL deiyonize su ve santrifüj ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>2.5 arasındaki adımları yineleyin. dört kez.</li>
	<li>Granül 1 ml deiyonize su ve taze 1,5 mL santrifüj tüpü transfer yeniden askıya alma.</li>
</ol>3. N- glukanlardir hazırlanması
<ol><li>Mix 50 µL protein çözüm adım 2.7. (5 g taze turp eşit) 0.2 mU rekombinant PNGase h+ 10 mM asetik asit ile.</li>
	<li>Reaksiyon karışımı için 12 h 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya. Kuluçka sonra santrifüj kapasitesi 14.000 × g ekstra protein ve enzim kaldırmak 5 min için de.</li>
	<li>Süpernatant temiz 1.5 mL santrifüj tüpü aktarın.</li>
</ol>4. N- glukanlardir arınma
<ol><li>N- glukanlardir zenginleştirmek ve N- glycan için fluorogenic 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) etiketleme Aracısı selectivity artan tepki karışımından tuzları ve diğer kirleri çıkarmak için katı fazlı ayıklama (SPE) sütun hazırlamak derivatization.<ol>
<li>3 mL deiyonize su sütun yıkamak için ekleyin.</li>
		<li>Trifluoroacetic asit (TFA, % 0,1 v/v) etkin içeren % 80 Asetonitril çözüm 3 mL SPE-sütun ekleyin.</li>
		<li>3 mL deiyonize su SPE-sütun equilibrate ekleyin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Örnek adım 3.3 sütuna aktarmak ve akışı aracılığıyla atın.</li>
	<li>1.5 mL deiyonize su sütun yıkayın ve akışı üzerinden atmak için ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Yayımlanan N- glukanlardir 1.5 mL %0,1 içeren sulu % 20 Asetonitril çözüm kullanarak sütundan elute TFA (v/v) 2 mL santrifüj tüpü içine.</li>
	<li>Çözücü, oda sıcaklığında santrifüj buharlaşma çıkarın. Örnek tamamen kuru olana buharlaşır.</li>
</ol>5. floresan Derivatization, N- glukanlardir
<ol><li>1 mL dimetil sülfoksit/asetik asit solüsyonu (7:3, v/v) 35 mM 2-AB ve 0.1 M sodyum cyanoborohydride oluşan 2-AB çözeltisi hazırlamak.</li>
	<li>2-AB çözüm kurutulmuş örnekleri (adım 4.5.) 5 µL altı farklı turp türetilmiş ekleyin. Girdap her örnek kadar tamamen dağıldı.</li>
	<li>65 ° C'de 2 h için karışım kuluçkaya</li>
	<li>5 min için örnek soğumaya aşağı oda sıcaklığına ve 5 µL deiyonize su ve Asetonitril 40 µL ekleyin. 14.000 x g 3 dk de tüpler santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>48 µL süpernatant 300 µL yüksek-kurtarma HPLC şişe aktarın. Derivatized N- glycan örnekleri-20 ° c ilâ bir ay için saklayın.</li>
</ol>6. HILIC UPLC N- glukanlardir profil oluşturma
<ol><li>Bir online floresan detectorset 330 nm/420 nm, uyarma/emisyon dalga boylarında, sırasıyla bağlı standart bir UPLC sistem kullanarak örnekleri analiz.</li>
	<li>Hidrofobik etkileşim sıvı kromatografi (HILIC) kullanın-60 ° c analizi için bir sütun ısıda UPLC glycan sütun.</li>
	<li>Çözelti A hisse senedi çözüm (1 M amonyum Formiat çözüm, pH 4.5) 50 mL sıvı kromatografi-kütle spektrometresi (LCMS) 950 mL ile sulandrarak hazırlamak-sınıf su. Hisse senedi çözüm aşağıdaki gibi hazırlayın:<ol>
<li>Formik asit 43 mL LCMS-grade H2o 700 mL için eklemek</li>
		<li>PH 4.5 için dropwise buna ek olarak sulu amonyak çözüm (% 25 w/w) tarafından ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Çözücü bir ölçüm silindir aktarmak ve 1000 mL 3 aya kadar LCMS-grade H2o mağaza 4-6 ° c ile doldurun.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>LCMS-grade Asetonitril solvent B. kullanın</li>
	<li>N- glukanlardir ile aşağıdaki degrade elüsyon ayırın:<ol>
<li>Çözücü B % 95'i solvent A. küme akış hızı 0.5 mL/dk 0 ile 44,5 min için ekleyerek başlayın.</li>
		<li>6 dk 0 dk yavaş yavaş çözücü B doğrusal degrade to78% oranını azaltmak.</li>
		<li>44,5 dk 6 dk yavaş yavaş çözücü B %55.9 doğrusal gradyan ile oranını azaltmak.</li>
		<li>44,5 min 46,5 dk dan hızla çözücü B %0 %55.9 doğrusal gradyan ile oranını azaltmak ve %0 2 min için tutun ve çamaşır sütun başlatın. 0.25 mL/dk akış oranını 44.5 üzerinden 55 dk. için azaltmak.</li>
		<li>Çözücü B %95 50,5 dk 48,5 dk dan artırarak daha fazla sütun yıkama ve %95 4,5 dakika tutun.</li>
		<li>Sütun % 95 çözücü B 0.5 mL/dk başlangıç koşulları 50,5 57 dk dan yeniden equilibrate.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Örnek 45 µL UPLC sistemi içine enjekte.</li>
	<li>15 ila 40 dk arasında saklama süreleri ile N- glukanlardir UPLC tarafından elute.</li>
	<li>2 mL santrifüj tüpleri kullanarak her gözlenen UPLC tepe kısmını toplamak ve örnekler santrifüj buharlaşma tarafından kuru.</li>
	<li>2-AB dextran standart (2−20 glikoz birimleri) bitki -N- glycan profil oluşturma kalibre ve onların elüsyon kez standart glikoz birimlerine atamak için etiketli yaklaşık 1 pmol enjekte.</li>
</ol>7. MALDI-TOF MS Analizi
<ol><li>Adım 5 6,8 µL LCMS, örneklerinden çözülür-sınıf su. Mix 1 µL örnek çözümü ve 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT) çözüm (% %0,3 70 v/v sulu Asetonitril içinde w/v) ve pipet MALDI-TOF örnek taşıyıcı üzerine karışımı 1 µL.</li>
	<li>Başlat düğmesine basarak pozitif iyon modunda bir MALDI-TOF Kütle Spektrometre enstrüman kullanarak örnekleri analiz.</li>
	<li>Kitle spectra eşlik eden MALDI-TOF-Bayan analiz yazılımı kullanarak analiz.</li>
	<li>Bir açık kaynak glycan yorumu yazılım19kullanarak spectra yorumlamak. 2-AB [M + Na]+, etiketleme, arama parametrelerini belirlemek ve 2.0 Da doğruluk parametresini ayarlayın.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Altmann, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Protein+Glycosylation+in+Allergy.">The Role of Protein Glycosylation in Allergy.</a> International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 142 (2), 99-115 (2007).</li><li>Van Ree, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#946;+(1,+2)-xylose+and+&#945;+(1,+3)-fucose+residues+have+a+strong+contribution+in+IgE+binding+to+plant+glycoallergens.">&#946; (1, 2)-xylose and &#945; (1, 3)-fucose residues have a strong contribution in IgE binding to plant glycoallergens.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (15), 11451-11458 (2000).</li><li>Biswas, H., Chattopadhyaya, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+Curcuma+longa+rhizome+lectin:+Role+of+N-linked+glycosylation.">Stability of Curcuma longa rhizome lectin: Role of N-linked glycosylation.</a> Glycobiology. 26 (4), 410-426 (2016).</li><li>Lefebvre, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+N-glycosylation+sites+and+CXC+motifs+in+trafficking+of+Medicago+truncatula+Nod+factor+perception+protein+to+plasma+membrane.">Role of N-glycosylation sites and CXC motifs in trafficking of Medicago truncatula Nod factor perception protein to plasma membrane.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (14), 10812-10823 (2012).</li><li>Severino, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+glycan+moiety+on+the+structure-function+relationships+of+PD-L1,+type+1+ribosome-inactivating+protein+from+P.+dioica+leaves.">The role of the glycan moiety on the structure-function relationships of PD-L1, type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein from P. dioica leaves.</a> Molecular BioSystems. 6 (3), 570-579 (2010).</li><li>Lige, B., Ma, S., Van Huystee, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+the+site-directed+removal+of+N-glycosylation+from+cationic+peanut+peroxidase+on+its+function.">The effects of the site-directed removal of N-glycosylation from cationic peanut peroxidase on its function.</a> Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 386 (1), 17-24 (2001).</li><li>Ceriotti, A., Duranti, M., Bollini, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+N-glycosylation+on+the+folding+and+structure+of+plant+proteins.">Effects of N-glycosylation on the folding and structure of plant proteins.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 49 (324), 1091-1103 (1998).</li><li>Kamerling, J. P., Gerwig, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+the+Structural+Analysis+of+Carbohydrates.">Strategies for the Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates.</a> Comprehensive Glycoscience. , 1-68 (2007).</li><li>Huang, Y., Mechref, Y., Novotny, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+nonreductive+release+of+O-linked+glycans+for+subsequent+analysis+through+MALDI+mass+spectrometry+and+capillary+electrophoresis.">Microscale nonreductive release of O-linked glycans for subsequent analysis through MALDI mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 73 (24), 6063-6069 (2001).</li><li>Triguero, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+and+enzymatic+N-glycan+release+comparison+for+N-glycan+profiling+of+monoclonal+antibodies+expressed+in+plants.">Chemical and enzymatic N-glycan release comparison for N-glycan profiling of monoclonal antibodies expressed in plants.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 400 (2), 173-183 (2010).</li><li>Tretter, V., Altmann, F., Marz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-&#946;-glucosaminyl)asparagine+amidase+F+cannot+release+glycans+with+fucose+attached+&#945;1+&#8594;+3+to+the+asparagine-linked+N-acetylglucosamine+residue.">Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-&#946;-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F cannot release glycans with fucose attached &#945;1 &#8594; 3 to the asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue.</a> European Journal of Biochemistry. 199 (3), 647-652 (1991).</li><li>Fan, J. -. Q., Lee, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+studies+on+substrate+structure+requirements+of+glycoamidases+A+and+F.">Detailed studies on substrate structure requirements of glycoamidases A and F.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (43), 27058-27064 (1997).</li><li>Altmann, F., Paschinger, K., Dalik, T., Vorauer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-&#946;-glucosaminyl)asparagine+amidase+A+and+its+N-glycans.">Characterisation of peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-&#946;-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase A and its N-glycans.</a> European Journal of Biochemistry. 252 (1), 118-123 (1998).</li><li>Altmann, F., Schweiszer, S., Weber, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+comparison+of+peptide:+N-glycosidases+F+and+A+reveals+several+differences+in+substrate+specificity.">Kinetic comparison of peptide: N-glycosidases F and A reveals several differences in substrate specificity.</a> Glycoconjugate Journal. 12 (1), 84-93 (1995).</li><li>Wang, T., Voglmeir, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PNGases+as+valuable+tools+in+glycoprotein+analysis.">PNGases as valuable tools in glycoprotein analysis.</a> Protein and Peptide Letters. 21 (10), 976-985 (2014).</li><li>Wang, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+and+characterization+of+a+novel+extremely+acidic+bacterial+N-glycanase+with+combined+advantages+of+PNGase+F+and+A.">Discovery and characterization of a novel extremely acidic bacterial N-glycanase with combined advantages of PNGase F and A.</a> Bioscience Reports. 34 (6), 00149 (2014).</li><li>Du, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+sample+preparation+methodology+for+plant+N-.glycan+analysis+using+acid-stable+PNGase+H+.">Rapid sample preparation methodology for plant N-.glycan analysis using acid-stable PNGase H+.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63 (48), 10550-10555 (2015).</li><li>Wang, T., Hu, X. -. C., Cai, Z. -. P., Voglmeir, J., Liu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Analysis+of+Carbohydrate+Modification+on+Glycoproteins+from+seeds+of+Ginkgo+biloba.">Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrate Modification on Glycoproteins from seeds of Ginkgo biloba.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (35), 7669-7679 (2017).</li><li>Ceroni, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GlycoWorkbench:+a+tool+for+the+computer-assisted+annotation+of+mass+spectra+of+glycans.">GlycoWorkbench: a tool for the computer-assisted annotation of mass spectra of glycans.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. 7 (4), 1650-1659 (2008).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Biz burada sundu iletişim kuralı turp çeşitli çeşitlerin N- glycan profilleri karşılaştırmasını sağlar. Varolan iletişim kurallarına göre bu yöntemin önemli bir avantaj enzimatik serbest bırakmak-in N- glukanlardir ve derivatization reaksiyon 2-AB ile arasında hiçbir arabellek değişiklikleri gerekli olmasıdır. N- glukanlardir tuzları kaldırmak için başarısızlık olarak SPE sütun kullanarak arıtma, bu yordamın en önemli adımdır veya diğer kirleri tepki karı...

Önceki araştırma N- glukanlardir Alerjik yanıt-e doğru1,2 kışkırtmak immünolojik cross-reactions potansiyel bir kaynak vurgulanmış bulunmaktadır olarak N- glukanlardir tesislerinde son yıllarda artış dikkat çekiyor . N- glukanlardir bitki glikoproteinlerin üzerinde katalitik aktivitesi3,4, thermostability ve katlama5,6 veya hücre altı yerelleştirme etkileyebilir daha önce kanıtlanmıştır ve salgı7. Glycan yapıları ile ilgili işlevleri ilişkilendirmek için N- glukanlardir ilk glikoproteinlerin kimyasal veya enzimatik yayımlanması gerekir. N- ve O- glukanlardir serbest bırakmak için klasik kimyasal yöntem β-hangi azaltma borhidrür alditol8verim ile alkali örnek tedavi eşlik eder, ortadan kaldırılmasıdır. Ancak, bu yordamı bir fluorophore ile etiketleme önler ve yaşam üniteleri önemli çürüme azaltmak glycan yapısı sonundan itibaren neden olur. Kimyasal deglycosylation amonyum hidroksit/karbonat tedavisine göre de yaygın olarak kullanılan alternatif yöntem9' dur. Bu kimyasal ürün yöntemlerin hiçbiri sağlam proteinler, aynı kitle aralıkta etiketlenmemiş glycan havuzları peptid parçaları müdahale olmadan kitle spektrometrik analizi sağlayan alçaltır. Ancak, bu yöntemlerin bir dezavantajı artan bozulma α1, 3-fucosylated N- glukanlardir, ortak bir karbonhidrat yapısı bitkiler10içinde bulunan oranıdır. Alternatif olarak, peptid kullanarak tekrar tekrar enzimatik yayın yöntemleri:N- glycanases (PNGases, EC 3.5.1.52) de yaygın olarak uygulanan. Rekombinant PNGase F (dan Flavobacterium meningosepticum) en yaygın seçim ve N- glukanlardir, taşıyan bir çekirdek α1, 3 fucose11,12yapıları dışında her türlü yayın izin verir. Bu nedenle, PNGase A (badem tohumları izole) genellikle bitki N- glukanlardir13analizi için kullanılır. Ancak, bu enzim deglycosylates sadece proteolytically elde edilen glycopeptides ve deglycosylate yerel glikoproteinlerin14' e değiştiremiyor. Bu nedenle, bir çok adımlı örnek testleri daha geniş glukanlardir, özellikle de düşük bereket15kaybolmasına neden analiz daha önce gereklidir. Yöntem genel amacı basit ve sağlam bir şekilde etiketleme floresans ve N- glycan sürümü için en iyi duruma getirilmiş bir iş akışı sunmaktır. PNGase H+, geçtiğimiz günlerde Terriglobus çevresi keşfedilmiştir ve recombinantly E. coliifade edilebilir, N- glukanlardir doğrudan doğruya--dan içinde asidik protein iskele hidrolize temel mantığı olduğunu koşullar16. PNGase H+ üzerinde alternatif yöntemler kullanarak bir anahtar tepki arabellekleri17,18değiştirmeden floresan etiketleme tepkiler aynı tepki tüp içinde gerçekleştirilebilir bir avantajdır. Bu yöntem basit hazırlık koşulları ve yüksek düşük-bereket oligosakkaritler kurtarılması N- glukanlardir analizinde değerli bir araç olun. Bu iletişim kuralı, N- glukanlardir çeşitli bitki türleri üzerinden analizi için uygundur.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:880px;" width="880">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Chemicals:</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trichloroacetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>SCR, Shanghai</td>
			<td>80132618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetic acid glacial</td>
			<td>Huada, Guangzhou</td>
			<td>64-19-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>General-reagent</td>
			<td>G80988C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Energy chemical</td>
			<td>W810031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2-aminobenzamide</td>
			<td>Heowns, Tianjin</td>
			<td>A41900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium cyanoborohydride</td>
			<td>J&#38;K Scientific Ltd</td>
			<td>314162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Huada, Guangzhou</td>
			<td>67-68-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2AB-labeled dextran ladder, 200 pmol</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>AT-5190-6998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">6-Aza-2-thiothymine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>275514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tools/Materials:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Kitchen blender</td>
			<td>Bear, Guangzhou</td>
			<td>LLJ-A10T1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Techcomp</td>
			<td>CT15RT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Centrifugal Evaporator</td>
			<td>Hualida, Taicang</td>
			<td>LNG-T120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SPE column</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td>Supelclean ENVI Carb SPE column</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Autoflex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HPLC Analysis:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">High-recovery HPLC vial</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;# 5188-2788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HPLC System</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>Nexera</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Detector for HPLC</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>RF-20Axs&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Column oven</td>
			<td>Hengxin</td>
			<td>CO-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HPLC Column</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>Acquity UPLC BEH glycan column</td>
			<td>2.1 &#215; 150 mm, 1.7 &#956;m particle size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LCMS-grade Water</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>#WX00011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LCMS-grade Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td># 100029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>F112034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonia solution</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>A112080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of n-glycans from raphanus sativus cultivars using pngase h+

Onlar cross-reactive, Anti kışkırtan bağışıklık yanıtı potansiyel bir kaynak olarak son yıllarda büyük ilgi, bitkilerin karbonhidrat moieties aldık. Buna ek olarak, karbonhidrat yapıları da bitki metabolizmasında kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Burada, hazırlama ve N- glukanlardir turp (Raphanus sativus) farklı çeşitlerin üzerinden bir N- glycanase özel bitki kaynaklı karbonhidrat yapılarının sürülmesi kullanarak analiz için basit ve hızlı bir yöntem mevcut. Bunu başarmak için ham trichloroacetic asit precipitates turp homogenates, PNGase H+ile tedavi ve 2-aminobenzamide floresan etiket olarak kullanarak etiketli. Etiketli N- glycan örnekleri daha sonra ultra performans sıvı kromatografi (UPLC) ayırma ve matris yardımlı Lazer Desorpsiyon iyonlaşma-uçuş (MALDI-TOF) kütle spektrometresi detaylı yapısal için süreyi tarafından analiz edildi değerlendirme ve N- glycan turp elde edilen yapıların göreli abundancies ölçmek için. Bu protokolü de N- glukanlardir diğer çeşitli bitki tür analizi için kullanılabilir ve daha fazla araştırma yapılması işlev ve N- glukanlardir insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri için yararlı olabilir.

Şekil 1 açıklanan protokol yalıtım proteinlerin (glyco-) turp, N- glukanlardir hazırlanması, UPLC analiz ve bu bileşenleri MALDI-TOF-Bayan analizi de dahil olmak üzere, şematik bir dökümünü gösterir. Şekil 2 derivatized N- glukanlardir analiz turp çeşitlerin temsilcisi UPLC chromatograms gösterir. Şekil 3 2AB-derivatized N- glycan yapıları MALDI-TOF-K?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H+ at JoVE.com

Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H+

N- glukanlardir Raphanus sativus çeşitlerin kullanarak PNGase h+ Analizi

Biz hazırlık ve N- glukanlardir turp (Raphanus sativus) farklı çeşitlerin üzerinden analizi için basit ve hızlı bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

In recent years, the carbohydrate moieties of plants have received considerable attention, as they are a potential source of cross-reactive, ...

analysis-of-n-glycans-from-raphanus-sativus-cultivars-using-pngase-h

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H+

6.5K Görüntüleme.  Nanjing Agricultural University. Biz hazırlık ve N- glukanlardir turp (Raphanus sativus) farklı çeşitlerin üzerinden analizi için basit ve hızlı bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

Video: Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H+

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not detected or are not identified as differentially expressed (DE) in transcriptomic analyses of whole plant organs. Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq (LM RNA-Seq) is a powerful tool to identify genes that are DE in specific developmental domains. However, the choice of cellular domains to microdissect and compare, and the accuracy of the microdissections are crucial to the success of the experiments. Here, two examples illustrate design considerations for transcriptomics experiments; a LM RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that are DE along the maize leaf proximal-distal axis, and a second experiment to identify genes that are DE in liguleless1-R (lg1-R) mutants compared to wild-type. Key elements that contributed to the success of these experiments were detailed histological and in situ hybridization analyses of the region to be analyzed, selection of leaf primordia at equivalent developmental stages, the use of morphological landmarks to select regions for microdissection, and microdissection of precisely measured domains. This paper provides a detailed protocol for the analysis of developmental domains by LM RNA-Seq. The data presented here illustrate how the region selected for microdissection will affect the results obtained.

Many developmentally important genes have cell- or tissue-specific expression patterns. This paper describes LM RNA-seq experiments to identify genes that are differentially expressed at the maize leaf blade-sheath boundary and in lg1-R mutants compared to wild-type. The experimental considerations discussed here apply to transcriptomic analyses of other developmental phenomena.

Lazer Diseksiyon RNA Sek için Deneysel Tasarım: Mısır Yaprak Kalkınma bir Analiz Dersler

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not ...

Biyokimya

High-resolution Single Particle Analysis from Electron Cryo-microscopy Images Using SPHIRE

SPHIRE (SPARX for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy) is a novel open-source, user-friendly software suite for the semi-automated processing of single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) data. The protocol presented here describes in detail how to obtain a near-atomic resolution structure starting from cryo-EM micrograph movies by guiding users through all steps of the single particle structure determination pipeline. These steps are controlled from the new SPHIRE graphical user interface and require minimum user intervention. Using this protocol, a 3.5 &#197; structure of TcdA1, a Tc toxin complex from Photorhabdus luminescens, was derived from only 9500 single particles. This streamlined approach will help novice users without extensive processing experience and a priori structural information, to obtain noise-free and unbiased atomic models of their purified macromolecular complexes in their native state.

This paper presents a protocol for processing cryo-EM images using the software suite SPHIRE. The present protocol can be applied for nearly all single particle EM projects that target near-atomic resolution.

SPHIRE Kullanılarak Elektron Kriyo-mikroskopi Görüntülerinden Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Tek Parçacık Analizi

SPHIRE (SPARX for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy) is a novel open-source, user-friendly software suite for the semi-automated processing of single ...

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications

Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cytoskeleton &#8211; a critical structural element of every cell. Normal functioning IFs provide cells with mechanical and stress resilience, while a dysfunctional IF cytoskeleton compromises cellular health and has been associated with many human diseases. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) critically regulate IF dynamics in response to physiological changes and under stress conditions. Therefore, the ability to monitor changes in the PTM signature of IFs can contribute to a better functional understanding, and ultimately conditioning, of the IF system as a stress responder during cellular injury. However, the large number of IF proteins, which are encoded by over 70 individual genes and expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, is a major challenge in sorting out the relative importance of different PTMs. To that end, methods that enable monitoring of PTMs on IF proteins on an organism-wide level, rather than for isolated members of the family, can accelerate research progress in this area. Here, we present biochemical methods for the isolation of the total, detergent-soluble, and detergent-resistant fraction of IF proteins from 9 different mouse tissues (brain, heart, lung, liver, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, kidney, and spleen). We further demonstrate an optimized protocol for rapid isolation of IF proteins by using lysing matrix and automated homogenization of different mouse tissues. The automated protocol is useful for profiling IFs in experiments with high sample volume (such as in disease models involving multiple animals and experimental groups). The resulting samples can be utilized for various downstream analyses, including mass spectrometry-based PTM profiling. Utilizing these methods, we provide new data to show that IF proteins in different mouse tissues (brain and liver) undergo parallel changes with respect to their expression levels and PTMs during aging.

In this method, we present biochemical procedures for rapid and efficient isolation of intermediate filament (IF) proteins from multiple mouse tissues. Isolated IFs can be used to study changes in post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry and other biochemical assays.

Yaşlanmaya Bağlı Translasyon Sonrası Değişiklikleri İncelemek İçin Birden Fazla Fare Dokusundan Ara Filament Proteinlerinin İzolasyonu

Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cytoskeleton &#8211; a critical structural element of every cell. ...

Dissection of Human Retina and RPE-Choroid for Proteomic Analysis

The human retina is composed of the sensory neuroretina and the underlying retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is firmly complexed to the vascular choroid layer. Different regions of the retina are anatomically and molecularly distinct, facilitating unique functions and demonstrating differential susceptibility to disease. Proteomic analysis of each of these regions and layers can provide vital insights into the molecular process of many diseases, including Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), diabetes mellitus, and glaucoma. However, separation of retinal regions and layers is essential before quantitative proteomic analysis can be accomplished. Here, we describe a method for dissection and collection of the foveal, macular, and peripheral retinal regions and underlying RPE-choroid complex, involving regional punch biopsies and manual removal of tissue layers from a human eye.One-dimensional SDS-PAGE as well as downstream proteomic analysis, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), can be used to identify proteins in each dissected retinal layer, revealing molecular biomarkers for retinal disease.

The human retina is composed of functionally and molecularly distinct regions, including the fovea, macula, and peripheral retina. Here, we describe a method using punch biopsies and manual removal of tissue layers from a human eye to dissect and collect these distinct retinal regions for downstream proteomic analysis.

İnsan Retina ve RPE koroid diseksiyon proteomik analizi için

The human retina is composed of the sensory neuroretina and the underlying retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is firmly complexed to the vascular ...

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human organs, possess highly conserved metabolic pathways and have a relatively short lifespan that allows the study of different fundamental mechanisms in a short period of time. It is, however, surprising that one of the mechanisms essential for cellular metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration, has not been thoroughly investigated in this model. It is likely because the measure of the mitochondrial respiration in Drosophila usually requires a very large number of individuals and the results obtained are not highly reproducible. Here, a method allowing the precise measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using minimal amounts of tissue from Drosophila is described. In this method, the thoraxes are dissected and permeabilized both mechanically with sharp forceps and chemically with saponin, allowing different compounds to cross the cell membrane and modulate the mitochondrial respiration. After permeabilization, a protocol is performed to evaluate the capacity of the different complexes of the electron transport system (ETS) to oxidize different substrates, as well as their response to an uncoupler and to several inhibitors. This method presents many advantages compared to methods using mitochondrial isolations, as it is more physiologically relevant because the mitochondria are still interacting with the other cellular components and the mitochondrial morphology is conserved. Moreover, sample preparations are faster, and the results obtained are highly reproducible. By combining the advantages of Drosophila as a model for the study of metabolism with the evaluation of mitochondrial respiration, important new insights can be unveiled, especially when the flies are experiencing different environmental or pathophysiological conditions.

In this paper, a method to measure oxygen consumption using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized thoraxes of Drosophila is described. This technique requires a minimal amount of tissue compared to the classic mitochondrial isolation technique and the results obtained are more physiologically relevant.

Doku çok az miktarda kullanarak Drosophila Permeabilized liflerinin mitokondrial oksijen harcama ölçme noktalar

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human ...

Dynamic Proteomic and miRNA Analysis of Polysomes from Isolated Mouse Heart After Langendorff Perfusion

Studies in dynamic changes in protein translation require specialized methods. Here we examined changes in newly-synthesized proteins in response to ischemia and reperfusion using the isolated perfused mouse heart coupled with polysome profiling. To further understand the dynamic changes in protein translation, we characterized the mRNAs that were loaded with cytosolic ribosomes (polyribosomes or polysomes) and also recovered mitochondrial polysomes and compared mRNA and protein distribution in the high-efficiency fractions (numerous ribosomes attached to mRNA), low-efficiency (fewer ribosomes attached) which also included mitochondrial polysomes, and the non-translating fractions. miRNAs can also associate with mRNAs that are being translated, thereby reducing the efficiency of translation, we examined the distribution of miRNAs across the fractions. The distribution of mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins was examined under basal perfused conditions, at the end of 30 min of global no-flow ischemia, and after 30 min of reperfusion. Here we present the methods used to accomplish this analysis&#8212;in particular, the approach to optimization of protein extraction from the sucrose gradient, as this has not been described before&#8212;and provide some representative results.

Here we present a protocol to perform polysome profiling on the isolated perfused mouse heart. We describe methods for heart perfusion, polysome profiling, and analysis of the polysome fractions with respect to mRNAs, miRNAs, and the polysome proteome.

Dinamik proteomik ve miRNA analiz polizomlar izole fare kalp sonra Langendorff perfüzyon üzerinden

Studies in dynamic changes in protein translation require specialized methods. Here we examined changes in newly-synthesized proteins in response to ...

Analysis of Fucosylated Human Milk Trisaccharides in Biotechnological Context Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrate components of human breast milk that exhibit plentiful benefits on infant health. However, optimization of their biotechnological synthesis is limited by the relatively low throughput of detection and quantification of monosaccharide and linkages. Conventional techniques of glycan analysis include chromatographic/mass-spectrometric methods with throughput on the order of hundreds of samples per day without automation. We demonstrate here, a genetically encoded bacterial biosensor for the high-throughput, linkage-specific detection and quantification of the fucosylated HMO structures, 2&#8217;-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose, which we achieved via heterologous expression of fucosidases. As the presence of lactose in milk or in biotechnological processes could lead to false positives, we also demonstrate the reduction of signal from lactose using different strategies. Due to the high throughput of this technique, many reaction conditions or bioreactor parameters could be assayed in parallel in a matter of hours, allowing for the optimization of HMO manufacturing.

We describe here the high-throughput detection and quantification of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) using a whole-cell biosensor. We also demonstrate here, the adaptation of this platform towards analysis of HMO production strains, focusing on improving the signal to noise ratio.

Fucosylated insan süt Trisaccharides genetik olarak kullanarak Biyoteknolojik bağlamda analizini biyosensörler kodlanmış

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrate components of human breast milk that exhibit plentiful benefits on infant health. However, ...

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves

A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form loose callus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media with the plant hormones 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 1.0 mg L-1) and kinetin (KT, 0.1 mg L-1). Callus formed after 3 or 4 rounds of subculturing, each lasting 28 days. Loose callus (about 3 g) was then inoculated into B5 liquid media containing the same plant hormones and was cultured in a shaking incubator (120 rpm) in the dark at 25 &#177; 1 &#176;C. After 3&#8722;4 subcultures, a cell suspension derived from tea leaf was established at a subculture ratio ranging between 1:1 and 1:2 (suspension mother liquid: fresh medium). Using this platform, six insecticides (5 &#181;g mL-1 each thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, imidaclothiz, dimethoate, and omethoate) were added into the tea leaf-derived cell suspension culture. The metabolism of the insecticides was tracked using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. To validate the usefulness of the tea cell suspension culture, the metabolites of thiamethoxan and dimethoate present in treated cell cultures and intact plants were compared using mass spectrometry. In treated tea cell cultures, seven metabolites of thiamethoxan and two metabolites of dimethoate were found, while in treated intact plants, only two metabolites of thiamethoxam and one of dimethoate were found. The use of a cell suspension simplified the metabolic analysis compared to the use of intact tea plants, especially for a difficult matrix such as tea.

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea Camellia Sinensis L. Leaves

This work presents a protocol for establishing a cell suspension culture derived from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves that can be used to study the metabolism of external compounds that can be taken up by the whole plant, such as insecticides.

Çay (Camellia sinensis L.) türetilmiştir yeni kurulan hücre süspansiyon kültürü altı sistemik Böcek Ilacı metabolizması üzerinde çalışma Yaprak -ları

A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form ...

Isolation of Histone from Sorghum Leaf Tissue for Top Down Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Potential Epigenetic Markers

Histones belong to a family of highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They pack DNA into nucleosomes as functional units of chromatin. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones, which are highly dynamic and can be added or removed by enzymes, play critical roles in regulating gene expression. In plants, epigenetic factors, including histone PTMs, are related to their adaptive responses to the environment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic control can bring unprecedented opportunities for innovative bioengineering solutions. Herein, we describe a protocol to isolate the nuclei and purify histones from sorghum leaf tissue. The extracted histones can be analyzed in their intact forms by top-down mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with online reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC). Combinations and stoichiometry of multiple PTMs on the same histone proteoform can be readily identified. In addition, histone tail clipping can be detected using the top-down LC-MS workflow, thus, yielding the global PTM profile of core histones (H4, H2A, H2B, H3). We have applied this protocol previously to profile histone PTMs from sorghum leaf tissue collected from a large-scale field study, aimed at identifying epigenetic markers of drought resistance. The protocol could potentially be adapted and optimized for chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), or for studying histone PTMs in similar plants.

The protocol has been developed to effectively extract intact histones from sorghum leaf materials for profiling of histone post-translational modifications that can serve as potential epigenetic markers to aid engineering drought resistant crops.

Potansiyel Epigenetik belirteçlerin Yukarıdan Aşağıya Kütle Spektrometresi Profillemi için Sorgum Yaprak Dokusundan Histone İzolasyonu

Histones belong to a family of highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They pack DNA into nucleosomes as functional units of chromatin. ...

Preparation of Sample Support Films in Transmission Electron Microscopy using a Support Floatation Block

Structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has rapidly grown in the last decade; however, sample preparation remains a significant bottleneck. Macromolecular samples are ideally imaged directly from random orientations in a thin layer of vitreous ice. However, many samples are refractory to this, and protein denaturation at the air-water interface is a common problem. To overcome such issues, support films-including amorphous carbon, graphene, and graphene oxide-can be applied to the grid to provide a surface which samples can populate, reducing the probability of particles experiencing the deleterious effects of the air-water interface. The application of these delicate supports to grids, however, requires careful handling to prevent breakage, airborne contamination, or extensive washing and cleaning steps. A recent report describes the development of an easy-to-use floatation block that facilitates wetted transfer of support films directly to the sample. Use of the block minimizes the number of manual handling steps required, preserving the physical integrity of the support film, and the time over which hydrophobic contamination can accrue, ensuring that a thin film of ice can still be generated. This paper provides step-by-step protocols for the preparation of carbon, graphene, and graphene oxide supports for EM studies.

Sample preparation for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a significant bottleneck in the structure determination workflow of this method. Here, we provide detailed methods for using an easy-to-use, three-dimensionally printed block for the preparation of support films to stabilize samples for transmission EM studies.

Destek Yüzdürme Bloğu Kullanılarak İletim Elektron Mikroskopisinde Numune Destek Filmlerinin Hazırlanması

Structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has rapidly grown in the last decade; however, sample preparation remains a significant ...