Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.

1. Autonomic Nervous System, or ANS: ANS regulates heart rate and pulse involuntarily through the sinoatrial node, the heart's pacemaker. The sympathetic branch speeds up the pulse rate during stress or physical activity by releasing norepinephrine. The parasympathetic branch decreases the pulse rate during rest by releasing acetylcholine through the vagus nerve.
2. Hormonal Regulation: Hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, can stimulate the heart to beat faster, increasing the pulse rate. Additionally, thyroid hormones can influence the metabolic rate, affecting heart rate and pulse.
3. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Adequate fluid volume and electrolyte balance are essential for maintaining normal cardiac function and pulse regulation. Changes in blood volume, electrolyte levels (such as potassium and calcium), or blood viscosity can impact the efficiency of the heart's pumping action, affecting the pulse rate and strength.
4. Temperature Regulation: Changes in body temperature can influence the pulse rate. For example, fever or exposure to hot environments can increase the pulse rate as the body works to dissipate excess heat through increased circulation. Conversely, exposure to cold temperatures may cause vasoconstriction and a temporary decrease in pulse rate.
5. Physical Activity: Exercise and physical activity increase oxygen demand in the body, prompting the heart to pump more blood to meet the increased metabolic needs of the muscles. As a result, the pulse rate increases during exercise to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.
6. Emotional State: Strong emotions such as fear, anxiety, or excitement can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to an increase in pulse rate. Conversely, relaxation techniques or calming activities can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, decreasing the pulse rate.

The pulse provides valuable information about a person's cardiovascular health. Here are some key characteristics of the pulse:

1. Rate: The pulse rate refers to the number of heartbeats per minute and is commonly measured in beats per minute (BPM). Adults' normal resting pulse rate is typically between 60 to 100 BPM. An increase in the pulse rate is known as tachycardia, while bradycardia is an abnormally slow pulse rate.
2. Rhythm: Pulse rhythm is characterized by an equal interval between the contractions of the ventricles, resulting in a regular and predictable pattern of heartbeats. Any interruption in this interval, marked by an early, late, or missed beat, indicates an abnormal rhythm known as dysrhythmia.
3. Volume: The character of the pulse refers to its quality or feel. Common descriptors include a strong, thready, or pulsatile pulse. Changes in character may provide additional insights into cardiovascular health.
4. Equality refers to the uniformity of pulse characteristics on both body sides. It includes evaluating whether the pulse rate, rhythm, and volume are similar. Any disparities in these aspects may indicate localized vascular or cardiac issues.

Understanding these characteristics allows healthcare professionals to gather valuable information about a person's cardiovascular system.