Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.

Adsorbents serve as an antidiarrheal medication, binding to toxins and bacteria in the digestive tract and allowing their rapid elimination from the body. They also form a protective layer on the intestinal lining, which aids in reducing inflammation by preventing the absorption of toxins and pathogens. Common examples of adsorbents used as antidiarrheals include activated charcoal, kaolin, pectin, and attapulgite. However, these agents show several limitations, including lower efficacy compared to opioid-based medications (which target diarrhea-causing physiological processes), potential interference with other drugs, and problems with nutrient absorption.