Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that use mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making. Unlike algorithms, which must be followed precisely to achieve a correct result, heuristics offer a general problem-solving framework. They save time and energy but can sometimes lead to less rational decisions.

People often rely on heuristics when faced with an overload of information, limited time, low importance of the decision, limited information, or when a heuristic readily comes to mind. For example, when faced with too much data or when quick decisions are necessary, heuristics become useful. Similarly, when the decision is not critical or there is insufficient data, these mental shortcuts help make the process easier.

One common heuristic is working backward, which involves starting from the desired outcome and planning steps in reverse to achieve that goal. For instance, if you need to arrive at a wedding by 3:30 PM and the drive takes 2.5 hours from Washington, D.C., you plan your departure accordingly, accounting for traffic. Another widely used heuristic is breaking down tasks, which involves dividing a large task into smaller, manageable steps. Students often use this heuristic to tackle large projects. For example, completing a research paper involves brainstorming, developing a thesis, conducting research, organizing an outline, writing drafts, and finalizing the paper. This approach makes complex tasks more manageable and less overwhelming.

Heuristics are practical tools for efficient problem-solving, often used unconsciously in everyday decisions. They provide quick solutions but can be prone to errors compared to more methodical algorithms.