Subjective well-being (SWB) refers to an individual's self-evaluation of their overall life satisfaction, happiness, and fulfillment. This multifaceted construct is typically assessed by analyzing the balance of positive and negative emotions alongside perceptions of life satisfaction. Personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion are strongly associated with variations in SWB, offering critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of emotional well-being.

Neuroticism and Emotional Variability

Neuroticism is characterized by heightened sensitivity to negative stimuli, leading to frequent and intense experiences of negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, or anger. Individuals high in neuroticism often report lower life satisfaction due to their predisposition toward emotional instability. These tendencies contribute to a diminished sense of well-being, as the focus on negative experiences often overshadows positive moments.

Extraversion and Positive Affect

Extraversion is closely linked to the experience of positive emotions, forming a robust foundation for SWB. Unlike neuroticism, extraversion consistently correlates with higher life satisfaction and happiness levels. This association holds even in individuals who exhibit high levels of neuroticism, highlighting the dominant influence of extraversion on SWB. Extroverts are thought to derive happiness from behaviors such as socializing, which amplify positive emotions. However, research demonstrates that extroverts experience elevated well-being irrespective of social context, suggesting that their happiness stems from internal mechanisms rather than solely external stimuli.

Positive Contributions and Happiness

A pivotal factor in extroverts' enhanced SWB is their belief in making meaningful contributions to the world. This perspective fosters a sense of purpose and fulfillment that enhances their overall happiness. Furthermore, extroverts report greater happiness across diverse activities, whether solitary or social, highlighting the pervasive influence of their positive disposition.

These findings emphasize the complex interplay between personality traits and subjective well-being, offering valuable insights into how intrinsic and extrinsic factors shape emotional experiences and life satisfaction.