Name: Video: Setting Up the Ladder Beam Test to Assess Motor Function in Mouse
Uploaded: 2023-10-06T13:00:00
Description: 57 Views. Setting Up the Ladder Beam Test to Assess Motor Function in Mouse

setting up the ladder beam test to assess motor function in mouse

Assessing Motor Performance in TH-Related Murine Models Using the Ladder Beam Test

Thyroid hormone (TH) is indispensable for brain development1. In particular, its role in the cerebellum is critical because TH deficiency in early life causes aberrant cerebellar development1,2. For example in congenital hypothyroidism, patients display a series of neurological retardation including cognitive and motor deficits3. To unveil the role of TH in cerebellar functional development, some studies have limited TH deficiency in a cerebellar cell-specific manner4. However, compared to generalized congenital hypothyroid mice, in which all tissues and cells are affected by TH deficiency, such cerebellar-specific models display so subtle ataxia that the conventional behavior tests, such as rotarod, footprint, and balance beam tests, barely detect the differences. Thus, to fully investigate the TH effects on cerebellar function, a new assessment tool is needed to detect a subtle change in the motor coordination of model mice.
The rotarod test is the most common tool for assessing motor coordination, originally developed by Dunham and Miya5 and later applied to an accelerating version by Jones and Roberts6. The latency to fall from the rotating rod is interpreted as the test for motor coordination, and its simplicity and conciseness make it commonly used among behavioral researchers studying motor function7. However, the ease of use of this test is a double-edged sword. Because the rod automatically rotates, mice can cling to and stay on the rotating rod without moving. Furthermore, mice may intend to fall off rather than keep balancing on the rotating rod. In either situation, the validity and reliability of the test are questionable for assessing &#34;pure motor coordination&#34;7. In other words, it does not accurately target the cerebellar function and involves other factors such as muscle strength for gripping.
Instead of the conventional tools for motor coordination assessment, here we present a novel behavior test called the &#34;ladder beam test,&#34; which is recently developed in our laboratory. The horizontal ladder walking test was designed to assess cerebellum-related complex motor abilities: feed-forward prediction and integration of motion8. The test device was composed of four pieces of plexiglass with holes (Figure 1). The four plates were connected in parallel by screws and sticks inserted into the holes on the plates. Two outer plates were used to stabilize the device and two inner plates were used to design the various kinds of ladder rungs (Figure 2C). The width of the rung was adjusted depending on the animal size to minimize the animals&#39; moving backward (Figure 2B). The distance from the start point to the goal was 110 cm. The device was located 60 cm above the bench and a safety cushion was set under the device (Figure 2A). The dark chamber was put near the goal to motivate the animals to move toward the goal (Figure 2A).
We examined the TH effects on cerebellar functional development by using transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative TH receptor (TR) in cerebellar Purkinje cells (Mf-1/FVB mice). In both rotarod and ladder beam tests, we observed cerebellar ataxic phenotype in Mf-1/FVB mice; however, the ladder beam test succeeded in detecting more significant differences than the the rotarod test (Figure 3). In addition, motor learning ability can be more thoroughly assessed in ladder beam test (Figure 3B,C). As a cellular background of such a behavioral phenotype, the induction of long-term depression (LTD) was inhibited and instead, long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced following an LTD-inductive stimulation in Mf-1/FVB Purkinje cells9. LTD is essential for motor coordination and motor learning in the cerebellum10. Many studies have reported motor deficits and inhibition of LTD in knockout or mutated mice for key regulator genes in cerebellar function, however, no studies have ever reported the induction of LTP following an LTD-inductive stimulation11,12. Taken together, this phenomenon may be unique to Mf-1/FVB mice or TH-deficient mice (the same phenomenon was observed in adult-onset hypothyroid mice), suggesting that TH regulates cerebellar function differently from the other key proteins. If so, it is plausible that mice with abnormal TH action do not display cerebellar ataxia in the same way as other model mice. This again emphasizes the need for a specific method for assessing TH effects on cerebellar function. This paper presents a novel protocol to investigate TH effects on cerebellar function using the newly-built ladder beam test.

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Setting Up the Ladder Beam Test to Assess Motor Function in Mouse

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

57 Views. Setting Up the Ladder Beam Test to Assess Motor Function in Mouse

Video: Setting Up the Ladder Beam Test to Assess Motor Function in Mouse

Thyroid hormone (TH) action is essential during the development of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum. In case of TH deficiency in early life such as congenital hypothyroidism, patients display neurological disorders such as cognitive retardation and motor deficits. There are various studies using mouse models with tissue- or cell-specific TH deficiency to investigate the role of TH in the cerebellum. Compared to generalized congenital hypothyroid mice, cerebellar cell-specific TH-deficient mice display milder and subtler ataxic features, making the assessment of motor function difficult when using conventional tests such as the rotarod test. 
Due to the need for an alternative tool to assess motor function in TH-related animal models, we developed a versatile behavioral method called the "ladder beam test," in which we can design the various ladder tests depending on the severity of ataxia in model mice. We utilized transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative TH receptor specifically in the cerebellar Purkinje cell, a sole output neuron in the cerebellar cortex modulating motor performance. The newly-built ladder beam test successfully detected robust impairments in motor performance in the transgenic mice at a greater level compared to the rotarod test. Disruption of motor learning was also detected in the ladder beam test but not in the rotarod test. The protocol with this novel behavioral apparatus can be applied to other animal models that may show mild ataxic phenotype to examine subtle changes in cerebellar function.

Here we present a protocol for a versatile behavior test developed recently, the ladder beam test. This test has the advantage of detecting subtle cerebellar ataxia caused by a defect of thyroid hormone action in the central nervous system over the conventional behavior tests assessing motor performance.

Thyroid hormone (TH) action is essential during the development of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum. In case of TH deficiency in early ...