Calcofluor White Staining: A Simple Method for UV-Induced Fluorescence Visualization of Cellulose Deposits in Cell Walls of Dicot Plant Stem Sections

In plant cells, the cell wall, a specialized protective layer, surrounds the plasma membrane. The cell wall is predominantly composed of cellulose, a linear, unbranched polysaccharide of glucose monomers linked end-to-end via β-1, 4 glycosidic bonds.

Cellulose exists in an aggregated state in the form of orthogonally arranged cellulose microfibrils, embedded in a hemicellulose, pectin, and protein matrix.

Certain cells, such as those of vascular xylem tissue and interfascicular fibers, also include lignin, a hardening agent, in their cell walls.

To visualize cellulose deposition in plant cell walls, begin with agarose-embedded transverse sections of a dicot plant stem in buffer. Add aqueous solution of calcofluor white, a chemifluorescent, planar dye. Incubate to allow the dye to diffuse into the tissue.

Once inside, calcofluor white via its hydroxyl functional groups interacts and forms hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups of glucose monomers in cellulose. This brings the dye in close proximity to cellulose and favors additional van der Waals interactions, leading to stable dye-cellulose complex.

Transfer the stem sections onto a glass slide and mount a coverslip. Under ultra-violet light illumination, the cellulose-bound dye molecules fluoresce bright white.

Cells of the epidermis, cortex, and pith exhibit intense fluorescence, with clearly demarcated cell wall outlines, due to high cellulose content. In comparison, cells of xylem and interfascicular fibers fluoresce dimly, possibly suggesting inadequate dye diffusion due to the presence of lignin.