eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. &#160;1. Preparing Mice for the Experimental ProcedureNOTE: For the experimental procedure, healthy male C57BL/6J mice aged 12 weeks were selected, with each mouse weighing between 18 and 22 g.<ol><li>Keep mice individually in cages in a typical Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) laboratory animal room (22 &#177; 1 &#176;C, 12 h/12 h dark/light cycle, relative humidity: 30&#8211;40%) for one week before the CUMS procedure. </li><li>Randomly divide all mice into a control group and a model group according to their body weight. Each group has 15 mice. </li><li>Before the initiation of the experiment, number the mice in each group on their tail using a marking pen.</li></ol>2. Induction of Depression in MiceNOTE: To induce depression, the mice in the model group and two treatment groups underwent chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 21 days. The plan can be changed according to the practical situation, but the principle that the same stressor cannot be used continuously should be followed.<ol><li>Expose mice daily to any two of the following seven stressors for 21 consecutive days. Our modeling plan is designed as follows: <ol style='list-style-type:decimal;'><li>On Monday, expose mice to food deprivation (empty the feed of each cage for 24 h, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.) and water deprivation (remove the drinking bottle of each cage for 24 h, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.). </li><li>On Tuesday, expose mice to restraint stress (restrain mice in a small plastic tub for 3 h, 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.) and empty cages (remove the padding in each cage for 11 h, 8:00 a.m. to 19:00 p.m.). </li><li>On Wednesday, expose mice to wet and soiled cages (pour water into each cage and keep wet for 24 h, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.) and crowded cages (put five mice in one cage for 24 h, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.). </li><li>On Thursday, expose mice to restraint stress and ice-cold swimming&#160;(force each mouse to swim in a clear glass aquarium with ice water for 5 min). </li><li>On Friday, expose mice to wet and soiled cages and food deprivation. </li><li>On Saturday, expose mice to restraint stress and crowded cages. </li><li>On Sunday, expose mice to empty cages and ice-cold swimming. </li></ol></li><li>Record the coat state and body weight weekly until the end of modeling (day 21). Calculate the total score of the coat state as the sum of scores from seven different body parts: head, neck, dorsal coat, ventral coat, forepaws, tail, and hind paws. A score of one indicates a well-groomed coat, and a score of zero indicates an unkempt coat.</li></ol>

<figure class='table' style='width:1029pt;'><table class='ck-table-resized'><colgroup><col style='width:17.01%;'><col style='width:31.97%;'><col style='width:9.52%;'><col style='width:41.5%;'></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style='height:29.0pt;'>C57BL/6j mice</td><td>Beijing Vital River of the Charles River Company</td><td>SCXK 2011-0004</td><td style='width:427pt;'>60 healthy male C57BL/6J mice aged 12 weeks were purchased from Beijing Vital River of the Charles River Company.</td></tr><tr><td style='height:14.5pt;'>Mouse cage</td><td>Styling Biotechnology</td><td>34853016</td><td style='width:427pt;'>318&#215;202&#215;135 mm</td></tr><tr><td style='height:14.5pt;'>Distilled Water</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style='width:427pt;'>The water was used througout the experiment.</td></tr><tr><td style='height:14.5pt;'>ACS-2EAS Electronic Balance</td><td>Beijing Hengzhongheng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.</td><td>&#160;</td><td style='width:427pt;'>It was used to weigh the avoirdupois of mice at different stages.</td></tr><tr><td style='height:43.5pt;'>SPSS Statistics 21.0 Software</td><td>IBM</td><td>&#160;</td><td style='width:427pt;'>SPSS 21.0 software was used to analyze the data, one-way ANOVA or non-parametric test was used for general data based on normality test and homogeneity test for variance, and LSD method was adopted for the comparisons between groups.</td></tr><tr><td style='height:14.5pt;'>Graphpad Prism 6.0 Software</td><td>Graphpad Software,Inc.USA -</td><td>&#160;</td><td style='width:427pt;'>Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was used to draw statistical graphs.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>

induction and evaluation of depression in mice through chronic stress exposure

<a href='https://app.jove.com/v/58276/evaluating-anti-depression-effect-xiaoyaosan-on-chronically-stressed'>Source: Yan, Z., et al. Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).</a>The video demonstrates the process of establishing a mouse model of chronic stress-induced depression and assessing depressive behaviors. The chronic application of various stressors triggers the release of corticosterone, leading to neuronal over-excitation and eventual neuronal death, which results in depression-like symptoms in the mice.

Induction and Evaluation of Depression in Mice Through Chronic Stress Exposure

Source: Yan, Z., et al. Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).The video demonstrates the ...

Induce depression in a test mouse through exposure to chronic stress and compare it to a control mouse.Apply daily stressors to the test mouse, including food and water deprivation, confinement in a restrainer, isolation in a cage without bedding, placement in a wet or crowded cage, and forced swimming in ice-cold water.These stressors trigger the release of corticosterone, a stress hormone.Corticosterone binds to its receptors on neurons, causing an excessive release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.Excessive glutamate over-activates calcium-permeable ionotropic receptors, inducing continuous calcium influx, which results in neuronal death, a process called excitotoxicity.&#160;The loss of neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, regions essential for mood regulation, disrupts signal transmission and triggers symptoms of depression.Compared to the control mouse, observe changes in coat condition due to stress-induced reductions in grooming behavior and weight loss due to reduced appetite in the test mouse, indicating depression.

induction-evaluation-depression-mice-through-chronic-stress

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

14 Views. Source: Yan, Z., et al. Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019). The video demonstrates the process of establishing a mouse model of chronic stress-induced depression and assessing depressive behaviors. The chronic application of various stressors triggers the release of corticosterone, leading to neuronal over-excitation and eventual neuronal death, which results in depression-like symptoms in the mice. 

Video: Induction and Evaluation of Depression in Mice Through Chronic Stress Exposure - Concept

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, therapeutic treatments for depression or research on depression is scarce. Thus, in the present paper, we propose a mouse model of depression induced by movement restriction. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is a well-known technique to induce depressive-like behavior. However, it necessitates a complex procedure consisting of a combination of various mild stresses. In contrast, chronic immobilization stress (CIS) is a readily accessible chronic stress model, modified from a restraint model that induces depressive behavior by restricting movement using a restrainer for a certain period. To evaluate the depressive-like behaviors, the sucrose preference test (SPT), the tail suspension test (TST), and the ELISA assay to measure stress marker corticosterone levels are combined in the present experiment. The described protocols illustrate the induction of CIS and evaluation of the changes in behavior and physiological factors for the validation of depression.

This article provides a simplified and standardized protocol for induction of depressive-like behavior in chronically immobilized mice by using a restrainer. In addition, behavior and physiological techniques to verify induction of depression are explained.

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, ...

Establishing and Validating a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rat Model

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats based on the Mongolian medicine

Depression is a prevalent affective disorder and constitutes a leading cause of global disability. The limitations of current pharmacological interventions contribute to the substantial health burden attributed to this condition. There is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of depression, making pre-clinical models with translational potential highly valuable. Mongolian medicine, a subset of traditional medicine, posits that disease occurrence is closely tied to the equilibrium of wind, bile, and Phlegm. In this study, we introduce a protocol for the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) method in rats. Within this framework, rats are subjected to a series of fluctuating, mild stressors to induce a depression-like phenotype, mimicking the pathogenesis of human depression. Behavioral assays employed in this protocol include the sucrose preference test (SPT), indicative of anhedonia-a core symptom of depression; the open field test (OFT), which measures anxiety levels; and the Morris water maze test (MWM), which evaluates spatial memory and learning abilities. The CUMS method demonstrates the capability to induce anhedonia and to cause long-term behavioral deficits. Furthermore, this protocol is more aligned with Mongolian medical theory than other animal models designed to elicit depression-like behavior. The development of this animal model and subsequent research provide a robust foundation for future innovative studies in the realm of Mongolian medicine.

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine

This protocol outlines a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model for depression based on Mongolian medical theory, along with methods for validating behavioral tests.

Induction and Evaluation of Depression in Mice Through Chronic Stress Exposure

Transcript

Induction and Evaluation of Depression in Mice Through Chronic Stress Exposure

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats based on the Mongolian medicine