Name: high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum
Uploaded: 2013-11-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Star Scientific Foundation (Australia), Tourette syndrome Association (USA), The Trish Multiple sclerosis Research Foundation and Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, Petre Foundation (Australia), the Rebecca L.&#160;Cooper Medical Research Foundation (Australia). We thank all the patients and family members who provided samples for our study.

1. Subcloning Strategy to Construct pIRES2-EGFP Vector Encoding D2R or NMDAR
<ol>
	<li>Obtain full-length cDNA clone of human D2R or NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1).</li>
	<li>Choose an expression vector, such as pIRES2-EGFP, which is suitable for expression of transmembrane proteins with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter under control of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), enabling both antigens and GFP to be coexpressed in cells separately.</li>
	<li>Subclone human cDNA within pIRES2-EGFP vector.
	<ol>
	...

<ol>
	<li>Lancaster, E., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Dalmau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encephalitis+and+antibodies+to+synaptic+and+neuronal+cell+surface+proteins.">Encephalitis and antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins.</a> Neurol. 77, 179-189 (2011).</li><li>Vincent, A., Bien, C. G., Irani, S. R., Waters, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoantibodies+associated+with+diseases+of+the+CNS:+new+developments+and+future+challenges.">Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges.</a> Lancet Neurol. 10, 759-772 (2011).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA-receptor+encephalitis:+case+series+and+analysis+of+the+effects+of+antibodies.">Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies.</a> Lancet Neurol. 7, 1091-1098 (2008).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraneoplastic+anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+encephalitis+associated+with+ovarian+teratoma.">Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma.</a> Ann Neurol. 61, 25-36 (2007).</li><li>Dale, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+antibodies+in+pediatric+dyskinetic+encephalitis+lethargica.">N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in pediatric dyskinetic encephalitis lethargica.</a> Ann Neurol. 66, 704-709 (2009).</li><li>Lancaster, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+the+GABA(B)+receptor+in+limbic+encephalitis+with+seizures:+Case+series+and+characterisation+of+the+antigen.">Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: Case series and characterisation of the antigen.</a> Lancet Neurol. 9, 67-76 (2010).</li><li>Lai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptor+antibodies+in+limbic+encephalitis+alter+synaptic+receptor+location.">AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location.</a> Ann Neurol. 65, 424-434 (2009).</li><li>Irani, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+Kv1+potassium+channel-complex+proteins+leucine-rich,+glioma+inactivated+1+protein+and+contactin-associated+protein-2+in+limbic+encephalitis,+Morvan&#8217;s+syndrome+and+acquired+neuromyotonia.">Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan&#8217;s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia.</a> Brain. 133, 2734-2748 (2010).</li><li>Lai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+LGI1+as+the+antigen+in+limbic+encephalitis+previously+attributed+to+potassium+channels:+a+case+series.">Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series.</a> Lancet Neurol. 9, 776-785 (2010).</li><li>Lancaster, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+5+in+the+Ophelia+syndrome.">Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome.</a> Neurol. 77, 1698-1701 (2011).</li><li>Dale, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+surface+dopamine-2+receptor+in+autoimmune+movement+and+psychiatric+disorders.">Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders.</a> Brain. , (2012).</li><li>Titulaer, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+and+prognostic+factors+for+long-term+outcome+in+patients+with+anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis:+an+observational+cohort+study.">Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study.</a> Lancet Neurol. 12, 157-165 (2013).</li><li>Hughes, E. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+synaptic+mechanisms+of+anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis.">Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 5866-5875 (2010).</li><li>Bien, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunopathology+of+autoantibody-associated+encephalitides:+clues+for+pathogenesis.">Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis.</a> Brain. 135, 1622-1638 (2012).</li><li>Waters, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serologic+diagnosis+of+NMO:+a+multicenter+comparison+of+aquaporin-4-IgG+assays.">Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays.</a> Neurol. 78, 665-671 (2012).</li><li>McLaughlin, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-Dependent+B+Cell+Autoimmunity+to+a+Myelin+Surface+Antigen+in+Pediatric+Multiple+Sclerosis.">Age-Dependent B Cell Autoimmunity to a Myelin Surface Antigen in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis.</a> J Immunol. 183, 4067-4076 (2009).</li><li>Probstel, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+MOG+are+transient+in+childhood+acute+disseminated+encephalomyelitis.">Antibodies to MOG are transient in childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.</a> Neurol. 77, 580-588 (2011).</li><li>Cho, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-terminal+Region+of+Dopamine+D2+Receptor,+a+Rhodopsin+Family+GPCR,+Regulates+Proper+Integration+into+Plasma+Membrane+and+Endocytic+Routes.">N-terminal Region of Dopamine D2 Receptor, a Rhodopsin Family GPCR, Regulates Proper Integration into Plasma Membrane and Endocytic Routes.</a> British journal of pharmacology. , (2011).</li><li>Zhou, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+pathogenic+antibody+response+to+native+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Identification of a pathogenic antibody response to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103, 19057-19062 (2006).</li><li>Brilot, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+native+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+in+children+with+inflammatory+demyelinating+central+nervous+system+disease.">Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in children with inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease.</a> Ann Neurol. 66, 833-842 (2009).</li><li>Boronat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encephalitis+and+Antibodies+to+Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like+Protein-6,+a+Subunit+of+Kv4.2.">Encephalitis and Antibodies to Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like Protein-6, a Subunit of Kv4.2.</a> Potassium Channels. Ann Neurol. 73, 120-128 (2013).</li><li>Hinson, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquaporin-4-binding+autoantibodies+in+patients+with+neuromyelitis+optica+impair+glutamate+transport+by+down-regulating+EAAT2.">Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2.</a> J. Exp. Med. 205, 2473-2481 (2008).</li></ol>

This paper describes a novel application of flow cytometry live cell-based assay to detect antibodies targeting specific cell surface neuronal proteins using a high-throughput sampler. Using this technique, we report that a subgroup of patients affected with autoimmune CNS diseases have serum antibodies to surface NMDAR or to surface D2R.
Essential steps for optimal antibody detection using this high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay include 1) obtaining a high yield of healthy t...

Over recent years, autoimmune forms of central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been identified. It has been shown that these diseases are associated and defined by the presence of autoantibodies. These antibodies bind to neuronal receptors or synaptic proteins involved in neurotransmission1,2. Different antigens have been detected, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)3-5, &#947;-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABAB) receptor6, &#945;-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor7, voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) associated proteins: leucine-rich glioma-activated 1 protein (LGL-1) and contactin-associated protein 2 (capsr2)8,9, glutamate receptor5,10, and dopamine-2 receptor (D2R)11. In the past, these autoimmune CNS disorders (mainly called encephalitis) were often undiagnosed and untreated. These novel antibody biomarkers, e.g. NMDAR antibody or D2R antibody, have substantially improved diagnosis and awareness, and have opened treatment options for patients. Indeed, early treatment with immunotherapies is associated with improved outcome11,12.
Traditional methods to detect antibodies, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot have been used for detection of antibodies in sera. However, they do not readily enable recognition of extracellular or surface epitopes and, rather, may reveal immunoreactivity towards an intracellular epitope. Furthermore, antibodies that bind to the extracellular domain of important proteins involved in neurotransmission are likely to be pathogenic2,3,7,13,14. Therefore, the development of accurate and sensitive assays to discover relevant cell surface or extracellular antibody targets in patients is paramount. The gold standard method in the field is based on the use of live cells, in so-called &#8220;cell-based assays&#8221;. This method involves the expression of an antigen at the surface of mammalian cells (most often human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells) in its native form by transfection of vectors containing the complete cDNA sequence of the antigen of interest. Live nonpermeabilized cells are then incubated with diluted patient serum and followed by fluorochrome-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig) secondary antibody. The intensity or level of fluorescence is then detected and is associated to the level of autoantibody binding. This technique is specific, as only one antigen is overexpressed in cells. The most widely used &#8220;read-out&#8221; has been confocal microscopy analysis after immunocytochemistry4,5,8-10. However, flow cytometry cell-based assays have been successfully used to detect antibodies in patients with demyelinating diseases15-17. In particular, Waters&#160;et al.15 compared the detection of antibody using a panel of antibody detection techniques including cell-based assays followed by microscopy or flow cytometry analyses, and has shown flow cytometry cell-based assay to be the most sensitive, accurate, and reliable method. Therefore, flow cytometry cell-based assay is advantageous as it is quantitative, not investigator-dependent, and does not involve any use of radioactive material. It is also convenient as it allows large patient cohorts to be assayed in a short amount of time.
More recently, we have optimized a high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect NMDAR antibody and D2R antibody in patients with autoimmune CNS diseases11. Our group recently detected NMDAR antibody in patient sera using flow cytometry cell-based assay. These NMDAR antibody-positive sera were previously analyzed using confocal microscopy and were also found to be positive11. This protocol outlines a flow cytometry cell-based assay for the detection of conformation-sensitive CNS antibody in patient serum utilizing an automated high-throughput sampler.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="751">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">pIRES2-EGFP vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6029-1</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human HA-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Missouri S&#38;T cDNA Resource Centre</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRD020TN00</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human subunit 1 of NMDAR (NR1) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gift from Prof A. Vincent&#160; (Oxford, UK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Monoclonal purified mouse anti-human NR1 antibody (clone: 54.1)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">556308</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Mouse purified monoclonal anti-DRD2 IgG (clone: 1B11)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WH0001813M1-50UG</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A31571</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-human IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21445</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (1x) 4.5 g/L D-glucose, L-Glutamine and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10099-141</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15710-072</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Geneticin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10131-035</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (1x) (-Ca2+/-Mg2+)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">TrypLE Express (1x) with Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AHF7975</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">9002-98-6</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15040-066</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">XhoI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10899194001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">NheI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10885843001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PureLink PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K3100-01</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">JetQuick Gel Extraction Spin Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Genomed</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">420050</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10481220001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Plasmid&#160;Plus&#160;Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12963</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Name of Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model/Version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Flow cytometer with high-throughput sampler system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BDLSRII with HTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">CKX41 (with mercury lamp and U-RFLT50 power supply)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Electronic multichannel pipette (15-300 &#956;l)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">613-2240P</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">12-channel Xplorer Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:255px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:255px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">50 ml polypropylene conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue culture flask (T75)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM-992</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">V-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">651180</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Live HEK293D2R+ and HEK293CTL cells were acquired at the flow cytometer using a high-throughput sampler. During analysis, cells were gated based on forward scatter (size) and side scatter (granularity) parameters (Figures 1A and&#160;1D). Transfected HEK293 cells expressed the reporter molecule, GFP, in the cytoplasm, and untransfected cells were excluded from analysis (Figures 1B and&#160;1E). Within the GFP+ gate, the M...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include ...

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...