Name: activating molecules, ions, and solid particles with acoustic cavitation
Uploaded: 2014-04-11T21:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation at JoVE.com

作者要感谢法国ANR（补助ANR-10-BLAN-0810 NEQSON）和CEA /丹麦/马尔库尔。

1，测量铀声致发光的在恒温的圆柱形sonoreactor被安装在高频换能器提供203或607千赫的超声波的顶部。超声波照射与低频超声的20千赫与一个1-cm 2的钛喇叭再现地放置在反应器的顶部进行。的发射光谱是使用耦合到光谱仪中记录范围230-800纳米的液氮冷却的CCD相机。氢在出口气体使用四极质谱仪（MS）的光谱研究同时进行测量。 <ol><li>通过紧密地附着在玻璃部件上的高?...

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对于成功的观测声致发光和超声化学的最关键的参数是：1）严格控制的饱和气体和超声处理过程中的整体温度，2）仔细选择超声波频率，3）用超声处理溶液的最佳组合物，以防止淬火。 声化学反应的动力学以及声致发光的强度是提交给超声溶液的温度非常敏感：在对比最“通常”的化学反应的动力学的声化学过程的速率下降到与大容量的温度1。在声致发光显示出?...

在许多工业和研究领域，如固体表面的清洗，液体脱气，材料科学，环境整治和医学中的应用功率超声，已收到在过去十年中1多的关注。超声波处理提高了转换，提高了产率，并启动在均相溶液，以及在异构系统的反应。人们普遍认为在液体中的超声波振动的物理和化学效应源于声空化或者，换句话说，对微泡中的液体照射功率超声2的内爆塌陷。空化泡的内爆猛烈产生的瞬态极端条件中的气泡的气相，这是负责化学活性物质与声致发光的形成。然而，争论仍然继续在这样的极端条件下的原产地。光谱产品分析在声致发光第有助于更好地理解泡沫崩溃时发生的过程。在水，用惰性气体饱和时，声致发光光谱从俄亥俄州组成（A 2Σ+-X 2ΠI），俄亥俄州（C 2 S + A 2 S +）频段和广阔的统一体，从紫外到近红外部分的发射光谱3。俄亥俄州的光谱分析（A 2Σ+-X 2ΠI）发射带非平衡等离子体水4，5超声降解过程中发现的形成。在低超声频率，弱激发等离子体与布劳振动分布形成。与此相反，在高频率的超声波，里面塌陷等离子气泡展品特雷纳行为典型的强振动激发。该电子振动温度（T V，T五）增加与超声波的频率表明在更激烈的intrabubble条件高高频超声。 原则上，每个空化气泡可以被视为等离子体化学微反应器提供高能量的过程在本体溶液中的几乎室温。光子和气泡内产生的“热”的颗粒使激发非挥发性物质在溶液中从而增加了它们的化学反应性。例如，在酸性溶液中铀离子的超亮声致发光的机理受铀的浓度：通过光子碰撞的“热”的颗粒的吸收/再发射在稀释溶液，并激励有助于在更高的双氧铀的浓度6。由空化气泡产生的化学物种可以用于金属纳米颗粒的合成中，没有任何模板或封端剂。在纯水中通入氩气，在声化学还原的Pt（IV）的发生通过从声化学水分子分裂，得到单分散nanopartic发出氢莱金属铂7。声化学还原反应加速的歧管中的甲酸或Ar / CO气体混合物的存在下进行。 许多以前的研究表明超声的优势来激活分散固体的表面由于除了化学活化8,9力学效应。小固体颗粒小得多的尺寸比空化气泡不会扰乱崩溃的对称性。然而，当气穴的事件发生在靠近大聚集体或附近的延伸表面的气泡内爆不对称，形成超音速微喷导致簇解聚和于固体表面的侵蚀。超声处理使二氧化钚在纯水中通入氩气形成的原因钚（IV）的纳米胶体稳定，由于物理和化学作用10。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20 kHz Ultrasound Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sonics Vibracell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Multifrequency Generator AG 1006</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">T&#38;C Power&#160; Conversion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryostat RE210&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Lauda</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spectrometer SP 2356i</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roper Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CCD camera SPEC10-100BR cooled with liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roper Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Quadrupole mass-spectrometer PROLAB 300</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thermoscientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Centrifuge Sigma 1-14</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">H2PtCl6 6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ar; Ar/CO gases</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Air Liquid</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Uranium and Plutonium compounds</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Prepared in the laboratories of Marcoule Research Center</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Perchloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphoric acid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

activating molecules, ions, and solid particles with acoustic cavitation

化学和超声波的物理效应的产生不是由分子的直接相互作用与声波，而是从声空化：成核，生长，而在提交给功率超声微泡液体的内爆崩溃。气泡的剧烈的内爆导致化学反应的物质的形成，以及光，名为声致发光的发光。在这个手稿中，我们描述的技术允许极端intrabubble条件及声空化的解决方案化学反应的研究。水通入惰性气体声致发光光谱的分析提供了证据，非平衡等离子体形成。光子和空化气泡产生的“热”的颗粒使激发非挥发性物质在溶液中增加它们的化学反应性。例如，在酸性溶液中铀酰离子的超亮声致发光的机理与铀的浓度变化：sonophotoluminescence占主导地位的稀释溶液，并碰撞激发有利于在更高浓度的铀。次级声化学制品可能产生的气泡内部中形成的化学活性物质，但随后扩散到液相中，并与溶液中的前体反应形成的各种产品。例如，在纯水中的声化学还原的Pt（IV）的提供了一种创新的合成路线为金属铂的单分散纳米颗粒，没有任何模板或封端剂。许多研究显示超声的优势来激活分散固体。在一般情况下，超声波的机械效应强烈地在异构系统有助于除了化学效应。特别是， 二氧化钚粉末在纯水中的产量钚的稳定胶体，由于这两种效应的超声降解。

铀酰离子声致发光是极其微弱的高氯酸溶液：虽然典型的光吸收UO 2 2 +离子被观察到小于500 nm，发射距离兴奋线（UO 2 2 +）*（中心在512 nm和537 nm）的几乎不可见（ 图1）。 UO 2 2 +的SL被淬灭。此淬灭可以归因于由一个配位水分子减少11-13激发铀离子的： （UO 2 2 +）*</s...

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Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

在提交给功率超声液体声空化产生的气泡崩溃瞬间内极端条件下，这是不寻常的化学反应和光发射，被称为声致发光的起源。在惰性气体的存在下，非平衡等离子体形成。通过塌缩的气泡所产生的“热点”粒子和光子能在溶液中激发物种。

活化分子，离子和固体颗粒与声空化

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Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

折纸灵感的图案和可重构颗粒自组装

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two ...

科研

化学

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

氯离子的动态电化学测试

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

X射线粉末衍射在保护科学：迈向文物艺术品腐蚀产物的常规晶体结构测定

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder ...

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

结合固态和基于解决方案的技术合成及Chalcogenidoplumbates的反应（II或IV）

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica ...

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

通过动态光散射显微镜混浊解决方案粒度分布的测定

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

在环境环境中制备具有或不具有介孔MCM-41的超细氢氧化铝颗粒

An aqueous suspension of nanogibbsite was synthesized via the titration of aluminum aqua acid [Al(H2O)6]3+ with L-arginine to pH 4.6. Since the hydrolysis ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

稳定笼 Aziridinium 离子的制备及其开环 Azaheterocycles 的合成

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

合成纳米碳和二氧化硅矩阵的表面性能

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon material (also called ordered mesoporous carbon material [OMC]) ...

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

[4.4] 刺环氧基的固相合成

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of ...

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

由小圆形 DNA 分子构建的稳定 DNA 分子、一维和二维纳米结构

This article presents a detailed protocol for synthesis of small circular DNA molecules, annealing of circular DNA motifs, and construction of 1D and 2D ...