Name: development of a hepatitis b virus reporter system to monitor the early stages of the replication cycle
Uploaded: 2017-02-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the Research Program on Hepatitis from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) and by Grants-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan.

1. Production recombinante de HBV codant pour la protéine reporter <ol><li> Préparation des cellules HepG2 <ol><li> Préparer un milieu de culture cellulaire (milieu de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco (DMEM) supplémenté avec 10% de sérum bovin fœtal (FBS), 100 U / ml de pénicilline, 100 pg / ml de streptomycine et 100 U / ml d&#39;acides aminés non essentiels). </li><li> Plaques 4 x 10 6 cellules HepG2 dans un plat revêtu de collagène de 10 cm dans 10 ml de milieu de culture le jour a...

<ol>
	<li>Fattovich, G., Stroffolini, T., Zagni, I., Donato, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+cirrhosis:+incidence+and+risk+factors.">Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors.</a> Gastroenterology. 127 (5), 35-50 (2004).</li><li>Revill, P., Testoni, B., Locarnini, S., Zoulim, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+strategies+are+required+to+cure+and+eliminate+HBV+infection.">Global strategies are required to cure and eliminate HBV infection.</a> Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13 (4), 239-248 (2016).</li><li>Wursthorn, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peginterferon+alpha-2b+plus+adefovir+induce+strong+cccDNA+decline+and+HBsAg+reduction+in+patients+with+chronic+hepatitis+B.">Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B.</a> Hepatology. 44 (3), 675-684 (2006).</li><li>Stuyver, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomenclature+for+antiviral-resistant+human+hepatitis+B+virus+mutations+in+the+polymerase+region.">Nomenclature for antiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in the polymerase region.</a> Hepatology. 33 (3), 751-757 (2001).</li><li>Ochiya, T., Tsurimoto, T., Ueda, K., Okubo, K., Shiozawa, M., Matsubara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+system+for+infection+with+hepatitis+B+virus+that+uses+primary+human+fetal+hepatocytes.">An in vitro system for infection with hepatitis B virus that uses primary human fetal hepatocytes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86 (6), 1875-1879 (1989).</li><li>Galle, P. R., Hagelstein, J., Kommerell, B., Volkmann, M., Schranz, P., Zentgraf, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+experimental+infection+of+primary+human+hepatocytes+with+hepatitis+B+virus.">In vitro experimental infection of primary human hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus.</a> Gastroenterology. 106 (3), 664-673 (1994).</li><li>Gripon, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infection+of+a+human+hepatoma+cell+line+by+hepatitis+B+virus.">Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (24), 15655-15660 (2002).</li><li>Murakami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovering+novel+direct+acting+antiviral+agents+for+HBV+using+in+silico+screening.">Discovering novel direct acting antiviral agents for HBV using in silico screening.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 456 (1), 20-28 (2015).</li><li>Ladner, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+expression+of+human+hepatitis+B+virus+(HBV)+in+stably+transfected+hepatoblastoma+cells:+a+novel+system+for+screening+potential+inhibitors+of+HBV+replication.">Inducible expression of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in stably transfected hepatoblastoma cells: a novel system for screening potential inhibitors of HBV replication.</a> Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 41 (8), 1715-1720 (1997).</li><li>Yan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+taurocholate+cotransporting+polypeptide+is+a+functional+receptor+for+human+hepatitis+B+and+D+virus.">Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus.</a> Elife. 3, (2012).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication-competent+infectious+hepatitis+B+virus+vectors+carrying+substantially+sized+transgenes+by+redesigned+viral+polymerase+translation.">Replication-competent infectious hepatitis B virus vectors carrying substantially sized transgenes by redesigned viral polymerase translation.</a> PLoS. One. 8, 60306 (2013).</li><li>Chaisomchit, S., Tyrrell, D. L., Chang, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+replicative+and+nonreplicative+hepatitis+B+virus+vectors.">Development of replicative and nonreplicative hepatitis B virus vectors.</a> Gene. Ther. 4 (12), 1330-1340 (1997).</li><li>Hong, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+recombinant+hepatitis+B+virus+vectors+efficiently+deliver+protein+and+RNA+encoding+genes+into+primary+hepatocytes.">Novel recombinant hepatitis B virus vectors efficiently deliver protein and RNA encoding genes into primary hepatocytes.</a> J. Virol. 87 (12), 6615-6624 (2013).</li><li>Hall, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+luciferase+reporter+from+a+deep+sea+shrimp+utilizing+a+novel+imidazopyrazinone+substrate.">Engineered luciferase reporter from a deep sea shrimp utilizing a novel imidazopyrazinone substrate.</a> ACS. Chem. Biol. 7 (11), 1848-1857 (2012).</li><li>Nishitsuji, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+reporter+system+to+monitor+early+stages+of+the+hepatitis+B+virus+life+cycle.">Novel reporter system to monitor early stages of the hepatitis B virus life cycle.</a> Cancer. Sci. 106 (11), 1616-1624 (2015).</li><li>Sugiyama, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+hepatitis+B+virus+genotypes+on+the+intra-+and+extracellular+expression+of+viral+DNA+and+antigens.">Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the intra- and extracellular expression of viral DNA and antigens.</a> Hepatology. 44 (4), 915-924 (2006).</li><li>Seeger, C., Zoulim, F., Mason, W., Knipe, D., Howley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepadnaviruses.">Hepadnaviruses.</a> Field Virology. Volume 1. , 2185-2221 (2013).</li><li>Moolla, N., Kew, M., Arbuthnot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulatory+elements+of+hepatitis+B+virus+transcription.">Regulatory elements of hepatitis B virus transcription.</a> J. Viral. Hepat. 9 (5), 323-331 (2002).</li><li>Cattaneo, R., Will, H., Schaller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatitis+B+virus+transcription+in+the+infected+liver.">Hepatitis B virus transcription in the infected liver.</a> EMBO. J. 3 (9), 2191-2196 (1984).</li><li>Enders, G. H., Ganem, D., Varmus, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+major+transcripts+of+ground+squirrel+hepatitis+virus:+the+presumptive+template+for+reverse+transcriptase+is+terminally+redundant.">Mapping the major transcripts of ground squirrel hepatitis virus: the presumptive template for reverse transcriptase is terminally redundant.</a> Cell. 42 (1), 297-308 (1985).</li><li>Haines, K. M., Loeb, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sequence+of+the+RNA+primer+and+the+DNA+template+influence+the+initiation+of+plus-strand+DNA+synthesis+in+hepatitis+B+virus.">The sequence of the RNA primer and the DNA template influence the initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis in hepatitis B virus.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 370 (3), 471-480 (2007).</li><li>Hirsch, R. C., Lavine, J. E., Chang, L. J., Varmus, H. E., Ganem, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+gene+products+of+hepatitis+B+viruses+are+required+for+genomic+RNA+packaging+as+well+as+for+reverse+transcription.">Polymerase gene products of hepatitis B viruses are required for genomic RNA packaging as well as for reverse transcription.</a> Nature. 344 (6266), 552-555 (1990).</li></ol>

Le génome du VHB a quatre trames primaires de lecture ouverts (ORF) , y compris le noyau, la polymerase, de surface et X ORFs (Figure 1). La transcription de ces ORFs quatre HBV est étroitement régulée par quatre promoteurs: le promoteur précore / noyau contenant activateur II, promoteur S1, S2 promoteur et X promoteur contenant activateur I 18. Les 3,5 kb et 3,4 kb ARNm sont traduits en protéines Precore et Core, respectivement. La grande protéine d&#39;enveloppe (L) est ...

L&#39; infection chronique par le virus de l&#39; hépatite B (VHB) est un facteur de risque majeur pour les maladies chroniques du foie 1. Bien que des stratégies thérapeutiques actuelles sont basées sur des analogues de nucléotides qui inhibent la fonction du VHB pol et / ou l&#39;administration d&#39;interféron de type I qui activent les réponses immunitaires chez les individus infectés, ainsi que la suppression indirectement la prolifération du VHB par les fonctions des gènes d&#39; interféron stimulées 2, ces traitements ne peuvent pas éliminer le VHB ADN complètement 3. En outre, l&#39;émergence de HBVs qui sont résistantes aux agents anti-pol est préoccupante 4. L&#39;administration d&#39;agents anti-viraux combinés ciblant directement les différentes étapes du virus de l&#39;immunodéficience humaine (VIH) ou le virus de l&#39;hépatite C (VHC) cycle de vie a été démontré avec succès pour supprimer ou éradiquer le virus (es). Semblable à cette idée, le développement d&#39;un agent anti-VHB (s) qui agissent directement sur les différentes étapes du Hcycle de vie BV est important pour l&#39;établissement de futures thérapies de HBV. En général, la mise en place d&#39;un simple système de culture in vitro du virus de la cible facilite le développement d&#39;agents anti-viraux. Cependant, il existe au moins deux barrières au développement de systèmes in vitro de culture pour cribler des agents anti-VHB. La première est l&#39;absence d&#39;un système in vitro de la culture cellulaire convenable pour l&#39; infection par le VHB / prolifération. Contrairement aux autres virus, comme le VIH et le VHC, qui se propagent dans des lignées cellulaires établies, il est difficile de cultiver le VHB in vitro en raison des limitations expérimentales , y compris une gamme d&#39;hôtes étroite. L&#39;utilisation de systèmes de culture de cellules spécifiques , telles que la lignée cellulaire d&#39;hépatome humain HepaRG, qui est sensible à l&#39; infection par le VHB, 5, 6, 7 ont été développées pour surmonter ces problèmes. En outre, les cellules PXB, isolées urokinase-type activateur du plasminogène transgénique / souris SCID inoculées avec primaire hépatocytes humains (PHH), ont été montrés pour être sensibles à l&#39; infection HBV et la réplication 8. Cependant, les niveaux de réplication du VHB dans HepaRG dépendent de l&#39;état de différenciation cellulaire après la culture, ce qui peut provoquer des résultats incohérents et non reproductibles de HBV niveaux d&#39;infection / de réplication. PXB est couramment utilisé pour le VHB expériences d&#39;infection, mais est limitée par la disponibilité. Une lignée cellulaire d&#39;expression inductible du VHB à la tetracycline, HepAD38, a également été largement utilisée pour étudier la réplication du VHB, mais ce système ne permet qu&#39;une évaluation après la transcription , et non à l&#39;étape d&#39;infection par le VHB 9 d&#39;entrée. Récemment, l&#39;identification d&#39; un polypeptide du taurocholate de sodium cotransporting (PNT) en tant que récepteur fonctionnel pour le VHB a permis le développement d&#39;un système de culture de VHB 10 variables. En effet, l&#39;expression NTCP dans les cellules d&#39;hépatocarcinome non sensibles tels que Huh7 etHepG2 permet l&#39; infection par le VHB 10 et , par conséquent, le choix du VHB lignées cellulaires sensibles a été étendue, résoudre un grand nombre des limitations expérimentales. Le deuxième problème est le manque d&#39;un système de test simple pour évaluer l&#39;infection par le VHB et la réplication. L&#39;évaluation de l&#39;infection par le HBV est habituellement effectuée en analysant l&#39;ADN du VHB, l&#39;ARN et les protéines. Cependant, la quantification de ces marqueurs de virus est consommatrice de temps, souvent coûteux et pas toujours simple. Par conséquent, le développement d&#39;un système de dosage simple, par exemple en utilisant un gène rapporteur, peut surmonter les problèmes associés aux systèmes de dosage du VHB. Cependant, parce que la taille du génome qui peut être emballé dans une capside du VHB est limitée - moins de 3,7 kb 11 - la taille d&#39;un gène rapporteur doit être aussi courte que possible. En outre, la présence de plusieurs éléments cis dispersés à travers le génome, qui sont essentielles à la réplication virale, limite les positions disponibles dans<html> sertion du gène rapporteur dans le génome. Plusieurs rapports ont tenté d&#39;insérer des gènes étrangers, y compris le VIH-1 Tat, la protéine fluorescente verte, et DsRed dans le génome du VHB 11, 12, 13. Cependant, ces HBVs recombinants ne sont pas utiles pour le criblage de l&#39;infection par le VHB / réplication ou pour le criblage à haut débit des facteurs qui influent sur l&#39;infection par le VHB / réplication. Ceci est principalement en raison de la faible productivité des virus recombinants et de l&#39;intensité de l&#39;expression réduite du gène reporter provoquée par la production du virus inefficace. Pour surmonter ces problèmes, nous avons construit un HBV rapporteur avec un rendement élevé de la production de virus. Ce virus est hautement sensible pour la surveillance des premiers stades du cycle de réplication du VHB, depuis l&#39;entrée jusqu&#39;à la transcription. Pour ce faire, NanoLuc (NL) a été choisi comme un gène marqueur, car il est un petit (171 acides aminés) conçus reporter luminescenteclass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 14. De plus, NL est environ 150 fois plus brillante que luciole ou Renilla luciférase, et la réaction luminescente est ATP-indépendante, ce qui suggère que le taux de succès de faux sera faible pour le criblage à haut débit. L&#39;efficacité de l&#39;hépatite B recombinant de production est d&#39;environ 1/5 du parent VHB et similaires aux taux indiqués pour les virus recombinants précédents du VHB; Cependant, la luminosité NL surmonte les problèmes de productivité du virus de sorte qu&#39;il peut être utilisé pour le criblage de masse d&#39;agents anti-VHB. Dépistage des agents anti-VHB en utilisant des hépatocytes primaires, HepaRG, HepAD38 et hépatocytes NTCP-transduites pourrait être utile pour le criblage d&#39;agents anti-VHB par la méthode (s) classique. Cependant, le système décrit ici présente divers avantages tels que la manipulation simple, une sensibilité élevée et un faible coût pour le dépistage. Ces avantages sont appropriés pour des essais à haut débit afin de développer et d&#39;identifier de nouveaux agents de HBV à des fins thérapeutiques.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="781">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:332px;">Nano-Glo Luciferase Assay Regent</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N1110</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Mixed Solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>09367-34&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11995065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:332px;">100 mm/collagen-coated dish</td>
			<td>Iwaki</td>
			<td>4020-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L3000001&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>81255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31319-45&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 mol/l-EDTA Solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>06894-14&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35434-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Millex-HP, 0.45 &#956;m, polyethethersulfone, filter</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHP033RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Collagen coated 96-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>NO3585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Passive Lysis 5xBuffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GloMax 96 Microplate Luminometer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E6501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30403-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Luminometer plate</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>655075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HepG2-NTCP1-myc-clone22</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pUC1.2HBV delta epsilon</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pUC1.2HBV/NL</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml tube</td>
			<td>Violamo</td>
			<td>1-3500-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anti-Myc antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HBIG</td>
			<td>Japan Blood Products Organization</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IFN-&#946;</td>
			<td>Mochida Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>14987224005413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a hepatitis b virus reporter system to monitor the early stages of the replication cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

La figure 1 montre une représentation schématique du génome du VHB, des ARN transcrits, protéines de virus et de leur région codante du génome. Le gène rapporteur et son emplacement dans le génome sont également indiqués. La figure 2 montre le plasmide rapporteur et un plasmide auxiliaire VHB contenant le gène rapporteur. Le pUC1.2HBV / NL reporteur a été construit en supprimant des positions de nucléotides 223-811 à partir du site d&#39;i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle at JoVE.com

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Nous décrivons ici un virus nouvellement mis au point contre l&#39;hépatite B (VHB) système rapporteur pour surveiller les premiers stades du cycle de vie du VHB. Cette simplifiée système in vitro aidera dans le criblage d&#39;agents anti-VHB en utilisant une stratégie à haut débit.

Développement d&#39;un système de virus de l&#39;hépatite B Reporter pour surveiller les premiers stades du cycle de réplication

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

The overall goal of this recombinant HBV reporter system is to make it easy to conduct mass screening for anti-Hepatitis B virus, or HBV agents. This method can help answer key questions in the HBV field, such as screening for anti-HBV agents and identification HBV factors. The main advantage of this technique is that the HBV reporter system can monitor the earlier stages of the HBV replication cycle.After preparing cell culture medium, the day before transvection, place four times 10 to the six HepG2 cells in medium, on a 10 cm collagen coated dish. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees C in a humidifed 5%CO2 incubator. Using a transvectionary agent according to the manufacturer's instructions, transvect the cells with 5 mcg of pUC1 2HBV delta epsilon, and 5 mcg of pUC1 2HBV/NL.The next day, remove the culture medium and add 10 mL of fresh culture medium. Then, one week after transvection, transfer the culture medium containing the recombinant HBV to a 50 mL tube. Next, add 10 mL of fresh culture medium to the plate containing transvected cells.Then collect and centrifuge the culture medium at 2, 300 x g for five minutes to remove the cell debris containing the recombinant HBV. Pass the supernatant through a 45 mcm membrane filter. Then add an equal volume of 25%PEG, 1.5 molar NaCl, to the filtrate, and gently mix.Incubate the sample overnight at four degrees C.The following day, spin the solution at 2, 300 x g and four degrees C, for 20 minutes. Discard the supernatant and dissolve the pellet in 5 mL of TNE buffer. Now centrifuge the sample again to remove cell debris, then load 5 mL of the TNE-containing recombinant HBV onto 8 mL of 20%sucrose in TNE.Centrifuge the two at 100, 000 x g and 15 degrees celsius for three hours. Discard as much of the supernatant as possible and use 1 mL of serum-free DMEM per 40 mL of starting culture to re-suspend the pellet. Incubate the suspension at four degrees celsius overnight.The following morning, filter the suspension through a 45 mcm filter. Then prepare 5 mL aliquots and store the tubes at minus 80 degrees celsius. Plate HepG2 cells, stably expressing sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, or NTCP, that are susceptible to HBV infection, and incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%CO2.One day before infection, plate approximately five times 10 to the fourth HepG2 NTCP cells into the wells of a 96-well collagen coated plate, in 1 mL of culture medium. Thaw recombinant HBV in a 37 degree celsius water bath, until there is a small bit of ice remaining in the vial. Prepare medium for infection by combining 78 mcL of fresh culture medium, 2 mcL of DMSO, 10 mcL of 40%PEG 8000, in 1x PBS, and 10 mcL of recombinant HPV.Add 100 mcL of recombinant HBV solution to each well of a 96-well plate. One day after infection, use 300 mcL of PBS to wash the cell three times to remove the contaminating reporter protein from the virus fraction. Add 200 mcL of culture medium, containing 2%DMSO, to the infected cells, and incubate for one week or less.To carry out analysis of the HBV infection, one week after infection, use PBS to wash the infected cells three times. Add 50 mcL of Lysis Buffer to the infected cells. Rock the culture plate for five minutes then centrifuge at 2, 000 x g for five minutes.Add 50 mcL of the reporter substrate to a Luminometer plate. Then add 20 mcL of the cell lysate to the plate and mix by briefly shaking. Finally, place the plate in the Luminometer and initiate reading.This gel shows digestion of the constructed pUC1 2HBVNL reporter plasmid, and the pUC1 2HBV delta helper plasmid with HindII and EcoRI. Both samples produce the expected band sizes. In this western blot, lysates from HepG2 cells, or HepG2 cells expressing recombinant myc-tagged NTCP and infected with recombinant HBV, were probed with an anti-myc antibody that recognizes the 34 kDa unglycosylated and the 65 kDa glycosolated recombinant proteins.The graphs shown here illustrate the kinetics of the reporter gene. RNA and DNA levels in recombinant HBV infected HepG2 NTCP myc-clone 22, or human primary hepatocyte cells. The levels of HBV RNA in the reporter activity were elevated at three days after infection, in both the infected cells and the primary hepatocytes.In contrast, there was no change in DNA levels at nine days post-infection, because recombinant HBV is deficient for functional core and pole, that play important roles in the intracellular DNA replication pathway. In this figure, inhibition of recombinant HBV by Hepatitis B Immune Globulin, or HBIG, Heparin, and IFN-beta, are illustrated. HBIG and Heparin strongly suppressed the reporter activity to less than 10%at 75 U/mL, and 150 U/mL, respectively.IFN-beta on the other hand, suppressed reporter activity to less than 50%at 1000 U/mL. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week for preparation of recombinant HBV, in six days for infection recombinant HBV, and in summary, means for measurement of the reporter protein, if it is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember the washing step that removes the contaminating reporter protein from the bias fraction.Following this procedure, other results like infection with wide HBV can be performed in order to answer additional question to that the recombinant HBV did not produce first positive results. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of HBV to explore the development of anti-HBV agent in a cell culture model. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to purify and infect cells with recombinant HBV.Don't forget that working with recombinant HBV can be extremely hazardous and precautions such as wearing gloves should always be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Développement d&#39;un marqueur sélectionnable négatif pour les Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissection hôte-virus interaction dans la réplication lytique d&#39;un virus de l&#39;herpès modèle

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral ...

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Un protocole pour l&#39;analyse de l&#39;hépatite C de réplication

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) affects 3% of the world&#8217;s population and causes serious liver ailments including&#160;chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ...

Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Souris foie fœtal Système de culture à disséquer les fonctions du gène cible dans les stades précoces et tardifs de l&#39;aérogare de l&#39;érythropoïèse

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Analyse in vitro de la réponse immunitaire cellulaire Myd88 médiation au virus du Nil occidental souche mutante Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus

Immunofluorescence de suivi de l&#39;absorption cellulaire de la lactoferrine humaine et de son activité associée antivirale contre le virus de l&#39;hépatite C

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or ...

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Un nouveau système exempt d’alimentation pour la Production de masse des cellules tueuses naturelles murins In Vitro

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor ...

Assembly and Purification of Prototype Foamy Virus Intasomes

L’Assemblée et la Purification du Prototype spumavirus Intasomes

A defining feature and necessary step of the retrovirus life cycle is the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. All retroviruses encode an ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

Extraction rapide, sûre et Simple acide nucléique chevet manuelle pour la détection des Virus dans des échantillons de sang total

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

« Foie-on-a-Chip » Cultures d’hépatocytes primaires et des cellules de Kupffer pour Infection de Virus de l’hépatite B

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally ...