Name: experimental protocol of a three-minute, all-out arm crank exercise test in spinal-cord injured and able-bodied individuals
Uploaded: 2017-06-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals at JoVE.com

We are grateful for the assistance from Martina Lienert and Fabienne Schaufelberger during exercise testing, as well as from P. D. Claudio Perret, PhD for his scientific advice.

The study was approved by the local ethical committee (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz, Basel, Switzerland), and written informed consent was obtained from the participants before starting the study.
1. Test Preparation and Participant Instruction
<ol>
	<li>Arm crank ergometer
	<ol>
		<li>Turn the power on the rotation speed-dependent arm crank ergometer before opening the software.</li>
		<li>Choose the test protocol for the 3 min, all-out ergometer test.
		<ol...

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Submaximal+arm+crank+ergometry:+Effects+of+crank+axis+positioning+on+mechanical+efficiency,+physiological+strain+and+perceived+discomfort.">Submaximal arm crank ergometry: Effects of crank axis positioning on mechanical efficiency, physiological strain and perceived discomfort.</a> J. Med. Eng. Technol. 33 (2), 151-157 (2009).</li><li>Bressel, E., Bressel, M., Marquez, M., Heise, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+handgrip+position+on+upper+extremity+neuromuscular+responses+to+arm+cranking+exercise.">The effect of handgrip position on upper extremity neuromuscular responses to arm cranking exercise.</a> J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 11 (4), 291-298 (2001).</li><li>West, C. R., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., Campbell, I. G., Romer, L. 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Exercise testing in spinal-cord injured athletes is crucial to tracking exercise performance over several months or years of training. Only a few exercise tests exist to check short-term, high-intensity exercise performance on the arm crank ergometer. This method describes in detail how an exercise test that was already examined for its reliability in cycling5 and rowing7 might be applied to the arm crank ergometer. To collect reliable and meaningful results, two factors ar...

There are several exercise tests that accurately determine the increase in exercise performance in elite athletes over the course of a training period1,2,3,4,5. One of these tests is the reliable 3-min all-out exercise test on a braked cycling ergometer3,4,5,6. This test was used to determine critical power, but it was also applied to exercise testing with athletes, as well as to research7,8,9. As this test was mainly used for lower-extremity performance, such as in rowing7 and cycling3,5, a similar testing protocol for upper-body exercise was needed. Sport disciplines that mainly use the upper body might be possible beneficiaries for such a new test protocol, in addition to athletes or individuals with an impairment of lower body muscles (e.g., an amputation or an impairment of limbs due to a spinal cord injury). Hence, a test protocol on the arm crank ergometer is a good tool to easily test upper-body exercise performance in a variety of athletes from different sport disciplines.
The existence of a very similar 30 s Wingate arm crank ergometer test10,11 helped with the development of a protocol for a 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test. Its duration is very similar to that of a 1,500 m wheelchair race. Therefore, this new test protocol of the 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test was tested for its test-retest reliability12. Overall, the reliability of this test protocol was excellent, so it could be a future testing tool in the field of upper-body exercise testing. Nevertheless, the use of this exercise test requires attention, especially when testing individuals with a spinal cord injury. Therefore, the aim of this experimental article is to demonstrate a detailed protocol that describes not only the test settings and analysis of the test results, but that also indicates the differences between testing able-bodied individuals and athletes with a spinal cord injury.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Angio V2 arm crank ergometer</td>
			<td>Lode BV, Groningen, NL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>arm crank ergometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lode Ergometry Manager Software</td>
			<td>Lode BV, Groningen, NL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ul end-to-end capillary</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0209-0100-005</td>
			<td>Capillaries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>haemolysis cup</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0209-0100-006</td>
			<td>hemolysis cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lactate analyzer</td>
			<td>Biosen C line, EKF-diagnostics GmbH</td>
			<td>5213-0051-6200</td>
			<td>lactate analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor, Polar 610i</td>
			<td>Polar, Kempele, Finland</td>
			<td>P610i</td>
			<td>heart rate monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metabolic cart, Oxygen Pro</td>
			<td>Jaeger GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>metabolic cart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygen mask, Hans Rudolph</td>
			<td>Hans Rudolph Inc. , USA</td>
			<td>113814</td>
			<td>oxygen mask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical software, PSAW Software</td>
			<td>SPSS Inc., Chicago USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>statistical software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>desinfectant, Soft-Zellin</td>
			<td>Hartmann GmbH, Austria</td>
			<td>999979</td>
			<td>desinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quality control cup, EasyCon Norm</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0201-005.012P6</td>
			<td>quality control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quality control cup 3mmol/L</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>5130-6152</td>
			<td>control cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chip sensor lactate analyzer</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>5206-3029</td>
			<td>chip sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactate system solution</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0201-0002-025</td>
			<td>lactate system solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lancet, Mediware Blutlanzetten</td>
			<td>medilab</td>
			<td>54041</td>
			<td>lancet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration gas,&#160;</td>
			<td>Jaeger GmbH</td>
			<td>36-MC G020</td>
			<td>calibration gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chair provided by distributor (ergoselect)</td>
			<td>ergoline GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>chair provided by distributor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental protocol of a three-minute, all-out arm crank exercise test in spinal-cord injured and able-bodied individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

The test-retest reliability was checked in 21 recreationally trained (but not specifically upper-body trained), non-smoking individuals (9 males, 12 females; age: 34 &#177; 11 years; body mass: 69.6 &#177; 11.1 kg; and height: 175.5 &#177; 6.9 cm). Table 1 shows the results for the relative and absolute test-retest reliabilities12. The peak power compared between the test and retest is presented in Figure 112</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals at JoVE.com

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

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