Name: an optimized hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay to quantify influenza-specific antibody titers
Uploaded: 2017-12-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers at JoVE.com

Protokollerne undersøgelse blev godkendt gennem den lokale etiske review board (www.EKNZ.ch) og skriftligt informeret samtykke blev opnået fra alle deltagerne.
1. serum samling
<ol><li>Indsamle serumprøver fra mennesker på tid interessepunkter. For denne undersøgelse indsamlet vi sera dage 0 (tidspunktet for vaccination mod influenza), + 7, + 30, + 60 og + 180 efter vaccination.</li>
	<li>For at opnå serummet, der centrifugeres prøveglassene på 1.200 x g i 10 min. ved stuetemperatur ...

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+and+control+of+seasonal+influenza+with+vaccines.+Recommendations+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Immunization+Practices--United+States,+2013-2014.">Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices--United States, 2013-2014.</a> MMWR Recomm Rep. 62, 1-43 (2013).</li><li>Dominguez-Cherit, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critically+Ill+patients+with+2009+influenza+A(H1N1)+in+Mexico.">Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico.</a> JAMA. 302 (17), 1880-1887 (2009).</li><li>Fox, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pandemic+influenza+(H1N1):+impact+on+lung+transplant+recipients+and+candidates.">Pandemic influenza (H1N1): impact on lung transplant recipients and candidates.</a> J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (9), 1034-1038 (2010).</li><li>Piercy, J., Miles, A., Krankheiten, S. B. f. G. S. V., Values, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Economic Impact of Influenza in Switzerland: Interpandemic Situation. , (2003).</li><li>Barclay, V. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+network+assortativity+of+influenza+vaccination+at+a+high+school:+implications+for+outbreak+risk+and+herd+immunity.">Positive network assortativity of influenza vaccination at a high school: implications for outbreak risk and herd immunity.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), 87042 (2014).</li><li>Baluch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+controlled+trial+of+high-dose+intradermal+versus+standard-dose+intramuscular+influenza+vaccine+in+organ+transplant+recipients.">Randomized controlled trial of high-dose intradermal versus standard-dose intramuscular influenza vaccine in organ transplant recipients.</a> Am J Transplant. 13 (4), 1026-1033 (2013).</li><li>Haralambieva, I. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Immunosenescence+on+Humoral+Immune+Response+Variation+after+Influenza+A/H1N1+Vaccination+in+Older+Subjects.">The Impact of Immunosenescence on Humoral Immune Response Variation after Influenza A/H1N1 Vaccination in Older Subjects.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), 0122282 (2015).</li><li>Egli, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vaccine+adjuvants--understanding+molecular+mechanisms+to+improve+vaccines.">Vaccine adjuvants--understanding molecular mechanisms to improve vaccines.</a> Swiss Med Wkly. 144, 13940 (2014).</li><li>O'Shea, D., Widmer, L. A., Stelling, J., Egli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+face+of+vaccination+in+immunocompromised+hosts.">Changing face of vaccination in immunocompromised hosts.</a> Curr Infect Dis Rep. 16 (9), 420 (2014).</li><li>Meulemans, G., Carlier, M. C., Gonze, M., Petit, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+hemagglutination-inhibition,+agar+gel+precipitin,+and+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+for+measuring+antibodies+against+influenza+viruses+in+chickens.">Comparison of hemagglutination-inhibition, agar gel precipitin, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibodies against influenza viruses in chickens.</a> Avian Dis. 31 (3), 560-563 (1987).</li><li>Martins, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+internal+controls+for+the+Luminex+instrument+as+part+of+a+multiplex+seven-analyte+viral+respiratory+antibody+profile.">Development of internal controls for the Luminex instrument as part of a multiplex seven-analyte viral respiratory antibody profile.</a> Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 9 (1), 41-45 (2002).</li><li>Webster, R., Cox, N., St&#246;hr, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=WHO+Animal+Influenza+Manual.">WHO Animal Influenza Manual.</a> WHO/CDS/CSR/NCS. 2002.5, 1-99 (2002).</li><li>Mittelholzer, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cell+lines+used+in+a+micro+neutralization+test+for+measuring+influenza-neutralizing+antibodies.">Human cell lines used in a micro neutralization test for measuring influenza-neutralizing antibodies.</a> Scand J Immunol. 63 (4), 257-263 (2006).</li><li>Hamilton, R. S., Gravell, M., Major, E. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+antibody+titers+determined+by+hemagglutination+inhibition+and+enzyme+immunoassay+for+JC+virus+and+BK+virus.">Comparison of antibody titers determined by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay for JC virus and BK virus.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 38 (1), 105-109 (2000).</li><li>Kumakura, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+hemagglutination+inhibition+assay+and+enzyme+immunoassay+for+determination+of+mumps+and+rubella+immune+status+in+health+care+personnel.">Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition assay and enzyme immunoassay for determination of mumps and rubella immune status in health care personnel.</a> J Clin Lab Anal. 27 (5), 418-421 (2013).</li><li>Ogundiji, O. T., Okonko, I. O., Adu, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+measles+hemagglutination+inhibiting+antibody+levels+among+school+children+in+Ibadan,+Nigeria.">Determination of measles hemagglutination inhibiting antibody levels among school children in Ibadan, Nigeria.</a> J Immunoassay Immunochem. 34 (2), 208-217 (2013).</li><li>Cwach, K. T., Sandbulte, H. R., Klonoski, J. M., Huber, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+murine+innate+serum+inhibitors+toward+interference+within+influenza+virus+immune+assay.">Contribution of murine innate serum inhibitors toward interference within influenza virus immune assay.</a> Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 6 (2), 127-135 (2012).</li><li>Lee, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+mimicry+by+antibody+F045-092+facilitates+universal+binding+to+the+H3+subtype+of+influenza+virus.">Receptor mimicry by antibody F045-092 facilitates universal binding to the H3 subtype of influenza virus.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 3614 (2014).</li><li>Blumel, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+prevalence+of+cross-reactive+antibodies+against+influenza+A(H3N2)+variant+virus,+Germany,+2003+to+2010.">Age-related prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza A(H3N2) variant virus, Germany, 2003 to 2010.</a> Euro Surveill. 20 (32), 16-24 (2015).</li><li>Reber, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonal+Influenza+Vaccination+of+Children+Induces+Humoral+and+Cell-Mediated+Immunity+Beyond+the+Current+Season:+Cross-reactivity+with+Past+and+Future+Strains.">Seasonal Influenza Vaccination of Children Induces Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Beyond the Current Season: Cross-reactivity with Past and Future Strains.</a> J Infect Dis. , (2016).</li></ol>

Kvantificering af før og efter vaccination influenza virus specifikt antistof titers er et vigtigt værktøj nødvendigt for vaccine undersøgelser. Baseret på erstatningsmålinger beskyttelse mod virusinfektion, såsom seroprotection (> 1:40) eller serokonversion (4-fold titer stigning), vaccination strategier kan være optimeret9. Brug de medfølgende protokoller kan bestemme: (i) hemagglutination potentialet af et bestemt virus, og (ii) antistof titers for en virus af interesse.
<p class=...

Infektion med influenza-virus er forbundet med betydelig morbiditet, mortalitet og høj sundhedspleje omkostninger1,2,3,4. Især er ældre, nyfødte, gravide kvinder og patienter med kronisk sygdom i risiko for mere alvorlige kliniske resultater. Vaccination mod influenza virusstammer i omløb er derfor den primære mål at mindske sygdomsbyrden i disse høj-risiko populationer. Stigningen i de enkelte immunrespons efter vaccination, fx, influenza-specifikke antistoffer beskyttende tærskel reducerer enkelte risikoen for infektion og i almindelighed sandsynligheden for viral transmission inden for en befolkning 5. en detaljeret forståelse af vaccine-induceret humorale immunresponset i forskellige befolkninger og på tværs af forskellige aldersgrupper er et nøgleelement til at besvare vigtige kliniske spørgsmål6,7,8 , 9, såsom: Hvorfor har nogle ældre patienter infektioner trods tidligere vaccination? Hvad er en "god" og "tilstrækkelige" vaccine-induceret beskyttelse? Hvor ofte bør en vaccine anvendes til en immunosuppressed patient at nå beskyttende titers? Hvad er den mest effektive dosis? Hvad er virkningen af en roman adjuvans på efter vaccination antistof titers? Måling af vaccine-specifikke antistof produktion kan hjælpe med svar på disse vigtige spørgsmål og forbedre vaccination resultater.
Kvantificering af virus-specifikke antistof titers kan udføres med forskellige immunologiske metoder. Dette omfatter solid-fase10 eller perle-baserede ELISA11 assays, HI assay12og neutraliserende assays13. ELISA-baserede metoder tillade screening af relativt store mængder af serumprøver mod forskellige antigener. Også, patogen-specifikke immunglobulin (Ig) M og IgG kan være særskilt udforsket. Selvom Karakteristik af et antigen, f.eks., den lineære aminosyresekvens eller viruslignende partikel kan påvirke bindingen af antistoffer, spektrum af potentielle epitoper er meget bred og indeholder ikke oplysninger om, hvorvidt et antistof svar har funktionelle relevans.
Derimod neutralisering assay bestemmer potentiale af antistoffer til funktionelt hæmme infektion af celler og derfor afspejler den potentielle neutralisering. Men denne metode er meget arbejdskraftintensive, kræver dyrkning af specifikke cellelinjer og levende vira, og derfor, det er tidskrævende, dyrt og kræver særligt udstyr.
I denne artikel beskrives en trinvis Verdenssundhedsorganisationen WHO-baserede HI protokol12 til at kvantificere influenza-specifikke antistof titers. Hemagglutination er en karakteristisk effekt af nogle vira fører til agglutination af erytrocytter. Hæmning af denne effekt med patient sera tillader måling af hæmmende antistof, som afspejler en neutraliserende virkning.
Vi har ændret arbejdsgangen i WHO-protokol til at tillade en mere effektiv håndtering af flere prøver på samme tid og derved reducere den nødvendige tid. Den første protokol beskriver bestemmelse af agglutination potentialet i en særlig influenza-antigen. Herved kan bestemmes korrekt influenza-antigen koncentration for anden protokol. Denne del bør gentages med hver ny viralt antigen, som hver batch af blod.
Den anden protokol beskriver bestemmelse af influenza-specifikke antistof titers. De præsenterede protokoller er optimeret til undersøgelse af influenzavirus og humant serumprøver dog, det kan også anvendes til musen serumprøver eller cellekultur analysere fra stimuleret immun celler, fxvirus-specifikke B-celler. Resultater kan bestemmes som absolutte målte titers. I mange undersøgelser, vaccine, er de geometriske middelværdi titers og 95% konfidensinterval vist for hver særlig befolkning. For fortolkningen, seroprotection eller serokonversion bruges ofte til at beskrive modtagelighed for en befolkning til en visse virus. Seroprotection er defineret som en titer på ≥1:40 og serokonversion som en mere end 4-fold titer øge med opfyldelsen af seroprotective titers mellem to tidspunkter (mest almindeligt før vaccination og 30 dage efter vaccinationen bruges).
Begge protokoller er nemme at bruge og de kan tilpasses en bred vifte af forskningsspørgsmål. Navnlig, de kan bruges til at bestemme hurtigt og pålideligt antistof titers mod forskellige andre vira med kapacitet til hemagglutination, som mæslinger, polyomaviruses, fåresyge og røde hunde14,15,16 .

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:716pt" width="955">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:263pt" width="351" />
		<col style="width:100pt" width="133" />
		<col style="width:85pt" width="113" />
		<col style="width:269pt" width="358" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl67" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">25 ml Disposable Multichannel Pipette Reservoirs</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:100pt" width="133">Integra</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">4312</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:269pt" width="358"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">8-well PCR tubes</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Brand GMBH</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">781332</td>
			<td class="xl66">For serum aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">96-well microtiter plate, U-shaped</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">TPP</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">92097</td>
			<td class="xl66">For HI assay when using mammalian RBCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">96-well microtiter plate, V-shaped</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Corning Costar</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">3897</td>
			<td class="xl66">For HI assay when using avian RBCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Aqua ad iniect. Steril</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Bichsel AG</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">1000004</td>
			<td class="xl66">For preparing influenza antigen and cholera filtrate solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Chicken RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC8800</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of chicken red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Cholera filtrate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">C8772</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as receptor destroying enzyme (RDE)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">D8537</td>
			<td class="xl66">For diluting the serum samples, RBCs and antigens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Eppendorf Multichannel pipette, 12-channel, 10-100 &#181;l</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">Z683949</td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Eppendorf Multichannel pipette, 8-channel, 10-100 &#181;l</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">Z683930</td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Guinea Pig RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC1800</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of guinea pig red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/California/7/09 HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/134&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/Switzerland/9715293/2013-like HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/272</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-A/Texas/50/2012-Like HA Serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/178</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-B/Brisbane/60/2008-HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/254&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza Anti-B/Massachusetts/02/2012 HA serum&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/182</td>
			<td class="xl66">Used as positive control at the HI assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/California/7/09 (H1N1)(NYMC-X181)&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">12/168</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/California/7/09 (H1N1)(NYMC-X181)&#160; virus (ca. 46&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (NIB88)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">14/254</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (NIB88) virus (ca. 55&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Influenza antigen A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)(NYMCX-223)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/112</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)(NYMCX-223) virus (ca. 74&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza antigen B/Brisbane/60/2008</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/234</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus (ca. 42&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Influenza antigen B/Massachusetts/02/2012</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">NIBSC</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">13/134</td>
			<td class="xl66">Inactivated, partially purified B/Massachusetts/02/2012 virus (ca. 35&#181;gHA/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Serum-Tubes</td>
			<td class="xl75" style="width:100pt" width="133">S-Monovette, Sardstedt</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">01.1601.100</td>
			<td class="xl66">For serum extraction with clotting activator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="width:263pt;height:31.5pt" width="351">Single Donor Human RBC, Type 0</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Innovative Research</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">IPLA-WB3&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl66">Suspension of single donor human red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution (ca. 26%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Turkey RBC (10%)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Cedarlane</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113">CLC1180</td>
			<td class="xl66">10% suspension of turkey red blood cells in Alsever&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="width:263pt;height:15.75pt" width="351">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:100pt" width="133">Gibco</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:85pt" width="113"></td>
			<td class="xl66"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optimized hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay to quantify influenza-specific antibody titers

Antistof titers er almindeligt anvendt som surrogat markører for serologisk beskyttelse mod influenza og andre patogener. Detaljeret kendskab til antistof produktion før og efter vaccination er nødvendig at forstå vaccine-induceret immunitet. I denne artikel beskrives en pålidelig punkt for punkt protokol for at bestemme influenza-specifikke antistof titers. Den første protokol beskriver en metode til at angive de antigen beløb kræves til hemagglutination, som standardiserer koncentrationer til efterfølgende brug i den anden protokol (hemagglutination assay, HA assay). Den anden protokol beskriver kvantificering af influenza-specifikke antistof titers mod forskellige viral stammer ved hjælp af en seriel fortynding af human serum eller celle kultur-analysere (hemagglutination hæmning assay, HI assay).
Anvendes eksempelvis viser vi antistofrespons af en sund kohorte, der modtog en trivalent inaktiverede influenzavaccine. Derudover krydsreaktivitet mellem de forskellige influenzavira er vist og metoder til at minimere krydsreaktivitet ved hjælp af forskellige typer af dyr røde blodlegemer (RBC) er forklaret. Diskussionen fremhæver fordele og ulemper ved de præsenteres assays og hvordan bestemmelse af influenza-specifikke antistof titers kan forbedre forståelsen af vaccine-relaterede immunitet.

Før og efter vaccination induceret antistofrespons mod Influenza A H3N2 Vaccine-induceret antistofrespons blev vurderet i 26 raske frivillige, der har modtaget en inaktiveret trivalent subunit influenzavaccine, der indeholder Influenza A/H1N1/Californien/2009, A/H3N2/Texas/2012 og B/Massachusetts/02/2012 inden 2014 / 2015 influenzasæsonen. Figur 6 viser et repræsentativt eksempel på 2 vaccine modtagere. Interessant, under dette særlig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers at JoVE.com

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition HI Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

Protokollerne præsenteres beskriver, hvordan du udfører en hemagglutination hæmning assay for at kvantificere influenza-specifikke antistof titers fra serumprøver influenza vaccine modtagere. Den første analyse bestemmer optimal virusantigen koncentrationer af hemagglutination. Den anden assay kvantificerer influenza-specifikke antistof titers af hemagglutination hæmning.

En optimeret Hemagglutination hæmning (HI) analyse til kvantificering af Influenza-specifikke antistof Titers

Antibody titers are commonly used as surrogate markers for serological protection against influenza and other pathogens. Detailed knowledge of antibody ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder, which produces profound deficits in volitional motor control. Following medical stabilization, ...

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

En<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Assay til Test Blood Vessel Permeabilitet

This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Brug af kvantitativ real-time PCR til Bestem donorcelle indpodning i en konkurrencepræget murin knoglemarvstransplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

En følsom metode til at kvantificere ældede kræftceller

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

En højt gennemløb, Multipleksede og målrettet proteomiske CSF Assay at kvantificere neurodegenerative Biomarkører og apolipoprotein E Isoformer status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody mAb by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

Bestemmelse af den Relative potens af en Anti-TNF monoklonale antistof (mAb) af Neutralizing TNF ved hjælp af en In Vitro bioanalytisk metode

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

En optimeret Evans blå protokollen at vurdere vaskulær lækage i musen

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

Optimeret Griess reaktion for UV-Vis og nøgen-øje bestemmelse af anti-malaria Primaquine

Primaquine (PMQ), an important anti-malarial drug, has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of life-threatening ...

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Fartøjsbesparende mikrokirurgisk langsgående intussusception vasoepididymostomi til behandling af epididymal obstruktiv azoospermi

The epididymis is a common site of obstruction in obstructive azoospermia (OA). Vasoepididymostomy has become an important method for the treatment of ...

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

En simpel pitanalyseprotokol til visualisering og kvantificering af osteoklastisk resorption in vitro

Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that can degrade bone through the secretion of acids and enzymes. They play a crucial role in various diseases ...