Name: dna polymerase activity assay using near-infrared fluorescent labeled dna visualized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis
Uploaded: 2017-10-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了科学进步研究公司 (科特雷尔学院学者奖 #22548) 和三生物技术 (ResearchReward 赠款 #G139) 的支持。

1. 活动分析 注意: 有两种典型的化验方法, 通常用这里描述的方式来描述 DNA 聚合。它们的不同之处在于它们是否定性地描述了整个合成 (包括 DNA 合成的许多步骤), 或者它们是否定量地关注于个体的步骤。我们为下面的每一项都描述了必要的步骤. 
注: 由于材料的装配比较复杂, 对时间敏感的实验, 我们建议所有材料都预先组装好。下面列出了该化验的所有重要成分的食谱?...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+evolution+of+DNA+polymerases+for+next-generation+sequencing.">Directed evolution of DNA polymerases for next-generation sequencing.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 49 (34), 5921-5924 (2010).</li><li>Xia, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+evolution+of+novel+polymerase+activities:+mutation+of+a+DNA+polymerase+into+an+efficient+RNA+polymerase.">Directed evolution of novel polymerase activities: mutation of a DNA polymerase into an efficient RNA polymerase.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 (10), 6597-6602 (2002).</li><li>Chen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+thermophilic+DNA+polymerases+for+the+recognition+and+amplification+of+C2'-modified+DNA.">Evolution of thermophilic DNA polymerases for the recognition and amplification of C2'-modified DNA.</a> Nat Chem. 8 (6), 556-562 (2016).</li><li>Thirunavukarasu, D., Chen, T., Liu, Z., Hongdilokkul, N., Romesberg, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+2'-Fluoro-Modified+Aptamers+with+Optimized+Properties.">Selection of 2'-Fluoro-Modified Aptamers with Optimized Properties.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 139 (8), 2892-2895 (2017).</li><li>Taylor, A. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalysts+from+synthetic+genetic+polymers.">Catalysts from synthetic genetic polymers.</a> Nature. 518 (7539), 427-430 (2015).</li><li>Alves Ferreira-Bravo, I., Cozens, C., Holliger, P., DeStefano, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleotide+(FANA)+aptamers+that+bind+HIV-1+reverse+transcriptase+with+picomolar+affinity.">Selection of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleotide (FANA) aptamers that bind HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with picomolar affinity.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (20), 9587-9599 (2015).</li><li>Schultz, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taq+DNA+Polymerase+Mutants+and+2'-Modified+Sugar+Recognition.">Taq DNA Polymerase Mutants and 2'-Modified Sugar Recognition.</a> Biochemistry. 54 (38), 5999-6008 (2015).</li><li>Rosenblum, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+discovery+of+new+combinations+of+mutant+DNA+polymerases+and+modified+DNA+substrates.">Design and discovery of new combinations of mutant DNA polymerases and modified DNA substrates.</a> Chembiochem. 18 (8), 816-823 (2017).</li><li>Creighton, S., Goodman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel+kinetic+analysis+of+DNA+polymerase+fidelity+in+the+presence+of+proofreading+using+bacteriophage+T4+DNA+polymerase.">Gel kinetic analysis of DNA polymerase fidelity in the presence of proofreading using bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.</a> J Biol Chem. 270 (9), 4759-4774 (1995).</li><li>Joyce, C. M., Benkovic, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+polymerase+fidelity:+kinetics,+structure,+and+checkpoints.">DNA polymerase fidelity: kinetics, structure, and checkpoints.</a> Biochemistry. 43 (45), 14317-14324 (2004).</li><li>Leconte, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery,+characterization,+and+optimization+of+an+unnatural+base+pair+for+expansion+of+the+genetic+alphabet.">Discovery, characterization, and optimization of an unnatural base pair for expansion of the genetic alphabet.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 130 (7), 2336-2343 (2008).</li><li>Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., Coulson, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+sequencing+with+chain-terminating+inhibitors.">DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 74 (12), 5463-5467 (1977).</li><li>Karger, B. L., Guttman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+Sequencing+by+Capillary+Electrophoresis.">DNA Sequencing by Capillary Electrophoresis.</a> Electrophoresis. 30 (Suppl 1), S196-S202 (2009).</li><li>Lawyer, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-level+expression,+purification,+and+enzymatic+characterization+of+full-length+Thermus+aquaticus+DNA+polymerase+and+a+truncated+form+deficient+in+5'+to+3'+exonuclease+activity.">High-level expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of full-length Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and a truncated form deficient in 5' to 3' exonuclease activity.</a> PCR Methods Appl. 2 (4), 275-287 (1993).</li><li>Lawyer, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+characterization,+and+expression+in+Escherichia+coli+of+the+DNA+polymerase+gene+from+Thermus+aquaticus.">Isolation, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of the DNA polymerase gene from Thermus aquaticus.</a> J Biol Chem. 264 (11), 6427-6437 (1989).</li><li>Carroll, S. S., Cowart, M., Benkovic, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mutant+of+DNA+polymerase+I+(Klenow+fragment)+with+reduced+fidelity.">A mutant of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) with reduced fidelity.</a> Biochemistry. 30 (3), 804-813 (1991).</li><li>Shendure, J., Ji, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+DNA+sequencing.">Next-generation DNA sequencing.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 26 (10), 1135-1145 (2008).</li><li>Larsen, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+strategy+for+expanding+polymerase+function+by+droplet+microfluidics.">A general strategy for expanding polymerase function by droplet microfluidics.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11235 (2016).</li><li>Cozens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+Synthesis+of+Nucleic+Acids+with+Defined+Regioisomeric+2'-5'+Linkages.">Enzymatic Synthesis of Nucleic Acids with Defined Regioisomeric 2'-5' Linkages.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 54 (51), 15570-15573 (2015).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们描述了一种测定 dna 聚合酶介导的 M dna 的合成。利用近红外标记的 DNA 引物, 利用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳解决不同大小的寡核苷酸, 可以获得核苷酸的单核苷酸分辨力, 从而实现对合成的精确测量。这些方法可以用来测量酶的整体活性 (2.1 节) 或测量单个步骤的蔑氏参数 (注意以下步骤 2.1)。我们的实验室最近使用这些来表征以前进化的酶9以及合理设计的酶<sup class="xr...

dna 聚合进行准确和有效的 dna 合成, 是维持基因组完整性的关键。在不出错的情况下, 每秒合成数百个核苷酸的能力也使 DNA 聚合了分子生物学和生物技术的基本工具。然而, 这些属性也限制了 M DNA 基板的应用;一般而言, 天然 dna 聚合不能合成许多潜在的有价值的 M dna 基质, 可能是由于对使用非标准基质的高选择性压力在体内。许多小组开发了有针对性的进化方法来产生突变的 dna 聚合能够进行 M dna 合成1a,2,3,4,5;这些努力扩大了 DNA 的生物技术效用6,7,8。
为了评估突变 dna 聚合合成 M dna 的能力, 我们9,10, 其他11,12,13通常使用体外测量 dna聚合酶活性, 这是在这篇手稿中描述。在这些实验中, DNA 聚合是 co-incubated 与标记的底漆/模板复式和核苷三磷酸基板;用凝胶电泳法对产品进行评价。根据具体的实验问题, 突变的 DNA 聚合, 改良引物, 改良的模板, 或改性的核苷 triphosphates 可以使用, 使突变酶活性的系统生化评价。
从历史上看, 这些化验都依赖于5的放射性标签来跟踪 DNA 合成;最常见的是, 使用了32p 和33p。通常, 使用 T4 核苷酸激酶11实现标记。然而, 由于放射性标签的寿命有限, 成本相对较高, 安全处置, 我们组改用合成5的近红外荧光标记 DNA。使用相对低成本的近红外凝胶成像仪, 我们观察到了使用放射性标签 (未发表的结果) 之前研究的类似检测限制。我们已经成功地重现了过去的观测值9, 我们没有观察到与以前测量的速率常数 (未发布的结果) 有任何大的定量差异。
为了分析 dna 的大小, 因此, 我们依靠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法, 在毛细管电泳15问世之前为桑格测序14 。分离或移动的距离可以用作分子量的测量;大格式, 垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶可以实现单核苷酸的分辨率, 使定量观察的 DNA 寡核苷酸的长度不等。
总的来说, 这些实验是一种用于聚合酶表征的健壮方法。由于反应的时间敏感性, 准备和护理是必要的, 以达到重现的结果。此外, 虽然丙烯酰胺凝胶是一种非常有效的方法来测量 dna 合成, 以及许多其他的 dna 修饰反应, 单核苷酸分辨率, 它可以在技术上具有挑战性。这里的协议有望使用户能够执行这些实验, 同时避免最常见的错误。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetylated BSA</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>PR-R3961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (i.e. DTT)</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>D11000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (i.e. EDTA) (0.5M solution)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>03690-100mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC42374-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orange G</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>O3756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-701-6973</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTPs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FERR0191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-dNTPs (riboNTPs)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>45-001-341 (343, 345, 347)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-dNTPs (all other modified NTPs)</td>
			<td>TriLink Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>assorted</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>primer 1</td>
			<td>IDT DNA / TriLink Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>Custom Syntheses</td>
			<td>We use the IR700 dye which can be purchased as a custom synthesis. We typically purchase the oligonucleotides HPLC purified. Sequence is 5&#8217;-dTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>template 1</td>
			<td>IDT DNA / TriLink Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>Custom Syntheses</td>
			<td>We typically purchase the oligonucleotides HPLC purified. Sequence is 5&#8217;-dCGCTAGGACGGCATTGGATCAGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylamide</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>A11405</td>
			<td>38.67% acrylamide and 1.33% bis-acrylamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris/Borate/EDTA (TBE) solid</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>T22020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea ultrapure</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>U20200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel tape</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>GT-72-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large white spring clamp polypropylene</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>GPC-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP179</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP15020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.75 mm spacers</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>SGS-20-0740A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>33x42 Notched Glass Plate Set</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>SGP33-040A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wedge plate separator</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>WPS-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Comb for gel electrophoresis</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>SG33-0734</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel electrophoresis rig</td>
			<td>CBS Scientific</td>
			<td>SG-400-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrapure water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we use a Milli-Q system from Millipore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA polymerases</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we prepare these in our laboratory using published protocols.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna polymerase activity assay using near-infrared fluorescent labeled dna visualized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis

对于任何酶, 都需要有健壮的、定量的方法来表征本地和工程酶。对于 dna 聚合, dna 合成可以用一种体外dna 合成方法进行表征, 然后采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。该方法的目的是量化合成的天然 dna 和修饰 dna (M-dna)。这些方法是特别有用的解决单核苷酸分解寡核苷酸, 使观察的个别步骤在酶寡核苷酸合成。这些方法已被用于评价的一系列生物化学和生物物理特性, 如测量的稳态速率常数的个别步骤的 dna 合成, 错误率的 dna 合成, 和 dna 结合的亲和力。通过修改后的核苷 triphosphates (NTP)、m-dna 和/或突变的 dna 聚合, 可以有效地评价基质 dna 聚合酶对的相对效用。在这里, 我们详细的分析本身, 包括必须作出的改变, 以适应非传统的底漆 dna 标记策略, 如近红外线荧光标记 dna。此外, 我们有详细的关键技术步骤, 丙烯酰胺凝胶浇注和运行, 这往往是技术上的挑战。

一个成功的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分析的总体活动的定性描述 (在2.1 节,图 1) 和稳态动力学 (说明在说明中的 2.1,图 2) 显示。还显示了不成功的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分析 (图 3)。
请注意, 没有商业可用的梯子或分子标记使用。有时, 我们将使用已知的聚合酶-基质结合物来创...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法可视化近红外荧光标记 dna 聚合酶活性

本议定书描述了 dna 聚合酶合成的修饰 dna 通过观察的变化近红外荧光标记 dna 使用凝胶电泳和凝胶显像。丙烯酰胺凝胶用于高分辨率成像分离的短核酸, 这是根据大小不同的速率迁移。

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Slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) is the most common method for the separation of DNA fragments; thus, it is broadly applied to the field of biology and ...

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Analysis of AtHIRD11 Intrinsic Disorder and Binding Towards Metal Ions by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis

毛细管电泳与亲和毛细管电泳对金属离子 AtHIRD11 固有紊乱与结合的分析

Plants are strongly dependent on their environment. In order to adjust to stressful changes (e.g., drought and high salinity), higher plants evolve ...

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

单核苷酸延长和 MALDI 质谱分析校对及 DNA 修复方法

The maintenance of the genome and its faithful replication is paramount for conserving genetic information. To assess high fidelity replication, we have ...

Analysis of Thylakoid Membrane Protein Complexes by Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis

蓝色本机凝胶电泳法分析囊体膜蛋白配合物

Photosynthetic electron transfer chain (ETC) converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Four large protein complexes embedded ...

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

荧光显微镜竞争滴定法测定转录机-dna 结合感的高灵敏度

Accurate quantification of transcription factor (TF)-DNA interactions is essential for understanding the regulation of gene expression. Since existing ...

Use of Recombinant Fusion Proteins in a Fluorescent Protease Assay Platform and Their In-gel Renaturation

重组融合蛋白在荧光蛋白酶检测平台中的应用及其凝胶内再生

Proteases are intensively studied enzymes due to their essential roles in several biological pathways of living organisms and in pathogenesis; therefore, ...

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes

用噻唑橙代替溴代或替代染料进行 DNA 电泳

DNA gel electrophoresis using agarose is a common tool in molecular biology laboratories, allowing separation of DNA fragments by size. After separation, ...