Name: workflow based on the combination of isotopic tracer experiments to investigate microbial metabolism of multiple nutrient sources
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We thank Jean-Roch Mouret, Sylvie Dequin and Jean-Marie Sabalyrolles for contributing to the conception of the robotic-assisted fermentation system and Martine Pradal, Nicolas Bouvier and Pascale Brial for their technical support. Funding for this project was provided by the Minist&#232;re de l&#39;Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie.

1. Fermentation and Sampling
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of media and fermenters 
	NOTE: All the fermentations are carried out in parallel, using the same strain and in the same chemically defined synthetic medium (SM, composition provided in Table 1), which includes a mixture of ammonium and amino acids as nitrogen sources15. For each fermentation, a single nitrogen compound is provided exclusively in a uniformly labeled 13C or 15N form (10...

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Quantifying the partitioning of compounds through metabolic networks using isotopic tracer experiments is a promising approach for understanding the operation of microbial metabolism. This methodology, while successfully applied with one or two labeled substrates, cannot currently be implemented to study metabolism of various sources using multiple labeled elemental isotopes (i.e., more than two substrates). Indeed, the available analytical techniques enable the accurate determination of the labeling patterns of...

Understanding how microbial metabolism operates is a key issue for the design of efficient strategies to improve fermentation processes and modulate the production of fermentative compounds. Advances in genomics and functional genomics in these last two decades largely contributed to extending knowledge of the topology of metabolic networks in many microorganisms. Access to this information led to the development of approaches that aim for a comprehensive overview of cellular function1. These methodologies often rely on a model-based interpretation of measurable parameters. These experimental data include, on one hand, metabolite uptake and production rates and, on the other hand, quantitative intracellular information that is obtained from isotope tracer experiments. These data provide essential information for the deduction of the in vivo activity of different pathways in a defined metabolic network2,3,4. Currently, the available analytical techniques only enable the accurate detection of labeling patterns of molecules when using a single-element isotope and possibly when co-labeling with two isotopic elements. Moreover, under most growth conditions, the carbon source only consists of one or two-compounds. Consequently, approaches based on 13C-isotopic tracers from carbon substrates were widely and successfully applied to develop a complete understanding of carbon metabolic network operations5,6,7,8.
In contrast, in many natural and industrial environments, the available nitrogen resource that supports microbial growth is often composed of a wide range of molecules. For example, during wine or beer fermentation, nitrogen is provided as a mixture of 18 amino acids and ammonium at variable concentrations9. This array of N compounds that are accessible for anabolism makes these complex media conditions greatly different from those commonly used for physiological studies, as the latter are achieved using a unique source of nitrogen, typically ammonium.
Overall, internalized nitrogen compounds may be directly incorporated into proteins or catabolized. The network structure of nitrogen metabolism in many microorganisms, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is very complex in accordance with the diversity of substrates. Schematically, this system is based on the combination of the central core of nitrogen metabolism which catalyzes the interconversion of glutamine, glutamate, and &#945;-ketoglutarate10,11, with transaminases and deaminases. Through this network, amine groups from ammonium or other amino acids are gathered and &#945;-keto acids released. These intermediates are also synthetized through central carbon metabolism (CCM)12,13. This large number of branched reactions and intermediates, involved in both the catabolism of exogenous nitrogen sources and the anabolism of proteinogenic amino acids, fulfills the anabolic requirements of the cells. The activity through these different interconnected routes also results in the excretion of metabolites. In particular, &#945;-keto acids may be redirected through the Ehrlich pathway to produce higher alcohols and their acetate ester derivatives14, which are essential contributors to the sensory profiles of products. Subsequently, how nitrogen metabolism operates plays a key role in biomass production and the formation of volatile molecules (aroma).
The reactions, enzymes, and genes involved in nitrogen metabolism are extensively described in the literature. However, the issue of the distribution of multiple nitrogen sources throughout a metabolic network has not yet been addressed. There are two main reasons that explain this lack of information. First, in view of the important complexity of the nitrogen metabolism network, a large amount of quantitative data is required for a complete understanding of its operation that was unavailable until now. Second, many experimental constraints and limitations of analytical methods prevented the implementation of approaches that were previously used for the elucidation of CCM function.
To overcome these problems, we chose to develop a system-level approach that is based on the reconciliation of data from a series of isotopic tracer experiments. The workflow includes: 
- A set of fermentations carried out under the same environmental conditions, while a different selected nutrient source (substrate) is labeled each time. 
- A combination of analytical procedures (HPLC, GC-MS) for an accurate determination, at different stages of the fermentation, of the residual concentration of labeled substrate and the concentration and the isotopic enrichment of compounds that are derived from the catabolism of the labeled molecule, including derived biomass. 
- A calculation of the mass and isotopic balance for each consumed labeled molecule and a further integrated analysis of the dataset to obtain a global overview of the management of multiple nutrient sources by microorganisms through the determination of flux ratios.
To apply this methodology, attention must be paid to the reproducible behavior of the strain/microorganism between cultures. Furthermore, samples from different cultures must be taken during the same well-defined fermentation progress. In the experimental work reported in this manuscript, a robot-assisted system is used for online monitoring of fermentations to account for these constraints.
Furthermore, it is essential to choose a set of labeled substrates (compound, nature, and position of the labeling) that is appropriate to address the scientific problem of the study. Here, 15N-labeled ammonium, glutamine, and arginine were selected as the three major nitrogen sources found in grape juice. This allowed assessing the pattern of nitrogen redistribution from consumed compounds to the proteinogenic amino acids. We also aimed to investigate the fate of the carbon backbone of the consumed amino acids and their contribution to the production of volatile molecules. To meet this objective, uniformly 13C-labeled leucine, isoleucine, threonine, and valine were included in the study as amino acids that are derived from major intermediates of the Ehrlich pathway.
Overall, we quantitatively explored how yeast manages a complex nitrogen resource by redistributing exogenous nitrogen sources to fulfill its anabolic requirements throughout fermentation while additionally removing the excess of carbon precursors as volatile molecules. The experimental procedure reported in this paper can be applied to investigate other multiple nutrient sources used by any other microorganism. It appears to be an appropriate approach for the analysis of the impact of genetic background or environmental conditions on the metabolic behavior of microorganisms.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>141341.0416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Fructose</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>142728.0416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-Malic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M0875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>71690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese sulfate monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z4750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium iodine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4286</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B7660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium heptamolybdate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myo-inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>21210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine, hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N4126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ergost&#233;rol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td>101074F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>236489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Aspartic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Alanine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Arginine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G3126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Histidine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H8000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Isoleucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L8000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Methionine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Phenylalanine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Proline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Serine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Threonine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Tryptophane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Tyrosine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Valine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>V0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13C5-L-Valine</td>
			<td>Eurisotop</td>
			<td>CLM-2249-H-0.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13C6-L-Leucine</td>
			<td>Eurisotop</td>
			<td>CLM-2262-H-0.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15N-Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Eurisotop</td>
			<td>NLM-467-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ALPHA-15N-L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Eurisotop</td>
			<td>NLM-1016-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-15N4-L-Arginine</td>
			<td>Eurisotop</td>
			<td>NLM-396-PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl propanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>112305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>246085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl butanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E15701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>306886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>8.08541.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl hexanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>148962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl octanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W244910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl decanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W243205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl dodecanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W244112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl lactate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W244015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl succinate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W237701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylpropyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W217514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylbutyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W364401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-methyl butyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>287725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-phenylethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>290580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylpropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>294829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylbutanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>133051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-methylbutanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>309435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>128570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-phenylethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>77861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>94425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>19215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylpropanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>58360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylbutanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>193070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-methylbutanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W310212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>153745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W279900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W236403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dodecanoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fermentor 1L</td>
			<td>Legallais</td>
			<td>AT1357</td>
			<td>Fermenter handmade for fermentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable vacuum filtration system</td>
			<td>Dominique Deutscher</td>
			<td>029311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fermenters (250 ml)</td>
			<td>Legallais</td>
			<td>AT1352</td>
			<td>Fermenter handmade for fermentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62.554.502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fermentation locks</td>
			<td>Legallais</td>
			<td>AT1356</td>
			<td>Fermetation locks handmade for fermentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BactoYeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BactoPeptone</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator shaker</td>
			<td>Infors HT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Particle Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>6605697</td>
			<td>Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Jouan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GR412</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate Butler Robotic system</td>
			<td>Lab Services BV</td>
			<td>PF0X-MA</td>
			<td>Automatic instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate Butler Software</td>
			<td>Lab Services BV</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Robot monitor software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RobView</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>In-house developed calculation software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>My SQL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>International source database</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cimarec i Telesystem Multipoint Stirrers</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50088009</td>
			<td>String Drive 60</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BenchBlotter platform rocker</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>60903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia enzymatic kit</td>
			<td>R-Biopharm AG</td>
			<td>5390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer cuvettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>634-0678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer UviLine 9400</td>
			<td>Secomam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amino acids standards physiological - acidics and neutrals</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amino acids standards physiological - basics</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citrate lithium buffers - Ultra ninhydrin reagent</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>BC80-6000-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfosalycilic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norleucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N1398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biochrom 30 AAA</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZChrom Elite</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Instrument control and Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultropac 8 resin Lithium</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>BC80-6002-47</td>
			<td>Lithium High Resolution Physiological Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Millex GV</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGVX13NL</td>
			<td>Millex GV 13mm (pore size 0.22 &#181;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Membrane filter PALL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>514-4157</td>
			<td>Supor-450 47mm 0.45&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump Millivac Mini</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>XF5423050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium smooth weigh dish 70mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>611-1380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision balance</td>
			<td>Mettler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Specifications AE163</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxid dried</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1029310161</td>
			<td>(max. 0.025% H2O) SeccoSolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Combustion oven</td>
			<td>Legallais</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP40840A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>94318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid Fuming 37% Emsure</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1003171000</td>
			<td>Grade ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium acetate buffer</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>80-2038-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial solution of hydrolyzed amino acids</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>AAS18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Methionine sulfone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M0876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteic acid monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>30170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrex glass culture tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z653586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>131780500</td>
			<td>99% Extrapure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl chloroformate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>23131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>32222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vials</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>854165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinserts for 1.5ml vials</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>SU860066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC/MS</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5890 GC/5973 MS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemstation</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Instrument control and data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td>Chromasolv, for HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34998</td>
			<td>ChromasolvPlus, for HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>394963</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSTFA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>33024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DB-17MS column</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>122-4731</td>
			<td>30m*0.25mm*0.15&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfate, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>238597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Technical nitrogen</td>
			<td>Air products</td>
			<td>14629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zebron ZB-WAX column</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td>7HG-G007-11</td>
			<td>30m*0.25mm*0.25&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helium BIP</td>
			<td>Air products</td>
			<td>26699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-1702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

workflow based on the combination of isotopic tracer experiments to investigate microbial metabolism of multiple nutrient sources

Studies in the field of microbiology rely on the implementation of a wide range of methodologies. In particular, the development of appropriate methods substantially contributes to providing extensive knowledge of the metabolism of microorganisms growing in chemically defined media containing unique nitrogen and carbon sources. In contrast, the management through metabolism of multiple nutrient sources, despite their broad presence in natural or industrial environments, remains virtually unexplored. This situation is mainly due to the lack of suitable methodologies, which hinders investigations.
We report an experimental strategy to quantitatively and comprehensively explore how metabolism operates when a nutrient is provided as a mixture of different molecules, i.e., a complex resource. Here, we describe its application for assessing the partitioning of multiple nitrogen sources through the yeast metabolic network. The workflow combines information obtained during stable isotope tracer experiments using selected 13C- or 15N-labeled substrates. It first consists of parallel and reproducible fermentations in the same medium, which includes a mixture of N-containing molecules; however,a selected nitrogen source is labeled each time. A combination of analytical procedures (HPLC, GC-MS) is implemented to assess the labeling patterns of targeted compounds and to quantify the consumption and recovery of substrates in other metabolites. An integrated analysis of the complete dataset provides an overview of the fate of consumed substrates within cells. This approach requires an accurate protocol for the collection of samples&#8211;facilitated by a robot-assisted system for online monitoring of fermentations&#8211;and the achievement of numerous time-consuming analyses. Despite these constraints, it allowed understanding, for the first time, the partitioning of multiple nitrogen sources throughout the yeast metabolic network. We elucidated the redistribution of nitrogen from more abundant sources toward other N-compounds and determined the metabolic origins of volatile molecules and proteinogenic amino acids.

Figure 3 presents a schematic diagram of the workflow that was implemented to investigate the management by yeast of the multiple nitrogen sources that are found during wine fermentation. 
For different points of sampling, the biological parameters&#8211;growth characteristics, nitrogen consumption patterns, and the profile of proteinogenic amino acids&#8211;show a high reproducibility among fermentations (Figure 4). This co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Workflow Based on the Combination of Isotopic Tracer Experiments to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of Multiple Nutrient Sources at JoVE.com

Workflow Based on the Combination of Isotopic Tracer Experiments to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of Multiple Nutrient Sources

This protocol describes an experimental procedure to quantitatively and comprehensively investigate the metabolism of multiple nutrient sources. This workflow, based on a combination of isotopic tracer experiments and an analytical procedure, allows the fate of consumed nutrients and the metabolic origin of molecules synthetized by microorganisms to be determined.

Studies in the field of microbiology rely on the implementation of a wide range of methodologies. In particular, the development of appropriate methods ...

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