Name: preparation of dmmtav and dmdtav using dmav for environmental applications: synthesis, purification, and confirmation
Uploaded: 2018-03-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation at JoVE.com

This research was supported by Basic Science Research program (Project number: 2016R1A2B4013467) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT &#38; Future Planning 2016 and also supported by Korea Basic Science Institute Research Program (Project number: C36707).

1. Synthesis of DMMTAV
<ol>
	<li>Chemical preparation and molar ratio mixing of DMAV, Na2S, and H2SO4 
	NOTE: DMAV:Na2S:H2SO4 = 1:1.6:1.6
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 5.24 g of DMAV in 40 mL deionized and N2-purged (purged for at least 30 min) water in a 50 mL centrifuge tube.</li>
		<li>Prepare Na2S reagent by dissolving 14.41 g of Na2S&#183;9H2O in 50...

<ol>
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Toxicol. 24, 1586-1596 (2011).</li><li>Wallschlager, D., London, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+methylated+arsenic-sulfur+compounds+in+groundwater.">Determination of methylated arsenic-sulfur compounds in groundwater.</a> Environ. Sci. 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D., Naranmandura, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Important+of+being+thiomethylated:+Formation,+Fate+and+Effects+of+methylated+thioarsenicals.">Important of being thiomethylated: Formation, Fate and Effects of methylated thioarsenicals.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 281-289 (2015).</li><li>Kim, Y. T., Lee, H., Yoon, H. O., Woo, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+dimethylated+thioarsenicals+and+the+formation+of+highly+toxic+dimethylmonothioarsinic+acid+in+environment.">Kinetics of dimethylated thioarsenicals and the formation of highly toxic dimethylmonothioarsinic acid in environment.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 11637-11645 (2016).</li><li>Cullen, W. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylated+and+thiolated+arsenic+species+for+environmental+and+health+research+-+A+review+on+synthesis+and+characterization.">Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research - A review on synthesis and characterization.</a> J. Environ. Sci. 49, 7-27 (2016).</li><li>Fricke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatographic+separation+and+identification+of+products+form+the+reaction+of+dimethylarsinic+acid+with+hydrogen+sulfide.">Chromatographic separation and identification of products form the reaction of dimethylarsinic acid with hydrogen sulfide.</a> Chem. Res. 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Pharmacol. 218, 166-173 (2007).</li><li>Jeong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+simultaneous+analytical+method+to+determine+arsenic+speciation+using+HPLC-ICP-MS:+Arsenate,+arsenite,+monomethylarsonic+acid,+dimethylarsinic+acid,+dimethyldithioarsinic+acid,+and+dimethylmonothioarsinic+acid.">Development of a simultaneous analytical method to determine arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS: Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, dimethyldithioarsinic acid, and dimethylmonothioarsinic acid.</a> Microchem. J. 134, 295-300 (2017).</li><li>Li, Y., Low, C. -. K., Scott, A. J., Amal, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arsenic+speciation+in+municipal+landfill+leachate.">Arsenic speciation in municipal landfill leachate.</a> Chemosphere. 79, 794-801 (2010).</li><li>Conklin, D. S., Fricke, W. M., Creed, A. P., Creed, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+pH+effects+on+the+formation+of+methylated+thio-arsenicals,+and+the+effects+of+pH+and+temperature+on+their+stability.">Investigation of the pH effects on the formation of methylated thio-arsenicals, and the effects of pH and temperature on their stability.</a> J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 711-716 (2008).</li><li>Hansen, H. R., Raab, A., Jaspara, M., Milne, F. 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T., Anzai, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS+hyphenated+technique+for+identification+of+sulfur-containing+arsenic+metabolites+in+biological+samples.">A SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS hyphenated technique for identification of sulfur-containing arsenic metabolites in biological samples.</a> J. Chromatogr. B. 874, 64-76 (2008).</li><li>Bartel, M., Ebert, F., Leffers, L., Karst, U., Schwerdtle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicological+characterization+of+the+inorganic+and+organic+arsenic+metabolite+thio-DMAV+in+cultured+human+lung+cells.">Toxicological characterization of the inorganic and organic arsenic metabolite thio-DMAV in cultured human lung cells.</a> J. Toxicol. 2011, (2011).</li><li>An, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+dimethyldithioarsinic+acid+in+a+simulated+landfill+leachate+in+relation+to+hydrosulfide+concentration.">Formation of dimethyldithioarsinic acid in a simulated landfill leachate in relation to hydrosulfide concentration.</a> Environ. Geochem. Health. 38, 255-263 (2016).</li><li>Chen, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arsenic+speciation+in+the+blood+of+arsenite-treated+F344+rats.">Arsenic speciation in the blood of arsenite-treated F344 rats.</a> Chem. Res. 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The developed protocol has clarified critical steps that previous studies1,3,4,8,15 omitted or abbreviated, which may have led to difficulties with or failure during DMMTAV and DMDTAV synthesis. As DMMTAV is oxidation-sensitive1,5, chemical reagents for its synthesis we...

Since dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) has been demonstrated to exhibit both acute toxicity and genotoxicity due to undergoing methylation and thiolation upon ingestion1,2, the metabolic pathway of arsenic thiolation has been intensively studied both in vitro and in vivo3,4 as well as in environmental media (e.g., landfill leachate)5,6. Previous studies have found both reduced and thiolated analogs of DMAV in living cells, for example, dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV), and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV)7,8,9, with dimethylated thioarsenicals such as DMMTAV exhibiting greater toxicity than other known inorganic or organic arsenicals10. The abundance of highly toxic thioarsenicals has serious environmental implications, since they may pose a risk to humans and the environment under highly sulfidic conditions11. However, the mechanisms of DMMTAV and DMDTAV (trans)formation and their fates in environmental media still require further study. Thus, the quantitative analysis of thioarsenicals is required to improve understanding of the environmental effects of DMMTAV and DMDTAV.
Although standard chemicals are the key requirement for quantitative analysis, the standards of DMMTAV and DMDTAV are difficult to obtain by replicating previous studies, owing to the high risk of species transformation into other species and unstandardized synthesis procedures12. Moreover, the methods referenced have limitations that may lead to practical difficulties in synthesizing the standard chemicals and performing quantitative analysis. DMMTAV and DMDTAV are commonly prepared by mixing DMAV, Na2S, and H2SO4 in a certain molar ratio1 or bubbling H2S gas through a solution of DMAV 13,14. The bubbling method features substitution of oxygen by sulfur using a direct supply of H2S gas, which, is highly toxic and difficult to control for an inexperienced user. Conversely, the above mixing method1, widely used for the qualitative analysis of DMMTAV and DMDTAV in environmental sudies5,6,12, features the thiolation of DMAV with H2S generated by mixing Na2S and H2SO4 and produces DMMTAV and DMDTAV, allowing easier stoichiometric control to produce target chemicals, as compared to the direct use of H2S gas.
The reference mixing method procedures1,3,4,8,15 mentioned in this study exhibit limitations in some of their critical experimental steps, which might lead to experimental failure. For example, the details of specific solvent (i.e., deionized water) preparation and the extraction and crystallization of the synthesized arsenicals are over-abbreviated or not described in sufficient detail. Such dispersed and limited information on procedural steps might lead to the inconsistent formation of thioarsenicals and unreliable quantification analysis. Therefore, the modified protocol developed herein describes the synthesis of DMMTAV and DMDTAV stock solutions with quantitative species separation analysis.

<table width="712">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">Cacodylic acid</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">20835-10G-F</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Sodium sulfide nonahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">S2006-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">Sulfuric acid 96%</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">J.T.Baker</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">0000011478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">A7262-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Formic acid 98%</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">066-00461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">Diethyl ether (Extra Pure)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Junsei Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">33475-0380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Adapter cap for 60 mL Bond Elut catridges</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">12131004</td>
			<td>Syringe type of SPE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">Bond Elut C18 cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">14256031</td>
			<td>Syringe type of SPE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:179px;height:21px;">HyPURITY C-18</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">22105-254630</td>
			<td>5 um, 125 x 4.6 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Chungae-chun, Rep. of Korea</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>Customized&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Agilent 1260 Infinity Bio-inert LC</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">DEAB600252, DEACH00245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:179px;height:42px;">Agilent Technologies 7700 Series ICP-MS</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">JP12031510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:179px;height:63px;">Finnigan LCQ Deca XP MAX Mass Spectrometer System</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Thermo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">LDM10627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of dmmtav and dmdtav using dmav for environmental applications: synthesis, purification, and confirmation

Dimethylated thioarsenicals such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), which are produced by the metabolic pathway of dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) thiolation, have been recently found in the environment as well as human organs. DMMTAV and DMDTAV can be quantified to determine the ecological effects of dimethylated thioarsenicals and their stability in environmental media. The synthesis method for these compounds is unstandardized, making replicating previous studies challenging. Furthermore, there is a lack of information about storage techniques, including storage of compounds without species transformation. Moreover, because only limited information about synthesis methods is available, there may be experimental difficulties in synthesizing standard chemicals and performing quantitative analysis. The protocol presented herein provides a practically modified synthesis method for the dimethylated thioarsenicals, DMMTAV and DMDTAV, and will help in the quantification of species separation analysis using high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The experimental steps of this procedure were modified by focusing on the preparation of chemical reagents, filtration methods, and storage.

Since DMMTAV has been mistakenly prepared by the DMAIII synthesis method19, verification of synthesized DMMTAV and DMDTAV is a critical step for synthesis and extraction and determining the ideal standard chemical materials. Synthesized chemicals can be verified by the peak of DMMTAV (MW 154 g&#183;mol-1) and DMDTAV (MW 170 g&#183;mol-1) mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) using...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation at JoVE.com

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

This article presents modified experimental protocols for dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV) synthesis, inducing dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) thiolation through mixing of DMAV, Na2S, and H2SO4. The modified protocol provides an experimental guideline, thereby overcoming limitations of the synthesis steps that could have caused experimental failures in quantitative analysis.

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

Dimethylated thioarsenicals such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), which are produced by the metabolic ...

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